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Rehfeld JF, Goetze JP. Gastrointestinal hormones: History, biology, and measurement. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 118:111-154. [PMID: 38280804 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This chapter attempts to provide an all-round picture of a dynamic and major branch of modern endocrinology, i.e. the gastrointestinal endocrinology. The advances during the last half century in our understanding of the dimensions and diversity of gut hormone biology - inside as well as outside the digestive tract - are astounding. Among major milestones are the dual brain-gut relationship, i.e. the comprehensive expression of gastrointestinal hormones as potent transmitters in central and peripheral neurons; the hormonal signaling from the enteroendocrine cells to the brain and other extraintestinal targets; the role of gut hormones as growth and fertility factors; and the new era of gut hormone-derived drugs. Accordingly, gastrointestinal hormones have pathogenetic roles in major metabolic disorders (diabetes mellitus and obesity); in tumor development (common cancers, sarcomas, and neuroendocrine tumors); and in cerebral diseases (anxiety, panic attacks, and probably eating disorders). Such clinical aspects require accurate pathogenetic and diagnostic measurements of gastrointestinal hormones - an obvious responsibility for clinical chemistry/biochemistry. In order to obtain a necessary insight into today's gastrointestinal endocrinology, the chapter will first describe the advances in gastrointestinal endocrinology in a historical context. The history provides a background for the subsequent description of the present biology of gastrointestinal hormones, and its biomedical consequences - not least for clinical chemistry/biochemistry with its specific responsibility for selection of appropriate assays and reliable measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens P Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Turek I, Gehring C. Peptide-Mediated Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling in Plants: Identification and Characterization of Interactor Proteins with Nucleotide Cyclase Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2731:179-204. [PMID: 38019435 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3511-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, an increasing number of plant signaling peptides have been discovered and it appears that many of them are specific ligands for interacting receptor molecules. These receptors can enable the formation of second messengers which in turn transmit the ligand-induced stimuli into complex and tunable downstream responses. In order to perform such complex tasks, receptor proteins often contain several distinct domains such as a kinase and/or adenylate cyclase (AC) or guanylate cyclase (GC) domains. ACs catalyze the conversion of ATP to 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) while GCs catalyze the reaction of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Both cAMP and cGMP are now recognized as essential components of many plant responses, including responses to peptidic hormones. Here we describe the approach that led to the discovery of the Plant Natriuretic Peptide Receptor (PNP receptor), including a protocol for the identification of currently undiscovered peptidic interactions, and the subsequent application of computational methods for the identification of AC and/or GC domains in such interacting receptor candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Turek
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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3
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Nørgaard RA, Bhatt DK, Järvinen E, Stage TB, Gabel-Jensen C, Galetin A, Säll C. Evaluating drug-drug interaction risk associated with peptide analogues using advanced in vitro systems. Drug Metab Dispos 2023:DMD-AR-2023-001441. [PMID: 38050097 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment of therapeutic peptides is an evolving area. The industry generally follows DDI guidelines for small molecules, but the translation of data generated with commonly used in vitro systems to in vivo is sparse. In the current study, we investigated the ability of advanced human hepatocyte in vitro systems namely HepatoPac, spheroids, and Liver-on-a-chip to assess potential changes in regulation of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4, SLCO1B1 and ABCC2 in the presence of selected therapeutic peptides, proteins, and small molecules. The peptide NN1177, a glucagon and GLP-1 receptor co-agonist, did not suppress mRNA expression or activity of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 in HepatoPac, spheroids, or Liver-on-a-chip; these findings were in contrast to the data obtained in sandwich cultured hepatocytes. No effect of NN1177 on SLCO1B1 and ABCC2 mRNA was observed in any of the complex systems. The induction magnitude differed across the systems (e.g., rifampicin induction of CYP3A4 mRNA ranged from 2.8-fold in spheroids to 81.2-fold in Liver-on-a-chip). Small molecules, obeticholic acid and abemaciclib, showed varying responses in HepatoPac, spheroids and Liver-on-a-chip, indicating a need for EC50 determinations to fully assess translatability data. HepatoPac, the most extensively investigated in this study (3 donors), showed high potential to investigate DDIs associated with CYP regulation by therapeutic peptides. Spheroids and Liver-on-a-chip were only assessed in one hepatocyte donor and further evaluations are required to confirm their potential. This study establishes an excellent foundation towards the establishment of more clinically-relevant in vitro tools for evaluation of potential DDIs with therapeutic peptides. Significance Statement At present, there are no guidelines for drug-drug interaction (DDI) assessment of therapeutic peptides. Existing in vitro methods recommended for assessing small molecule DDIs do not appear to translate well for peptide drugs, complicating drug development for these moieties. Here, we establish evidence that complex cellular systems have potential to be used as more clinically-relevant tools for the in vitro DDI evaluation of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erkka Järvinen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chem. and Techn., University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tore B Stage
