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Luo C, Hou C, Yang D, Tan T, Chao C. Urolithin C alleviates pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes by activating Nrf2 signaling. Nutr Diabetes 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 38040681 PMCID: PMC10692094 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-023-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder that destroys insulin-generating pancreatic β-cells. Preserving pancreatic β-cell function is important for treating T1D. Our study aims to explore the mechanism underlying urolithin C (UC)-mediated regulation of β-cell function. METHODS Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were administrated with UC to evaluate UC-mediated protection of T1D. The inflammation of the pancreas islets was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay and oral glucose tolerance test were applied to evaluate the progression of T1D. MIN6 cells were treated with TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in the presence of UC. Cell viability was analyzed by CCK-8. Cell apoptosis, proliferation and DNA fragmentation were examined by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining, EdU incorporation and comet assays. Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 were examined by western blot. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect Nrf2 and insulin. RESULTS UC administration significantly reduced diabetes incidence, attenuated insulitis, elevated insulin levels and GSIS and reduced blood glucose and AUC in NOD mice. Cytokine treatment suppressed MIN6 cell viability and proliferation but enhanced apoptosis and DNA damage, and these detrimental effects were relieved by UC treatment. Furthermore, UC administration inhibited Keap1 expression and promoted the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 in NOD mice. Nrf2 signaling has been reported to be implicated in preventing the onset of diabetes, and HO-1 and NQO1 are phase II antioxidant enzymes that are regulated by Nrf2 signaling. Cytokine treatment upregulated Keap1 and downregulated Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 in MIN6 cells, but it was reversed by UC. The nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was prevented by cytokine treatment, but UC promoted its nuclear translocation. UC-mediated upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1, decreased cell apoptosis and increased proliferation and insulin secretion were abolished by silencing of Nrf2. CONCLUSION UC improves pancreatic β-cell function by activating Nrf2 signaling, thereby alleviating T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Can Hou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Danyi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Tingting Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Chen Chao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, PR China.
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2
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Hao W, Gan H, Wang L, Huang J, Chen J. Polyphenols in edible herbal medicine: targeting gut-brain interactions in depression-associated neuroinflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12207-12223. [PMID: 35838146 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2099808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Supplementing with edible herbal medicine is an important strategy because of its role in nutrition. Many polyphenols, which are universal components in edible herbal medicines, have low bioavailability. Therefore, gut microbiota is a key determinant of polyphenol bioactivity. Polyphenols can alter the abundance of flora associated with neuroinflammation by reversing intestinal microbiota dysbiosis. Intestinal flora-mediated chemical modification of polyphenols can result in their conversion into active secondary metabolites. The current review summarizes the main edible medicines used in anti-depression and details the interactions between polyphenols and gut microbiota; in addition, it provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the possible suppression of neuroinflammation associated with depression, by polyphenols in edible herbal medicine. A better understanding of polyphenols with bioactivities that are crucial in edible herbal medicine may facilitate their use in the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Hao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Gan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-Pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-Pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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3
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Beltrán D, Frutos-Lisón MD, García-Villalba R, Yuste JE, García V, Espín JC, Selma MV, Tomás-Barberán FA. NMR Spectroscopic Identification of Urolithin G, a Novel Trihydroxy Urolithin Produced by Human Intestinal Enterocloster Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:11921-11928. [PMID: 37494568 PMCID: PMC10416303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Urolithins are gut microbiota metabolites of ellagic acid. Here, we have identified and chemically characterized a novel urolithin produced from urolithin D (3,4,8,9-tetrahydroxy urolithin) by in vitro incubation with different human gut Enterocloster species under anaerobic conditions. Urolithin G (3,4,8-trihydroxy urolithin) was identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV, HRMS, and 2D NMR. For the identification, NMR spectra of other known urolithins were also recorded and compared. Urolithin G was present in the feces of 12% of volunteers in an overweight-obese group after consuming an ellagitannin-rich pomegranate extract. The production of urolithin G required a bacterial 9-dehydroxylase activity and was not specific to the known human urolithin metabotypes A and B. The ability to produce urolithin G could be considered an additional metabolic feature for volunteer stratification and bioactivity studies. This is the first urolithin with a catechol group in ring A while having only one hydroxyl in ring B, a unique feature not found in human and animal samples so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Beltrán
- Quality,
Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus, Edif. 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María D. Frutos-Lisón
- Quality,
Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus, Edif. 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Quality,
Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus, Edif. 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan C. Espín
- Quality,
Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus, Edif. 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María V. Selma
- Quality,
Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus, Edif. 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán
- Quality,
Safety and Bioactivity of Plant-Derived Foods, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus, Edif. 25, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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4
