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Al-Rawi SS, Ibrahim AH, Ahmed HJ, Khudhur ZO. Therapeutic, and pharmacological prospects of nutmeg seed: A comprehensive review for novel drug potential insights. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102067. [PMID: 38690209 PMCID: PMC11059288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives For centuries, plant seed extracts have been widely used and valued for their benefits. They have been used in food, perfumes, aromatherapy, and traditional medicine. These natural products are renowned for their therapeutic properties and are commonly used in medicinal treatments. Their significant pharmacological profiles provide an excellent hallmark for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated the biological and pharmacological properties of nutmeg seeds and explored their efficacy in treating various illnesses. Method Published articles in databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Wiley, were analyzed using keywords related to nutmeg seed. The searched keywords were chemical compounds, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer properties, and their protective mechanisms in cardiovascular and Alzheimer's diseases. Results & discussion Nutmeg seeds have been reported to have potent antimicrobial properties against a wide range of various bacteria and fungi, thus showing potential for combating microbial infections and promoting overall health. Furthermore, nutmeg extract effectively reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by improving the body's natural antioxidant defense mechanism. Nutmeg affected lipid peroxidation, reduced lipid oxidation, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and increased phospholipid and cholesterol excretion. In addition, nutmeg extract improves the modulation of cardiac metabolism, accelerates cardiac conductivity and ventricular contractility, and prevents cell apoptosis. This study elucidated the psychotropic, narcotic, antidepressant, and anxiogenic effects of nutmeg seeds and their potential as a pharmaceutical medicine. Notably, despite its sedative and toxic properties, nutmeg ingestion alone did not cause death or life-threatening effects within the dosage range of 20-80 g powder. However, chemical analysis of nutmeg extracts identified over 50 compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyphenolic compounds, which exhibit antioxidant properties and can be used as phytomedicines. Moreover, the exceptional pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nutmeg have been found different for different administration routes, yet, more clinical trials are still needed. Conclusion Understanding the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of nutmeg holds promise for novel drug discovery and therapeutic advancements. Nutmeg seed offers therapeutic and novel drug prospects that can revolutionize medicine. By delving into their pharmacological properties, we can uncover the vast potential possibilities of this natural wonder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan S. Al-Rawi
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Ahmad Hamdy Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Heshu Jalal Ahmed
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
| | - Zhikal Omar Khudhur
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq
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2
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Perumal NL, Do SK, Choi JS, Lee JH, Ban GT, Kim G, Mufida A, Yoo HS, Jang BC. Anti‑adipogenic effect and underlying mechanism of lignan‑enriched nutmeg extract on 3T3‑L1 preadipocytes. Biomed Rep 2024; 20:4. [PMID: 38124767 PMCID: PMC10729302 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutmeg is the seed derived from Myristica fragrans. Nutmeg seeds contain alkylbenzene derivatives such as myristicin, which are toxic to the human organism, and lignan compounds such as nectandrin B, which possess anti-aging and anti-diabetic properties. However, the anti-adipogenic, prolipolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of lignan-enriched nutmeg extract (LNX) on preadipocytes remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of LNX on lipid accumulation, glycerol release and inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were investigated. Oil red O staining demonstrated that treatment with LNX resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affecting cell growth. Mechanistically, LNX treatment at 6 µg/ml led to a reduction in phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), whereas it did not influence the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP-α) expression levels during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, LNX treatment at 6 µg/ml led to a decrease in fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression levels on day (D) 2, but not D5 and D8, during preadipocyte differentiation. Treatment with LNX at 6 µg/ml did not affect the expression levels of perilipin A during preadipocyte differentiation. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, LNX treatment at 6 µg/ml did not stimulate glycerol release and hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation, which are known lipolysis hallmarks. Furthermore, LNX treatment at the doses tested had no effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced COX-2 expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrated that LNX has an anti-adipogenic effect on differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which is mediated by the downregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and FAS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Kuk Do