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Selby R, Jones DS. Complex peptide hormone signaling in plant stem cells. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2023; 75:102442. [PMID: 37672866 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide hormones influence diverse aspects of plant development through highly coordinated cell-cell signaling pathways. Many peptide hormone families play key roles in stem cell maintenance across land plants. In this review, we focus on recent work in two conserved peptide hormone families, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLEs) and ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR (RGFs), and their roles in regulating plant stem cells. We discuss recent work establishing downstream crosstalk between peptide hormones and other conserved signaling mechanisms in meristem maintenance as well as highlight advances in peptide hormone gene identification that provide important context for CLE/RGF family evolution across diverse plant lineages. CLE and RGF gene families have greatly expanded in angiosperms, contributing to the complex genetic regulation of stem cell homeostasis observed in model systems over the last 30 years. Peptide hormone duplications have resulted in genetic compensation mechanisms that ensure robust development through the function of paralogous genes. Broad conservation of genetic compensation across angiosperms highlights the importance of these mechanisms in developmental signaling and understanding their regulation could inform broader understanding of morphological diversity and evolutionary innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid Selby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 36849, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Daniel S Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 36849, Auburn, AL, USA.
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5
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Kaur D, Arora A, Patiyal S, Raghava GPS. Hmrbase2: a comprehensive database of hormones and their receptors. Hormones (Athens) 2023; 22:359-366. [PMID: 37291365 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormones play a critical role in regulating various physiological processes and any hormonal imbalances can lead to major endocrine disorders. Thus, studying hormones is essential for both the therapeutics and the diagnostics of hormonal diseases. To facilitate this need, we have developed Hmrbase2, a comprehensive platform that provides extensive information on hormones. METHODS Hmrbase2 is a web-based database which is an update of a previously published database, Hmrbase ( http://crdd.osdd.net/raghava/hmrbase/ ). We collected a large amount of information on peptide and non-peptide hormones and hormone receptors, this information being sourced from Hmrbase, HMDB, UniProt, HORDB, ENDONET, PubChem, and the medical literature. RESULTS Hmrbase2 contains a total of 12,056 entries, which is more than twice the number of entries contained in the previous version Hmrbase. These include 7406, 753, and 3897 entries for peptide hormones, non-peptide hormones, and hormone receptors, respectively, from 803 organisms compared to the 562 organisms in the previous version. The database also hosts 5662 hormone receptor pairs. The source organism, function, and subcellular location are provided for peptide hormones and receptors and properties such as melting point and water solubility is provided for non-peptide hormones. Besides browsing and keyword search, an advanced search option has also been supplied. Additionally, a similarity search module has been incorporated enabling users to run similarity searches against peptide hormone sequences using BLAST and Smith-Waterman. CONCLUSIONS To make the database accessible to various users, we designed a user-friendly, responsive website that can be easily used on smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers. The updated database version, Hmrbase2, offers improved data content compared to the previous version. Hmrbase2 is freely available at https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/hmrbase2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashleen Kaur
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Akanksha Arora
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Sumeet Patiyal
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi, 110020, India
| | - Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi, 110020, India.
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Shinohara H. Functional Expression of the Ectodomain of Plant Receptor Kinases in Plant Suspension Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2652:129-143. [PMID: 37093473 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3147-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signals are usually perceived by membrane-localized receptors that transduce intercellular signals to activate various pathways. In plants, single transmembrane receptor kinases act as receptors for extracellular signals. Endogenous secreted peptide hormones have been recognized as novel signaling molecules, functioning through the formation of ligand-receptor pairs in plants. Recently, research on plant peptide hormone-receptor interactions based on the structural biology approach has greatly improved; however, the dissociation constant of recombinant receptor molecules expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system is relatively low. We introduce here a method for creating a stable and functional homogeneous expression system for plant receptor kinases using tobacco BY-2 cells while maintaining conventional ligand-binding activity. This strategy will help improve our understanding of plant endogenous peptide ligand-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan.