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Pinto D, Silva AM, Dall'Acqua S, Sut S, Vallverdú-Queralt A, Delerue-Matos C, Rodrigues F. Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion of Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) Shell Extract Prepared by Subcritical Water Extraction: Bioaccessibility, Bioactivity, and Intestinal Permeability by In Vitro Assays. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1414. [PMID: 37507953 PMCID: PMC10376477 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chestnut shells (CSs) are an appealing source of bioactive molecules, and constitute a popular research topic. This study explores the effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and intestinal permeability on the bioaccessibility and bioactivity of polyphenols from CS extract prepared by subcritical water extraction (SWE). The results unveiled higher phenolic concentrations retained after gastric and intestinal digestion. The bioaccessibility and antioxidant/antiradical properties were enhanced in the following order: oral < gastric ≤ intestinal digests, attaining 40% of the maximum bioaccessibility. Ellagic acid was the main polyphenol in the digested and undigested extract, while pyrogallol-protocatechuic acid derivative was only quantified in the digests. The CS extract revealed potential mild hypoglycemic (<25%) and neuroprotective (<75%) properties before and after in vitro digestion, along with upmodulating the antioxidant enzymes' activities and downregulating the lipid peroxidation. The intestinal permeation of ellagic acid achieved 22.89% after 240 min. This study highlighted the efficacy of the CS extract on the delivery of polyphenols, sustaining its promising use as nutraceutical ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pinto
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Silva
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisca Rodrigues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, ISEP, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
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5
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Ellagitannins, urolithins, and neuroprotection: Human evidence and the possible link to the gut microbiota. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101109. [PMID: 35940941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ellagitannins (ETs) and ellagic acid (EA) are dietary polyphenols poorly absorbed but extensively metabolized by the human gut microbiota to produce different urolithins (Uros). Depending on the individuals' microbial signatures, ETs metabolism can yield the Uro metabotypes A, B, or 0, potentially impacting human health after consuming ETs. Human evidence points to improved brain health after consuming ET-rich foods, mainly pomegranate juices and extracts containing punicalagin, punicalin, and different EA-derivatives. Although ETs and (or) EA are necessary to exert the effects, the precise mechanism, actual metabolites, or final drivers responsible for the observed effects have not been unraveled. The cause-and-effect evidence on Uro-A administration and the improvement of animal brain health is consistent but not addressed in humans. The Uro-A's in vivo anti-inflammatory, mitophagy, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis activities suggest it as a possible final driver in neuroprotection. However, the precise Uro metabolic forms reaching the brain are unknown. In addition to the possible participation of direct effectors in brain tissues, the current evidence points out that improving blood flow, gut microbiota ecology, and gut barrier by ET-rich foods and (or) Uro-A could contribute to the neuroprotective effects. We show here the current human evidence on ETs and brain health, the possible link between the gut microbiota metabolism of ETs and their effects, including the preservation of the gut barrier integrity, and the possible role of Uros. Finally, we propose a roadmap to address what is missing on ETs, Uros, and neuroprotection.
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6
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Banc R, Rusu ME, Filip L, Popa DS. The Impact of Ellagitannins and Their Metabolites through Gut Microbiome on the Gut Health and Brain Wellness within the Gut-Brain Axis. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020270. [PMID: 36673365 PMCID: PMC9858309 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ellagitannins (ETs) are a large group of bioactive compounds found in plant-source foods, such as pomegranates, berries, and nuts. The consumption of ETs has often been associated with positive effects on many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative syndromes, and cancer. Although multiple biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive) have been discussed for ETs, their limited bioavailability prevents reaching significant concentrations in systemic circulation. Instead, urolithins, ET gut microbiota-derived metabolites, are better absorbed and could be the bioactive molecules responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities or anti-tumor cell progression. In this review, we examined the dietary sources, metabolism, and bioavailability of ETs, and analyzed the last recent findings on ETs, ellagic acid, and urolithins, their intestinal and brain activities, the potential mechanisms of action, and the connection between the ET microbiota metabolism and the consequences detected on the gut-brain axis. The current in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies indicate that ET-rich foods, individual gut microbiomes, or urolithin types could modulate signaling pathways and promote beneficial health effects. A better understanding of the role of these metabolites in disease pathogenesis may assist in the prevention or treatment of pathologies targeting the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Banc
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-450-555
| | - Lorena Filip
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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7
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Yang J, Zhi Y, Wen S, Pan X, Wang H, He X, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Shi G. Characterization of dietary and herbal sourced natural compounds that modulate SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD activity and alleviate protein misfolding in the ER. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109178. [PMID: 36228974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated production of peptide hormones is the key pathogenic factor of various endocrine diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated degradation (ERAD) is a critical machinery in maintaining ER proteostasis in mammalian cells by degrading misfolded proteins. Dysfunction of ERAD leads to maturation defect of many peptide hormones, such as provasopressin (proAVP), which results in the occurrence of Central Diabetes Insipidus. However, drugs targeting ERAD to regulate the production of peptide hormones are very limited. Herbal products provide not only nutritional sources, but also alternative therapeutics for chronic diseases. Virtual screening provides an effective and high-throughput strategy for identifying protein structure-based interacting compounds extracted from a variety of dietary or herbal sources, which could be served as (pro)drugs for preventing or treating endocrine diseases. Here, we performed a virtual screening by directly targeting SEL1L of the most conserved SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD machinery. Further, we analyzed 58 top-ranked compounds and demonstrated that Cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA) showed strong affinity with the binding pocket of SEL1L with HRD1. Through structure-based docking, protein expression assays, and FACS analysis, we revealed that CCA enhanced ERAD activity and promoted the degradation of misfolded proAVP, thus facilitated the secretion of well-folded proAVP. These results provide us with insights into drug discovery strategies targeting ER protein homeostasis, as well as candidate compounds for treating hormone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaping Zhi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Wen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuya Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Heting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guojun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Wang L, Gou X, Ding Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Du L, Peng W, Fan G. The interplay between herbal medicines and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1105405. [PMID: 37033634 PMCID: PMC10079915 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, metabolic diseases are becoming a major public health problem. Herbal medicines are medicinal materials or preparations derived from plants and are widely used in the treatment of metabolic diseases due to their good curative effects and minimal side effects. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota plays an important role in the herbal treatment of metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. This review provides a timely and comprehensive summary of the interactions between herbal medicines and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Mechanisms by which herbal medicines treat metabolic diseases include their effects on the gut microbial composition, the intestinal barrier, inflammation, and microbial metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids and bile acids). Herbal medicines can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Akkermansia and Blautia), reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella), protect the intestinal barrier, and alleviate inflammation. In turn, gut microbes can metabolize herbal compounds and thereby increase their bioavailability and bioactivity, in addition to reducing their toxicity. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of herbal medicines on metabolic diseases are closely related to their interactions with the gut microbiota. In addition, some methods, and techniques for studying the bidirectional interaction between herbal medicines and gut microbiota are proposed and discussed. The information presented in this review will help with a better understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of herbal medicines and the key role of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Ding
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Leilei Du
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Fan, ; Wei Peng, ; Leilei Du,
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Fan, ; Wei Peng, ; Leilei Du,
| | - Gang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Fan, ; Wei Peng, ; Leilei Du,
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9
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH. Nutraceutical activation of Sirt1: a review. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2022-002171. [PMID: 36522127 PMCID: PMC9756291 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The deacetylase sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), activated by calorie restriction and fasting, exerts several complementary effects on cellular function that are favourable to healthspan; it is often thought of as an 'anti-aging' enzyme. Practical measures which might boost Sirt1 activity are therefore of considerable interest. A number of nutraceuticals have potential in this regard. Nutraceuticals reported to enhance Sirt1 synthesis or protein expression include ferulic acid, tetrahydrocurcumin, urolithin A, melatonin, astaxanthin, carnosic acid and neochlorogenic acid. The half-life of Sirt1 protein can be enhanced with the natural nicotinamide catabolite N1-methylnicotinamide. The availability of Sirt1's obligate substrate NAD+ can be increased in several ways: nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide can function as substrates for NAD+ synthesis; activators of AMP-activated kinase-such as berberine-can increase expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, which is rate limiting for NAD+ synthesis; and nutraceutical quinones such as thymoquinone and pyrroloquinoline quinone can boost NAD+ by promoting oxidation of NADH. Induced ketosis-as via ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides-can increase NAD+ in the brain by lessening the reduction of NAD+ mediated by glycolysis. Post-translational modifications of Sirt1 by O-GlcNAcylation or sulfonation can increase its activity, suggesting that administration of glucosamine or of agents promoting hydrogen sulfide synthesis may aid Sirt1 activity. Although resveratrol has poor pharmacokinetics, it can bind to Sirt1 and activate it allosterically-as can so-called sirtuin-activating compound drugs. Since oxidative stress can reduce Sirt1 activity in multiple ways, effective antioxidant supplementation that blunts such stress may also help preserve Sirt1 activity in some circumstances. Combination nutraceutical regimens providing physiologically meaningful doses of several of these agents, capable of activating Sirt1 in complementary ways, may have considerable potential for health promotion. Such measures may also amplify the benefits of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in non-diabetic disorders, as these benefits appear to reflect upregulation of Sirt1 and AMP-activated protein kinase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, Encinitas, California, USA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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10
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Surya Prakash Rao H, Prabakaran M, Muthanna N. Synthesis of 7-hydroxydibenzopyran-6-ones via benzannulation of coumarins. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6905-6914. [PMID: 35975610 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01203k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully demonstrated a facile synthesis of a variety of 7-hydroxydibenzopyran-6-ones via a two-step protocol from 3-acylcoumarins having a latent Nazarov dienone functionality. Condensation of 3-acylcoumarins and ethyl cyanoacetate under basic (wet K2CO3) and microwave irradiation conditions followed by decarboethoxylative aromatization with Br2 or DDQ furnished dibenzopyran-6-ones in high yields. The formation of ring C of the dibenzopyran-6-one motif critically depended on an active methylene compound and C7 substitution on coumarins. The Ar-Br or ArOTf substitution in dibenzopyran-6-ones was leveraged for the palladium-catalysed Suzuki coupling with diverse aryl boronic acids to increase the structural diversity. Reductive decyanation of C10 cyano dibenzopyran-6-ones furnished some of the isomers of urolithin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Surya Prakash Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry - 605 014, India. .,Vasista Pharma Chem Pvt Limited, Gajularamaram, Hyderabad - 500 090, India
| | - M Prabakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry - 605 014, India.