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Ho Lee
- Geron Biotech Ltd., Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung-Tae Ban
- Geron Biotech Ltd., Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Kim
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Amila Mufida
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Seung Yoo
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Churl Jang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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3
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On-Nom N, Thangsiri S, Inthachat W, Temviriyanukul P, Trisonthi P, Chupeerach C, Siriwan D, Suttisansanee U. Phenolic profiles and in vitro biochemical properties of Thai herb ingredients for chronic diseases prevention. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21690. [PMID: 38066118 PMCID: PMC10709644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional remedies using natural ingredients have been handed down over generations, providing collective information for the development of modern therapeutics. These natural products have a long history of safe consumption with curative effects but lack of scientific-based evidence hinders the mass production of new remedies containing active ingredients with particular medicinal properties. This research investigated the phenolic profiles and biochemical properties of 29 herbal ingredients identified in two traditional Thai remedies, Prasachandaeng (PSCD) and Chantaharuethai (CHRT), and their effectiveness in combating chronic diseases. These two traditional remedies are used to reduce fever but some ingredients have been previously reported to possess other health-related properties. Statistical analysis by TOPSIS indicated that Biancaea sappan (L.) Tod. extract exhibited the highest overall closeness coefficient (C) score analyzed from all variables including total phenolic contents, antioxidant potentials, and enzyme inhibitions. Bouea macrophylla Griff. extract showed potential as an effective agent against diabetes through inhibition of two carbohydrate degrading enzymes, α-glucosidase and α-amylase, while Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr. showed strong properties as an anti-angiotensin-converting enzyme, leading to the control of hypertension. Dracaena cochinchinensis (Lour.) S.C. Chen effectively controlled the progression of Alzheimer's disease through the inhibition of cholinergic and β-amyloid formation enzymes. These results can be used as preliminary data for the development of new remedies to prevent or treat particular chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattira On-Nom
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Thangsiri
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Woorawee Inthachat
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Piya Temviriyanukul
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Piyapat Trisonthi
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Chaowanee Chupeerach
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Dalad Siriwan
- Institute of Food Research and Product Development, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Uthaiwan Suttisansanee
- Food and Nutrition Academic and Research Cluster, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Salaya, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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Novi S, Vestuto V, Campiglia P, Tecce N, Bertamino A, Tecce MF. Anti-Angiogenic Effects of Natural Compounds in Diet-Associated Hepatic Inflammation. Nutrients 2023; 15:2748. [PMID: 37375652 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most common causes of chronic liver disease and are increasingly emerging as a global health problem. Such disorders can lead to liver damage, resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of infiltrating immune cells. These are some of the common features of ALD progression in ASH (alcoholic steatohepatitis) and NAFLD to NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis). Hepatic steatosis, followed by fibrosis, lead to a continuous progression accompanied by angiogenesis. This process creates hypoxia, which activates vascular factors, initiating pathological angiogenesis and further fibrosis. This forms a vicious cycle of ongoing damage and progression. This condition further exacerbates liver injury and may contribute to the development of comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome as well as hepatocellular carcinoma. Increasing evidence suggests that anti-angiogenic therapy may have beneficial effects on these hepatic disorders and their exacerbation. Therefore, there is a great interest to deepen the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of natural anti-angiogenic products that could both prevent and control liver diseases. In this review, we focus on the role of major natural anti-angiogenic compounds against steatohepatitis and determine their potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of liver inflammation caused by an imbalanced diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Novi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Nicola Tecce
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Medical School of Naples, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessia Bertamino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Mario Felice Tecce