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Neurochemical Anatomy of the Mammalian Carotid Body. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2023; 237:63-103. [PMID: 37946078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotid body (CB) glomus cells in most mammals, including humans, contain a broad diversity of classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gaseous signaling molecules as well as their cognate receptors. Among them, acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate and dopamine have been proposed to be the main excitatory transmitters in the mammalian CB, although subsequently dopamine has been considered an inhibitory neuromodulator in almost all mammalian species except the rabbit. In addition, co-existence of biogenic amines and neuropeptides has been reported in the glomus cells, thus suggesting that they store and release more than one transmitter in response to natural stimuli. Furthermore, certain metabolic and transmitter-degrading enzymes are involved in the chemotransduction and chemotransmission in various mammals. However, the presence of the corresponding biosynthetic enzyme for some transmitter candidates has not been confirmed, and neuroactive substances like serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and adenosine, neuropeptides including opioids, substance P and endothelin, and gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide have been shown to modulate the chemosensory process through direct actions on glomus cells and/or by producing tonic effects on CB blood vessels. It is likely that the fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters and their complex interactions might play a more important than suggested role in CB plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Yang J, Zhi Y, Wen S, Pan X, Wang H, He X, Lu Y, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Shi G. Characterization of dietary and herbal sourced natural compounds that modulate SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD activity and alleviate protein misfolding in the ER. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109178. [PMID: 36228974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated production of peptide hormones is the key pathogenic factor of various endocrine diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated degradation (ERAD) is a critical machinery in maintaining ER proteostasis in mammalian cells by degrading misfolded proteins. Dysfunction of ERAD leads to maturation defect of many peptide hormones, such as provasopressin (proAVP), which results in the occurrence of Central Diabetes Insipidus. However, drugs targeting ERAD to regulate the production of peptide hormones are very limited. Herbal products provide not only nutritional sources, but also alternative therapeutics for chronic diseases. Virtual screening provides an effective and high-throughput strategy for identifying protein structure-based interacting compounds extracted from a variety of dietary or herbal sources, which could be served as (pro)drugs for preventing or treating endocrine diseases. Here, we performed a virtual screening by directly targeting SEL1L of the most conserved SEL1L-HRD1 ERAD machinery. Further, we analyzed 58 top-ranked compounds and demonstrated that Cryptochlorogenic acid (CCA) showed strong affinity with the binding pocket of SEL1L with HRD1. Through structure-based docking, protein expression assays, and FACS analysis, we revealed that CCA enhanced ERAD activity and promoted the degradation of misfolded proAVP, thus facilitated the secretion of well-folded proAVP. These results provide us with insights into drug discovery strategies targeting ER protein homeostasis, as well as candidate compounds for treating hormone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaping Zhi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Wen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuya Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Heting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemin He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guojun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Mechanistic and Translational Obesity Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Heuer JG, Meyer CM, Baker HE, Geiser A, Lucchesi J, Xu D, Hamang M, Martin JA, Hu C, Roth KD, Thirunavukkarasu K, Alsina-Fernandez J, Ma YL. Pharmacological Evaluation of a Pegylated Urocortin-1 Peptide in Experimental Autoimmune Disease Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:287-298. [PMID: 35688476 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin-1 (UCN1) is a member of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) family of peptides that acts through CRH-receptor 1 (CRHR1) and CRH-receptor 2 (CRHR2). UCN1 can induce adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and downstream glucocorticoids through CRHR1 and promote beneficial metabolic effects through CRHR2. UCN1 has a short half-life and has been shown to improve experimental autoimmune disease. A pegylated UCN1 peptide (PEG-hUCN1) was generated to extend half-life and was tested in multiple experimental autoimmune disease models and in healthy mice to determine effects on corticosterone induction, autoimmune disease, and glucocorticoid induced adverse effects. Cardiovascular effects were also assessed by telemetry. PEG-hUCN1 demonstrated a dose dependent 4-to-6-fold elevation of serum corticosterone and significantly improved autoimmune disease comparable to prednisolone in several experimental models. In healthy mice, PEG-hUCN1 showed less adverse effects compared to corticosterone treatment. PEG-hUCN1 peptide induced an initial 30% reduction in blood pressure that was followed by a gradual and sustained 30% increase in blood pressure at the highest dose. Additionally, an adeno-associated viral 8 (AAV8) UCN1 was used to assess adverse effects of chronic elevation of UCN1 in wild type and CRHR2 knockout mice. Chronic UCN1 expression by an AAV8 approach in wild type and CRHR2 knockout mice demonstrated an important role of CRHR2 in countering the adverse metabolic effects of elevated corticosterone from UCN1. Our findings demonstrate that PEG-hUCN1 shows profound effects in treating autoimmune disease with an improved safety profile relative to corticosterone and that CRHR2 activity is important in metabolic regulation. Significance Statement This study reports the generation and characterization of a pegylated UCN1 peptide and the role of CRHR2 in UCN1-induced metabolic effects. The potency/selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, pharmacodynamic effects and efficacy in four autoimmune models and safety profiles are presented. This pegylated UCN1 shows potential for treating autoimmune diseases with reduced adverse effects compared to corticosterone treatment. Continuous exposure to UCN1 through an AAV8 approach demonstrates some glucocorticoid mediated adverse metabolic effects that are exacerbated in the absence of the CRHR2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef G Heuer
- Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Catalina M Meyer
- Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Hana E Baker
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Andrea Geiser
- New Therapeutic Modalities, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Jonathan Lucchesi
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Daniel Xu
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Matthew Hamang
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | | | - Charlie Hu
- Biotherapeutic Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | - Kenneth D Roth
- Molecular Pharmacology, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
| | | | | | - Yanfei L Ma
- Biotechnology & Immunology Res, Eli Lilly and Company, United States
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10
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Säll C, Alifrangis L, Dahl K, Friedrichsen MH, Nygård SB, Kristensen K. In vitro CYP450 enzyme down-regulation by GLP-1/glucagon co-agonist does not translate to observed drug-drug interactions in the clinic. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2022-000865. [PMID: 35680133 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NN1177 is a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor co-agonist investigated for chronic weight management and treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Here, we show concentration-dependent down-regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes using freshly isolated human hepatocytes treated with this linear 29-amino acid peptide. Notably, reductions in CYP3A4 mRNA expression (57.2-71.7%) and activity (18.5-51.5%) were observed with a clinically-relevant concentration of 100 nM NN1177. CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 were also affected, but to a lesser extent. Physiological-based pharmacokinetic modelling simulated effects on CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 probe substrates (midazolam and caffeine, respectively) and revealed potential safety concerns related to drug-drug interactions (DDIs). To investigate the clinical relevance of observed in vitro CYP down-regulation, a phase 1 clinical cocktail study was initiated to assess the DDI potential. The study enrolled 45 study participants (BMI 23.0-29.9 kg/m2) to receive a Cooperstown 5+1 cocktail (midazolam, caffeine, omeprazole, dextromethorphan, and S-warfarin/vitamin K) alone and following steady state NN1177 exposure. The analysis of pharmacokinetic profiles for the cocktail drugs showed no significant effect from the co-administration of NN1177 on AUC0-inf for midazolam or S-warfarin. Omeprazole, caffeine, and dextromethorphan generally displayed decreases in AUC0-inf and Cmax following NN1177 co-administration. Thus, the in vitro observations were not reflected in the clinic. These findings highlight remaining challenges associated with standard in vitro systems used to predict DDIs for peptide-based drugs as well as the complexity of DDI trial design for these modalities. Overall, there is an urgent need for better pre-clinical models to assess potential drug-drug interaction risks associated with therapeutic peptides during drug development. Significance Statement This study highlights significant challenges associated with assessing drug-drug interaction risks for therapeutic peptides using in vitro systems, since potential concerns identified by standard assays did not translate to the clinical setting. Further research is required to guide investigators involved in peptide-based drug development towards better non-clinical models in order to more accurately evaluate potential drug-drug interactions.
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Torrini F, Palladino P, Baldoneschi V, Scarano S, Minunni M. Sensitive 'two-steps' competitive assay for gonadotropin-releasing hormone detection via SPR biosensing and polynorepinephrine-based molecularly imprinted polymer. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1161:338481. [PMID: 33896555 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The work reports an innovative bioassay for the detection of gonadorelin in urine, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist widely used in fertility medicine and to treat hormonal dysfunctions. Gonadorelin is also a synthetic hormone listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and of interest in anti-doping controls. The main novelty relies on the development of a biocompatible, stable, and low-cost biomimetic receptor alternative to classic antibodies. Starting from norepinephrine monomer, a highly selective and sensitive molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was developed and optimized for optical real-time and label-free SPR biosensing. The selectivity has been addressed by testing a series of peptides, from high to low similarity, both in terms of molecular weight and primary sequence. Due to the very low molecular weight of gonadorelin (1182 Da), a 'two-steps' competitive assay was developed. Particular attention has been paid to the design of the competitor and its binding affinity constant towards the MIP, being a key step for the success of the competitive strategy. The SPR assay was first optimized in standard conditions and finally applied to untreated urine samples, achieving the sensitivity required by WADA guidelines. The MIP, tested in parallel with a monoclonal antibody, gave comparable results in terms of affinity constants and selectivity towards possible interfering analytes. However, the biomimetic receptor appears clearly superior in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. This, together with its preparation simplicity, the extremely low-cost of the monomer and its reusability for hundreds