| | - Nandurka Muthanna
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry - 605 014, India.
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Kotewicz M, Krauze-Baranowska M, Daca A, Płoska A, Godlewska S, Kalinowski L, Lewko B. Urolithins Modulate the Viability, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Nephrin Turnover in Podocytes Exposed to High Glucose. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162471. [PMID: 36010548 PMCID: PMC9406555 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Urolithins are bioactive compounds generated in human and animal intestines because of the bacterial metabolism of dietary ellagitannins (and their constituent, ellagic acid). Due to their multidirectional effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and antiglycative properties, urolithins are potential novel therapeutic agents. In this study, while considering the future possibility of using urolithins to improve podocyte function in diabetes, we assessed the results of exposing mouse podocytes cultured in normal (NG, 5.5 mM) and high (HG, 25 mM) glucose concentrations to urolithin A (UA) and urolithin B (UB). Podocytes metabolized UA to form glucuronides in a time-dependent manner; however, in HG conditions, the metabolism was lower than in NG conditions. In HG milieu, UA improved podocyte viability more efficiently than UB and reduced the reactive oxygen species level. Both types of urolithins showed cytotoxic activity at high (100 µM) concentration. The UA upregulated total and surface nephrin expression, which was paralleled by enhanced nephrin internalization. Regulation of nephrin turnover was independent of ambient glucose concentration. We conclude that UA affects podocytes in different metabolic and functional aspects. With respect to its pro-survival effects in HG-induced toxicity, UA could be considered as a potent therapeutic candidate against diabetic podocytopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Kotewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Płoska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Godlewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Leszek Kalinowski
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics-Fahrenheit Biobank BBMRI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- BioTechMed Centre, Department of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lewko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence:
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12
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Jiang X, Sun B, Zhou Z. Preclinical Studies of Natural Products Targeting the Gut Microbiota: Beneficial Effects on Diabetes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8569-8581. [PMID: 35816090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious metabolic disease characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, with a continuously increasing morbidity and mortality. Although traditional treatments including insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range to a certain extent, there is an urgent need to develop new drugs that can effectively improve glucose metabolism and diabetes-related complications. Notably, accumulated evidence implicates that the gut microbiota is unbalanced in DM individuals and is involved in the physiological and pathological processes of this metabolic disease. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota contributes to the development of DM. Furthermore, we summarize the preclinical studies of bioactive natural products that exert antidiabetic effects by modulating the gut microbiota, aiming to expand the novel therapeutic strategies for DM prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Jiang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Boyu Sun
- The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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13
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Chen P, Guo Z, Chen F, Wu Y, Zhou B. Recent Advances and Perspectives on the Health Benefits of Urolithin B, A Bioactive Natural Product Derived From Ellagitannins. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:917266. [PMID: 35814202 PMCID: PMC9257173 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.917266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urolithin (Uro) B is a natural compound produced by gut bacteria from ingested ellagitannins (ETs) and ellagic acid (EA), complex polyphenols abundant in foods such as pomegranates, raspberries, blueberries and chestnuts. Uro B has recently garnered considerable attention owing to its wide range of nutraceutical effects and relatively high potency. According to several studies, Uro B prevents the development of hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and tumors due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Many reviews have systematically summarized the health benefits and pharmacological activities of ETs, EA and urolithins (especially Uro A) while available reviews or detailed summaries on the positive impact of Uro B are rarer. Here, we sought to review the pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, regulation of immune function and its associated diseases and preventive potential of Uro B to elucidate its function as a nutritional agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiei Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Benhong Zhou,
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