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via G. Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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HASBULLAH, FARIDAH DN, DEWI FNA, INDRASTI D, ANDARWULAN N. Effect of nutmeg on glycemic status in rat and mice: a systematic review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.130122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Poorbagher MRM, Karimi E, Oskoueian E. Hepatoprotective effect of nanoniosome loaded Myristica fragrans phenolic compounds in mice-induced hepatotoxicity. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5517-5527. [PMID: 36226354 PMCID: PMC9639044 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, nanoniosome‐loaded Myristica fragrans' (MF) phenolic compounds (NLMP) were synthesized and characterized for their physical properties, and hepatoprotective effects on mice with liver toxicity induced by L‐asparaginase (LA) injection. According to the results, NLMP has a spherical shape with a 263 nm diameter, a zeta potential of −26.55 mV and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.192. The weight and feed intake of mice induced with hepatotoxicity were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased after they were treated with NLMP (2.5 mg/kg body weight of mice). In addition, the blood levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (Chol), liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and total bilirubin were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased. A significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the blood levels of the antioxidant defence system (glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) were also reported after NLMP treatment. NLMP was also led to a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in inflammatory‐related gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in the liver, as well as a meaningful (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the expression of SOD as an antioxidant status biomarker. Consequently, the NLMP is recommended as a potential dietary supplement to alleviate the symptoms of LA‐induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Oskoueian
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Research and Development, Arka Industrial Cluster, Mashhad, Iran
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Ethanol Extract of Licorice Alleviates HFD-Induced Liver Fat Accumulation in Association with Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Metabolites in Obesity Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194180. [PMID: 36235833 PMCID: PMC9572531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a traditional Chinese medicine, licorice is often used in functional foods for its health benefits. However, the role of gut microbiota in the efficacy of licorice has not yet been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that the involvement of intestinal flora may be a key link in licorice ethanol extract (LEE)-induced health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LEE improves hepatic lipid accumulation in obese mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether the gut microbiota plays a key role in LEE treatment. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD for liver fat accumulation and then treated with LEE. The same experiments were later performed using pseudo-sterile mice to verify the importance of gut flora. Supplementation with LEE improved the obesity profile, lipid profile and liver fat accumulation in HFD mice. In addition, LEE treatment improved intestinal flora dysbiosis caused by HFD in mice, as evidenced by a decrease in the percentage of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and an increase in the abundance of known anti-obesity-related bacteria. However, LEE failed to exhibit a therapeutic effect in pseudo-sterile mice. The results of the cellular assay showed that glycyrrhetic acid (GA), the main conversion product of glycyrrhizin (GL), was more effective in reducing fat accumulation and intracellular TG content in hepatocytes compared to GL. In conclusion, our data suggest that LEE attenuates obesity and hepatic fat accumulation in HFD mice, which may be associated with modulating the composition of gut microbiota and the conversion of LLE by the intestinal flora.
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8
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Yan T, Zhu X, Zhang X, Jia X, Liu J, Wang X, Xiao Y, Xiao Z, Liu T, Dong Y. The application of proteomics and metabolomics to reveal the molecular mechanism of Nutmeg-5 in ameliorating cardiac fibrosis following myocardial infarction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154382. [PMID: 35963196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutmeg-5, an ancient and classic formula in traditional Mongolian medicine comprising five kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI, called heart "Heyi" disease in Mongolian medicine). Cardiac fibrosis plays a critical role in the development and progression of heart failure after MI. However, the material basis and pharmacological mechanisms of the effect of Nutmeg-5 on cardiac fibrosis after MI remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to first explore the potential material basis and molecular mechanism of action of Nutmeg-5 in improving cardiac fibrosis after MI via a multiomics approach. METHODS The constituents in Nutmeg-5 were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC)-based fingerprints of Nutmeg-5 were analysed, and characteristic peaks were identified by comparison to standard samples. A rat MI model was created by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery. The protective effect of Nutmeg-5 on cardiac fibrosis after MI was evaluated by tissue histology and measurement of the