of measurements, make polynorepinephrine-based MIPs powerful rivals to immune-based approaches in the near future for similar applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Veronica Baldoneschi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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Camacho-Ramírez A, Prada-Oliveira JA, Ribelles-García A, Almorza-Gomar D, Pérez-Arana GM. The Leading Role of Peptide Tyrosine Tyrosine in Glycemic Control After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Rats. Obes Surg 2021; 30:697-706. [PMID: 31701411 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is one of the most effective surgical therapies for the rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying the entero-hormonal response after surgery and the role of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) in the restoration of normoglycemia are still not clear. METHODS We reproduced the RYGB technique in Wistar and Goto-Kakizaki rats and performed serum hormonal, histological, and hormonal-infusion test. RESULTS Using the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model, we demonstrated that PYY plasma levels showed a remarkable peak approximately 30 min earlier than GLP-1 or GIP after mixed-meal administration in RYGB-operated rats with PYY. The GLP-1 and GIP areas under the curve (AUCs) increased after RYGB in GK rats. Additionally, the findings suggested that PYY (3-36) infusion led to increased GLP-1 and GIP plasma levels close to those obtained after a meal. Finally, the number of GLP-1-positive cells appeared to increase in the three segments of the small intestine in GK-RYGB-operated rats beyond the early presence of nutrient stimulation in the ileum. Nevertheless, PYY-positive cell numbers appeared to increase only in the ileum. CONCLUSION At least in rats, these data demonstrate an earlier essential role for PYY in gut hormone regulation after RYGB. We understand that PYY contributes to GLP-1 and GIP release and there must be the existence of enteroendocrine communication routes between the distal and proximal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Camacho-Ramírez
- Puerta del Mar Hospital, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.,Asociación Gaditana de Apoyo al Investigador, Cadiz, Spain.,Biomedical Science Research and Innovation Institute (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - J Arturo Prada-Oliveira
- Asociación Gaditana de Apoyo al Investigador, Cadiz, Spain.,Biomedical Science Research and Innovation Institute (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Plaza Fragela s/n, 11003, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Ribelles-García
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Plaza Fragela s/n, 11003, Cadiz, Spain.,Sustainable Social Development Research Institute (INDESS), University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - David Almorza-Gomar
- Biomedical Science Research and Innovation Institute (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.,Operative Statistic and Research Department, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Gonzalo M Pérez-Arana
- Asociación Gaditana de Apoyo al Investigador, Cadiz, Spain. .,Biomedical Science Research and Innovation Institute (INIBICA), University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain. .,Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cadiz, Plaza Fragela s/n, 11003, Cadiz, Spain.
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13
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Abstract
Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick R. Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meet Zandawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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14
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Abstract
Malnutrition occurs when nutrient intake is too low for any reason and occurs regardless of gender or age. Therefore, besides loss of eating or digestive functionality due to illness, malnutrition can occur when a healthy individual undergoes an extreme diet and biases their nutrition, or when athletes exerts more energy than they can replenish through food. It has recently been reported that in Japan, the mortality rate of leaner individuals is equal to or higher than that of obese people. It is important to understand what homeostatic maintenance mechanism is behind this when the body is under hypotrophic conditions. Such mechanisms are generally endocranially controlled. We address this fundamental concern in this paper by focusing on peptide hormones. We introduce a mechanism for survival in a malnourished state via the regulation of food intake and temperature. Additionally, we will discuss the latest findings and future prospects for research on changes in the endocrine environment associated with malnutrition associated with exercise. We also review changes in next-generation endocrine environments when caused by malnutrition brought on by dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nemoto
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hasegawa
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, The University of Morioka, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0694, Japan
| | - Takanori Ida
- Division for Searching and Identification of Bioactive Peptides, Department of Bioactive Peptides, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kojima
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are a unique class of molecules that display a relatively constrained peptidic backbone as compared to their linear counterparts leading to the defined 3-D orientation of the constituent amino acids (pharmacophore). Although they are attractive candidates for lead discovery owing to the unique conformational features, their peptidic backbone is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in various biological fluids that compromise their efficacy. In this chapter we review the various classical and contemporary chemical and biological approaches that have been utilized to combat the metabolic instability of macrocyclic peptides. We note that any chemical modification that helps in providing either local or global conformational rigidity to these macrocyclic peptides aids in improving their metabolic stability typically by slowing the cleavage kinetics by the proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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16
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Pérez-Bautista O, Montaño M, Pérez-Padilla R, Zúñiga-Ramos J, Camacho-Priego M, Barrientos-Gutiérrez T, Buendía-Roldan I, Velasco-Torres Y, Ramos C. Women with COPD by biomass show different serum profile of adipokines, incretins, and peptide hormones than smokers. Respir Res 2018; 19:239. [PMID: 30514305 PMCID: PMC6280373 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The main causes of COPD are tobacco smoking (COPD-TS) and biomass smoke exposure (COPD-BS). COPD-TS is known to induce changes in adipokines, incretins, and peptide hormones, frequent biomarkers of inflammation; however, it is unknown if similar changes occur in COPD-BS. Methods Clinical and physiological characteristics, and serum concentration of C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, insulin, leptin, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin were measured in women with COPD-BS, COPD-TS, and healthy controls. Data were compared with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test; nonparametric were expressed as median (interquartile ranges), with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-hoc test. Multivariate analysis, age, BMI, MS, and FEV1% pred with levels of inflammatory mediators in COPD women. Results FEV1% pred, FVC% pred, and FEV1/FVC ratio were decremented in COPD. In COPD-TS increased C-peptide, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, and leptin, and reduced glucagon, PAI-1, resistin, and visfatin. In COPD-BS enlarged ghrelin, insulin, leptin, and PAI-1 comparatively with COPD-TS and control, while C-peptide and GLP-1 relatively with controls; conversely, glucagon, and resistin were reduced. Multivariate analysis showed association of ghrelin, insulin, PAI-1, and visfatin with BS exposure. Conclusions women with COPD-BS have a distinct profile of adipokines, incretins, and peptide hormones, and specifically with ghrelin, insulin, PAI-1, and visfatin related to BS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pérez-Bautista
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Martha Montaño
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Talpan 4502, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Pérez-Padilla
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Genética, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mariana Camacho-Priego
- Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ivette Buendía-Roldan
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Talpan 4502, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yadira Velasco-Torres
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco (UAMX), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ramos
- Departamento de Investigación en Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INERICV), Talpan 4502, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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17
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Zandawala M, Marley R, Davies SA, Nässel DR. Characterization of a set of abdominal neuroendocrine cells that regulate stress physiology using colocalized diuretic peptides in Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 75:1099-1115. [PMID: 29043393 PMCID: PMC5814475 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple neuropeptides are known to regulate water and ion balance in Drosophila melanogaster. Several of these peptides also have other functions in physiology and behavior. Examples are corticotropin-releasing factor-like diuretic hormone (diuretic hormone 44; DH44) and leucokinin (LK), both of which induce fluid secretion by Malpighian tubules (MTs), but also regulate stress responses, feeding, circadian activity and other behaviors. Here, we investigated the functional relations between the LK and DH44 signaling systems. DH44 and LK peptides are only colocalized in a set of abdominal neurosecretory cells (ABLKs). Targeted knockdown of each of these peptides in ABLKs leads to increased resistance to desiccation, starvation and ionic stress. Food ingestion is diminished by knockdown of DH44, but not LK, and water retention is increased by LK knockdown only. Thus, the two colocalized peptides display similar systemic actions, but differ with respect to regulation of feeding and body water retention. We also demonstrated that DH44 and LK have additive effects on fluid secretion by MTs. It is likely that the colocalized peptides are coreleased from ABLKs into the circulation and act on the tubules where they target different cell types and signaling systems to regulate diuresis and stress tolerance. Additional targets seem to be specific for each of the two peptides and subserve regulation of feeding and water retention. Our data suggest that the ABLKs and hormonal actions are sufficient for many of the known DH44 and LK functions, and that the remaining neurons in the CNS play other functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meet Zandawala
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Richard Marley
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shireen A Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dick R Nässel
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Abstract
Peptide hormones represent a major class of hormones that are made from amino acids by specialized endocrine glands. The maturation of bioactive hormones take place in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, where preprohormones are proteolytically cleaved into prohormones, and subsequently into mature peptide hormones. Once the bioactive hormones are released into the circulation, they interact with receptors located on the plasma membrane of target cells, and initiate intracellular signaling pathways to regulate physiological processes including energy metabolism, growth, stress, and reproduction. However, excessive amount of circulating peptide hormones often associates with the presence of tumors. Section 2 discusses 10 peptide hormones as tumor markers and their clinical application in aiding the diagnosis of tumors as well as monitoring the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhen Zhao
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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19