serum biomarkers of myocardial injury. Cardiac fibrosis levels were evaluated by Sirius red staining. Differentially expressed proteins in the myocardium and metabolites in the serum were explored by proteomic and untargeted metabolome analyses, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to explore the association between serum metabolites and myocardial proteins. RESULTS A total of 67 constituents were identified in Nutmeg-5 by UPLC-MS/MS. Sixteen components were identified in the fingerprint of Nutmeg-5 by comparison with a standard sample. Six lactones were isolated from Nutmeg-5 and quantified by HPLC and GC. MI was significantly alleviated in Nutmeg-5-treated rats compared to MI rats, as demonstrated by their decreased mortality, improved cardiac function, and attenuated cardiac fibrosis and myocardial injury. A total of 252 significant differential metabolites were identified in plasma between model and Nutmeg-5-treated rats by untargeted metabolome analysis. Among these, 36 critical metabolites were associated with Nutmeg-5 activity. Proteomic analysis identified 338 differentially expressed proteins in the rat myocardium between MI and Nutmeg-5-treated rats, including 204 upregulated and 134 downregulated proteins. Protein set enrichment analysis revealed that Nutmeg-5 treatment significantly inhibited the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway, which was activated in the myocardium of MI rats. A significant decrease in collagen and alpha smooth muscle actin expression levels was found in the myocardium of Nutmeg-5-treated rats compared to MI rats. These results illustrated that Nutmeg-5 had a significant protective effect on cardiac fibrosis after MI. A significant correlation was found between the ECM-receptor interaction pathway in the myocardium and critical metabolites in the serum. In addition, there were positive correlations between the levels of critical metabolites and the expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and Smad2 in the rat myocardium. CONCLUSIONS Nutmeg-5 alleviated cardiac fibrosis after MI in rats by inhibiting the myocardial ECM-receptor interaction pathway and TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling, which was achieved by regulating plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Zhu
- Inner Mongolian International Mongolian Hospital, University East Street, Hohhot 010065, PR China
| | - Xueni Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China
| | - Xin Jia
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China
| | - Xianjue Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Xiao
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, PR China
| | - Zhibin Xiao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, PR China
| | - Tianlong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, PR China.
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Development Zone, Hohhot 010110, PR China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Pharmacodynamic Substance and Quality Control of Mongolian Medicine in Inner Mongolia, Hohhot 010110, PR China.
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9
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Zhao W, Guo M, Feng J, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Wang G, Chen W. Myristica fragrans Extract Regulates Gut Microbes and Metabolites to Attenuate Hepatic Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism Disorders via the AhR-FAS and NF-κB Signaling Pathways in Mice with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091699. [PMID: 35565666 PMCID: PMC9104743 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to the gut microbiome. Myristica fragrans is widely used as a traditional seasoning and has a therapeutic effect on gastrointestinal diseases. Although previous studies have shown that M. fragrans extracts have anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects in mice fed a high-fat diet, few studies have determined the active components or the corresponding mechanism in vivo. In this study, for the first time, an M. fragrans extract (MFE) was shown to be a prebiotic that regulates gut microbes and metabolites in mice fed a high-fat diet. Bioinformatics, network pharmacology, microbiome, and metabolomics analyses were used to analyze the nutrient–target pathway interactions in mice with NAFLD. The National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to analyze NAFLD-related clinical data sets to predict potential targets. The drug database and disease database were then integrated to perform microbiome and metabolomics analyses to predict the target pathways. The concentrations of inflammatory factors in the serum and liver, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were downregulated by MFE. We also found that the hepatic concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were decreased after MFE treatment. Inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and downregulation of the fatty acid synthase (FAS)-sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c pathway resulted in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism by activating tryptophan metabolite–mediated aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR). In summary, MFE effectively attenuated inflammation and lipid metabolism disorders in mice with NAFLD through the NF-κB and AhR–FAS pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (G.W.)
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Yangzhou Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Yangzhou Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Yangzhou Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (G.W.)