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Daniels MW, Brock GN, Wittliff JL. Clinical outcomes linked to expression of gene subsets for protein hormones and their cognate receptors from LCM-procured breast carcinoma cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 161:245-258. [PMID: 27858316 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-4049-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Certain peptide hormones and/or their cognate receptors influencing normal cellular pathways also have been detected in breast cancers. The hypothesis is that gene subsets of these regulatory molecules predict risk of breast carcinoma recurrence in patients with primary disease. METHODS Gene expression levels of 61 hormones and 81 receptors were determined by microarray with LCM-procured carcinoma cells of 247 de-identified biopsies. Univariable and multivariable Cox regressions were determined using expression levels of each hormone/receptor gene, individually or as a pair. RESULTS Molecular signatures for ER+/PR+, ER-/PR-, and ER- carcinoma cells deciphered by LASSO were externally validated at HRs (CI) of 2.8 (1.84-4.4), 1.53 (1.01-2.3), and 1.72 (1.15-2.56), respectively. Using LCM-procured breast carcinoma cells, a 16-gene molecular signature was derived for ER+/PR+ biopsies, whereas a 10-gene signature was deciphered for ER-/PR- cancers. Four genes, POMC, CALCR, AVPR1A, and GH1, of this 10-gene signature were identified in a 6-gene molecular signature for ER- specimens. CONCLUSIONS Applying these signatures, Kaplan-Meier plots definitively identified a cohort of patients with either ER-/PR- or ER- carcinomas that exhibited low risk of recurrence. In contrast, the ER+/PR+ signature identified a cohort of patients with high risk of breast cancer recurrence. Each of the three molecular signatures predicted clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients with greater accuracy than observed with either single-gene analysis or by ER/PR protein content alone. Collectively, our results suggest that gene expression profiles of breast carcinomas with suspected poor prognosis (ER-/PR-) have identified a subset of patients with decreased risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Daniels
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Guy N Brock
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - James L Wittliff
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Institute for Molecular Diversity and Drug Design, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Background Repeated freezing and thawing of plasma (or serum) may influence the stability of plasma (or serum) constituents. Despite the alarming warnings from commercial manuals that freeze-thaw cycles affect the stability of hormones in plasma (or serum), surprisingly little, consistent information about this concept is available in literature. Methods We studied the stability of 15 endocrine parameters (adrenocorticotropic hormone, osteocalcin, plasma renin activity, α-subunits, cortisol binding globulin, glucagon, inhibin B, fT4, TT4, TT3, rT3, TBG, TSH, chromogranin A and thyroglobulin upon repeated freeze-thaw cycles in plasma (or serum) samples from 10 volunteers. Blood was collected by venipuncture and after centrifugation and aliquoting, all samples were frozen at -20℃. Aliquots were thawed up to four times and changes in concentrations of endocrine parameters were compared to baseline condition. Results Repeated freeze-thaw cycling resulted in significant and relevant increases of plasma renin activity and a small decrease of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Conclusions For most of the analysed endocrine parameters, we found no effects of multiple freeze-thaw cycles despite alarming notifications in assay manuals. Plasma renin activity was the only endocrine parameter that showed significant and relevant changes following repeated freeze-thaw cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hillebrand
- 1 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Heijboer
- 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Endert
- 1 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Hook V, Bandeira N. Neuropeptidomics Mass Spectrometry Reveals Signaling Networks Generated by Distinct Protease Pathways in Human Systems. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2015; 26:1970-80. [PMID: 26483184 PMCID: PMC4749436 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides regulate intercellular signaling as neurotransmitters of the central and peripheral nervous systems, and as peptide hormones in the endocrine system. Diverse neuropeptides of distinct primary sequences of various lengths, often with post-translational modifications, coordinate and integrate regulation of physiological functions. Mass spectrometry-based analysis of the diverse neuropeptide structures in neuropeptidomics research is necessary to define the full complement of neuropeptide signaling molecules. Human neuropeptidomics has notable importance in defining normal and dysfunctional neuropeptide signaling in human health and disease. Neuropeptidomics has great potential for expansion in translational research opportunities for defining neuropeptide mechanisms of human diseases, providing novel neuropeptide drug targets for drug discovery, and monitoring neuropeptides as biomarkers of drug responses. In consideration of the high impact of human neuropeptidomics for health, an observed gap in this discipline is the few published articles in human neuropeptidomics compared with, for example, human proteomics and related mass spectrometry disciplines. Focus on human neuropeptidomics will advance new knowledge of the complex neuropeptide signaling networks participating in the fine control of neuroendocrine systems. This commentary review article discusses several human neuropeptidomics accomplishments that illustrate the rapidly expanding diversity of neuropeptides generated by protease processing of pro-neuropeptide precursors occurring within the secretory vesicle proteome. Of particular interest is the finding that human-specific cathepsin V participates in producing enkephalin and likely other neuropeptides, indicating unique proteolytic mechanisms for generating human neuropeptides. The field of human neuropeptidomics has great promise to solve new mechanisms in disease conditions, leading to new drug targets and therapeutic agents for human diseases. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Hook
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA.
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA.
| | - Nuno Bandeira
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0719, USA
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22
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François M, Schaefer JM, Bole-Feysot C, Déchelotte P, Verhulst FC, Fetissov SO. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins and anxiety, depression and stress-induced cortisol response in adolescents. The TRAILS study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:1-7. [PMID: 25562566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, a hunger hormone, has been implicated in the regulation of stress-response, anxiety and depression. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins (Ig) were recently identified in healthy and obese humans showing abilities to increase ghrelin's stability and orexigenic effects. Here we studied if ghrelin-reactive Ig are associated with anxiety and depression and with the stress-induced cortisol response in a general population of adolescents. Furthermore, to test the possible infectious origin of ghrelin-reactive Ig, their levels were compared with serum IgG against common viruses. METHODS We measured ghrelin-reactive IgM, IgG and IgA in serum samples of 1199 adolescents from the Dutch TRAILS study and tested their associations with 1) anxiety and depression symptoms assessed with the Youth Self-Report, 2) stress-induced salivary cortisol levels and 3) IgG against human herpesvirus 1, 2, 4 and 6 and Influenza A and B viruses. RESULTS Ghrelin-reactive IgM and IgG correlated positively with levels of antibodies against Influenza A virus. Ghrelin-reactive IgM correlated negatively with antibodies against Influenza B virus. Ghrelin-reactive IgM correlated positively with anxiety scores in girls and ghrelin-reactive IgG correlated with stress-induced cortisol secretion, but these associations were weak and not significant after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION These data indicate that production of ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies could be influenced by viral infections. Serum levels of ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies probably do not play a role in regulating anxiety, depression and the stress-response in adolescents from the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie François
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Johanna M Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France.
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23
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Chung JO, Cho DH, Chung DJ, Chung MY. Relationship between serum C-peptide level and diabetic retinopathy according to estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:350-5. [PMID: 25623633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that serum C-peptide level would relate to the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetic patients independently of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). DESIGN A total of 2,062 patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated in this cross-sectional study. Fasting C-peptide, 2-hour postprandial C-peptide, and ΔC-peptide (postprandial C-peptide minus fasting C-peptide) levels were measured. The patients were divided into two groups according to eGFR (ml∙min(-1)1.73m(-2)): patients without renal impairment (eGFR ≥60) and those with renal impairment (eGFR <60). RESULTS In subjects both with and without renal impairment, patients with DR showed lower levels of fasting C-peptide, postprandial C-peptide and ΔC-peptide. In multivariate analysis, serum C-peptide levels were significantly associated with DR (odds ratio [OR] of each standard deviation increase in the logarithmic value, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78-0.92 for fasting C-peptide, P<0.001; OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82-0.92 for postprandial C-peptide, P<0.001; OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82-0.94 for ΔC-peptide, P<0.001) after adjustment for age, gender, and other confounding factors including eGFR. CONCLUSIONS Serum C-peptide levels are inversely associated with the prevalence of DR in type 2 diabetic patients independently of eGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ook Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeok Cho
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, 8 Hak-Dong, Dong-Gu, Gwangju, 501-757, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Haghshenas R, Jafari M, Ravasi A, Kordi M, Gilani N, Shariatzadeh M, Hedayati M, Rahimi M. The effect of eight weeks endurance training and high-fat diet on appetite-regulating hormones in rat plasma. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2014; 17:237-43. [PMID: 24904715 PMCID: PMC4046239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Consumption of high-fat foods is one of the major causes of obesity. Physical exercise is a strategy used to counteract obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks endurance training and high-fat diet (HFD) on appetite-regulating hormones in rat plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS TWENTY EIGHT MALE WISTAR RATS WERE RANDOMLY DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: Control group with standard diet (CSD), endurance training with a standard diet (ESD), control group with high-fat diet (CHFD) and endurance training with high-fat diet (EHFD). Twenty-four hr after the last training session, the blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hormones levels. RESULTS The significant increased weight gain and food intake and decreased plasma nesfatin-1 and PYY3-36 levels were observed in CHFD group, while exercise under the HFD antagonized these effects. There were no significant changes in ghrelin, insulin and leptin levels in different groups. CONCLUSION These results suggest that exercise can prevent fattening effect of HFD. Probably, performing exercise makes a reduction of food intake and weight gain in rat via the increase in nesfatin-1 and PYY levels. However, further studies are necessary to understand the exact mechanisms involved in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Exercise Physiology Research Canter, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Mahvash Jafari. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-22289942; Fax: 98-21-22830262;
| | - Aliasghar Ravasi
- Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Kordi
- Department of Exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Gilani
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rahimi
- Exercise Physiology Research Canter, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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