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.G.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Nwakiban Atchan A, Shivashankara ST, Piazza S, Tchamgoue AD, Beretta G, Dell’Agli M, Magni P, Agbor GA, Kuiaté JR, Manjappara UV. Polyphenol-Rich Extracts of Xylopia and Aframomum Species Show Metabolic Benefits by Lowering Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11914-11928. [PMID: 35449947 PMCID: PMC9016817 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex condition associated with a series of pathologies featuring glucose intolerance, diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, overweight, and obesity. It is also related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recognized as the most familiar cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome and, consequently, the one of NAFLD is constantly increasing worldwide. The initial management of these diseases involves lifestyle modifications, including changes in diet and physical exercise. In addition to conventional drugs like orlistat, botanicals are traditionally used to counteract these disorders, and some of them are currently under evaluation. The present work evaluated the in vivo beneficial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of two Cameroonian spices, focusing on obesity-related hepatic lipid injury in high-fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. Hydroethanolic extracts were prepared and characterized by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array detection and ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple time-of-flight electrospray ionization tandem mass spectroscopy (TOF-ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Plant extracts were orally administered for 30 days at different dose levels (100 and 200 mg kg-1 body weight (BW)) to obese C57BL/6 mice. Food intake (FI) and BW were recorded daily. Plasma biochemical parameters and lipid content were estimated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Liver tissues were subjected to histological examinations, lipid content, as well as oxidative stress markers, and FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) were estimated. Oral administration of extracts at 200 mg kg-1 BW significantly reduced FI and prevented BW gain. A decrease in the weight of the liver and a decrease in the hepatic and plasma lipid content were observed. Plasma enzyme (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, SGOT; serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, SGPT; alkaline phosphatase, ALP) activities were not indicative of any organ damage. Chemical analysis suggested that phenolic acids (4-caffeoylquinic acid, p-coumaric acid 4-O-glucoside, 5-caffeoylshikimic acid, caffeic acid hexose, and 4-O-methyl gallic acid) and flavonoids (morusin derivatives, naringenin-7-O-glucoside, and homoisoflavanone) identified in the extracts could potentially justify the biological properties observed. The main findings of this study showed that Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth and Aframomum citratum (Pereira ex Oliv. et Hanb.) K. Shum decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and confirmed, at least in part, our previous in vitro and ex vivo studies. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are still unclear and will be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shilpa Talkad Shivashankara
- Department
of Lipid Science, CSIR-Central Food Technological
Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Department
of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Armelle Deutou Tchamgoue
- Centre
for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants
Studies, P.O. Box 13033, Yaoundé 13033, Cameroon
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department
of Environmental Science and Policy, Università
degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Dell’Agli
- Department
of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- Department
of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica,
Sesto San Giovanni, Via
Milanese, 300, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan 20099, Italy
| | - Gabriel Agbor Agbor
- Centre
for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants
Studies, P.O. Box 13033, Yaoundé 13033, Cameroon
| | - Jules-Roger Kuiaté
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Dschang, P.O. Box 96, Dschang 67, Cameroon
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11
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The Dietary Effects of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Extract on Growth, Hematological Parameters, Immunity, Antioxidant Status, and Disease Resistance of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are increasingly used in aquaculture owing to their beneficial impacts on the health status of farmed fish. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) extract on growth, immunity, antioxidant parameters, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against Aeromonas hydrophila. In addition, in vitro antibacterial activity of the skin mucus of fish fed on nutmeg extract was evaluated against three major fish pathogenic bacteria through the standard disk diffusion method. Fish (17.27 ± 0.11 g) were divided into four groups and fed on experimental diets containing different levels of nutmeg extract, including zero (control), 0.5% (M1), 1% (M2), and 2% (M3) per kg diet. Results showed that nutmeg significantly enhanced growth parameters after a four-week feeding trial. Feed conversion ratio was remarkably reduced with the lowest value reported for the M3 group, whereas weight gain was notably increased in M2 and M3. No significant effect was found on the hematological profile, including mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and hematocrit, while the highest levels of red blood cells and white blood cells were found in the M3 group. Stress biomarkers, including glucose and cortisol, were the lowest in the M3 group. Serum and skin mucus immunological and antioxidant parameters were significantly higher in M3, followed by M2, where the highest resistance was also observed. In addition, skin mucus samples effectively inhibited Streptococcus iniae, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Overall, the present results suggest that dietary nutmeg (20 g/kg diet) could be used as a growth promotor and immunostimulant in common carp.
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12
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de Souza Basso B, Haute GV, Ortega-Ribera M, Luft C, Antunes GL, Bastos MS, Carlessi LP, Levorse VG, Cassel E, Donadio MVF, Santarém ER, Gracia-Sancho J, Rodrigues de Oliveira J. Methoxyeugenol deactivates hepatic stellate cells and attenuates liver fibrosis and inflammation through a PPAR-ɣ and NF-kB mechanism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114433. [PMID: 34280502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Studies have shown interest in nutraceuticals for the prevention of liver diseases. Methoxyeugenol, is a molecule found in foods, such as nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Brazilian red propolis. These two sources of methoxyeugenol, propolis and nutmeg, are used in folk medicine for the treatment of hepatic and gastrointestinal disorders, although little is known about their effects on the prevention of liver fibrosis. Natural PPAR (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) agonists would represent unique molecules for therapy, considering the lack of therapeutics to treat liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. Thus, investigation on new alternatives are necessary, including the search for natural compounds from renewable and sustainable sources. Liver fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by an exacerbated cicatricial response in the hepatic tissue, which compromises liver function. Therefore, inhibition of HSC (hepatic stellate cell) activation and hepatocyte damage are considered major strategies for the development of new anti-fibrotic treatments. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the effects of methoxyeugenol treatment on HSC phenotype modulation in human and murine cells, hepatocyte damage prevention, and protective effects in vivo, in order to evaluate its therapeutic potential for liver fibrosis prevention. METHODS We investigated the effects of methoxyeugenol in (i) in vitro models using human and murine HSC and hepatocytes, and (ii) in vivo models of CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) -induced liver fibrosis in mice. RESULTS We herein report that methoxyeugenol decreases HSC activation through the activation of PPAR-ɣ, ultimately inducing a quiescent phenotype highlighted by an increase in lipid droplets, loss of contraction ability, and a decrease in the proliferative rate and mRNA expression of fibroblast markers. In addition, methoxyeugenol prevented hepatocytes from oxidative stress damage. Moreover, in mice submitted to chronic liver disease through CCl4 administration, methoxyeugenol decreased the inflammatory profile, liver fibrosis, mRNA expression of fibrotic genes, and the inflammatory pathway signaled by NF-kB (Nuclear factor kappa B). CONCLUSION We propose methoxyeugenol as a novel and potential therapeutic approach to treat chronic liver disease and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno de Souza Basso
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Viegas Haute
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Martí Ortega-Ribera
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute - CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Luft
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Géssica Luana Antunes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Matheus Scherer Bastos
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pfeiff Carlessi
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vitor Giancarlo Levorse
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Cassel
- School of Technology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius Fagundes Donadio
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliane Romanato Santarém
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jordi Gracia-Sancho
- Liver Vascular Biology Research Group, Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Lab, IDIBAPS Biomedical Research Institute - CIBEREHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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13
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Wang B, Wang L, Wang H, Dai H, Lu X, Lee YK, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G. Targeting the Gut Microbiota for Remediating Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders. J Nutr 2021; 151:1703-1716. [PMID: 33982127 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of obesity is rapidly increasing and has become a health and economic burden worldwide. As recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota is closely linked to obesity, researchers have used various approaches to modulate the gut microbiota to treat the condition. Dietary composition and energy intake strongly affect the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Intestinal microbial changes alter the composition of bile acids and fatty acids and regulate bacterial lipopolysaccharide production, all of which influence energy metabolism and immunity. Evidence also suggests that remodeling the gut microbiota through intake of probiotics, prebiotics, fermented foods, and dietary plants, as well as by fecal microbiota transplantation, are feasible methods to remediate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Haojue Wang
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Dai
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xianyi Lu
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Probiotics, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China.,(Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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14
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Wu D, Zhong P, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Liu Z, Ji A, Li Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Promoting Autophagy via Reactive Oxygen Species/Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/AKT/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:585860. [PMID: 33390956 PMCID: PMC7774297 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.585860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease worldwide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Nevertheless, the mechanism of action of H2S in NAFLD development has not been fully clarified. Here, the reduced level of H2S was observed in liver cells treated with oleic acid (OA). Administration of H2S increased the proliferation of OA-treated cells. The results showed that H2S decreased apoptosis and promoted autophagy through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade in OA-treated cells. In addition, administration of H2S relieved high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD via inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of autophagy. These findings suggest that H2S could ameliorate HFD-induced NAFLD by regulating apoptosis and autophagy through ROS/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Novel H2S-releasing donors may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peiyu Zhong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhengguo Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ailing Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yanzhang Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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