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Tong P, Pan J, Dang Y, Yang E, Jia C, Duan R, Tian S, Palidan N, Kuang L, Wang C, Lu G, Xie J. First identification and isolation of equine herpesvirus type 1 in aborted fetal lung tissues of donkeys. Virol J 2024; 21:117. [PMID: 38802935 PMCID: PMC11131334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is commonly associated with horse abortion. Currently, there are no reported cases of abortion resulting from EHV-1 infection in donkeys. RESULTS This was the first survey-based study of Chinese donkeys. The presence of EHV-1 was identified by PCR. This survey was conducted in Chabuchar County, North Xinjiang, China, in 2020. A donkey EHV-1 strain (Chabuchar/2020) was successfully isolated in MDBK cells. Seventy-two of 100 donkey sera were able to neutralize the isolated EHV-1. Moreover, the ORF33 sequence of the donkey-origin EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 strain showed high levels of similarity in both its nucleotide (99.7‒100%) and amino acid (99.5‒100%) sequences, with those of horse EHV-1 strains. EHV-1 Chabuchar/2020 showed significant consistency and was classified within cluster 1 of horse EHV-1 strains. Further, analysis of the expected ORF30 nucleotide sequence revealed that donkey EHV-1 strains contained guanine at position 2254, resulting in a change to aspartic acid at position 752 of the viral DNA polymerase. Therefore, these strains were classified as horse neuropathogenic strains. Lastly, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the partial ORF68 nucleotide sequences, showing that the identified donkey EHV-1 strain and the EHV-1 strain found in aborted Yili horses in China comprised a novel independent VIII group. CONCLUSION This study showed the first isolation and identification of EHV-1 as an etiological agent of abortions in donkeys. Further analysis of the ORF33, ORF30, and ORF68 sequences indicated that the donkey EHV-1 contained the neuropathogenic genotype of strains in the VIII group. It is thus important to be aware of EHV-1 infection in the donkey population, even though the virus has only been identified in donkey abortions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Juanjuan Pan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yueyi Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Enhui Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruli Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuyao Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nuerlan Palidan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanfeng Wang
- Key laboratory for animal disease detection, College of Animal Sciences, Yili Vocational and Technical College, Yili, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Study and Creation for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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de la Cuesta‐Torrado M, Velloso Alvarez A, Neira‐Egea P, Cuervo‐Arango J. Long-term performance of show-jumping horses and relationship with severity of ataxia and complications associated with myeloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus-1. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1799-1807. [PMID: 38609161 PMCID: PMC11099729 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has severe impact on the sport horse population. OBJECTIVE Study the influence of EHM on the likelihood of affected horses to return to their previous performance and investigate the association of clinical variables with prognosis. ANIMALS Twenty-six horses positive for equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) during a natural EHM outbreak at an international jumping event. METHODS Data collected from the VTH, the International Equestrian Federation, and surveys completed by the riders and horse owners were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Horses affected by EHM had 68% chance of returning to exercise, and 52.9% were able to achieve their preoutbreak performance level. Horses with an ataxia grade at admission ≥4/5 had an increased fatality rate (P < .05) and 10% chance of reaching their preoutbreak performance level. None of the horses with both vascular and urinary complications returned to their previous performance level. Finally, horses vaccinated against EHV-1 and those with urinary complications had a 71.4% and 43.7% fatality rate, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Horses affected by EHM were able to return to their previous performance levels, but certain clinical variables were negatively associated with postoutbreak performance. Ataxia grade upon admission and the development of systemic signs of vasculitis and urinary complications were potential poor prognostic indicators in sport horses. Variables linked to fatality included prior vaccination against EHV-1, ataxia grade upon admission, and the development of urinary complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Cuesta‐Torrado
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversidad CEU‐Cardenal Herrera, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEUValenciaSpain
| | - Ana Velloso Alvarez
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversidad CEU‐Cardenal Herrera, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEUValenciaSpain
| | | | - Juan Cuervo‐Arango
- Department of Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversidad CEU‐Cardenal Herrera, CEU UniversitiesValenciaSpain
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEUValenciaSpain
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Tong P, Yang E, Liu B, Tian S, Suo Y, Pan J, Dang Y, Palidan N, Jia C, Kuang L, Xie J. Identification of neuropathogenic Varicellovirus equidalpha1 as a potential cause of respiratory disease outbreaks among horses in North Xinjiang, China, from 2021-2023. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:77. [PMID: 38413936 PMCID: PMC10898184 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Varicellovirus equidalpha1 (formerly Equid alphaherpesvirus 1, EqAHV-1) is among the most important viruses responsible for respiratory disease outbreaks among horses throughout the world. No reports to date have detailed the association between EqAHV-1 and respiratory disease among horses in China. This study described one such outbreak among a population of horses in north Xinjiang that occurred from April 2021 - May 2023. RESULTS qPCR revealed that EqAHV-1 was detectable in all samples and this virus was identified as a possible source of respiratory disease, although a limited subset of these samples were also positive for EqAHV-2, EqAHV-4, and EqAHV-5. In total, three EqAHV-1 strains responsible for causing respiratory illness in horses were isolated successfully, and full-length ORF33 sequence comparisonsand phylogenetic analyses indicated that these isolates may have originated from EqAHV-1 strains detected in Yili horse abortions. ORF30 sequence data additionally suggested that these strains were neuropathic, as evidenced by the presence of a guanine residue at nucleotide position 2254 corresponding to the aspartic acid present at position 752 in the DNA polymerase encoded by this virus. CONCLUSION This study is the first report of an outbreak of respiratory disease among horses in China caused by EqAHV-1. ORF30 sequence characterization revealed that these EqAHV-1 strains harbored a neuropathogenic genotype. Given the detection of this virus in horses suffering from respiratory disease, concern is warranted with respect to this neuropathogenic EqAHV-1 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Enhui Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Hengxing Equestrian Club, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Shuyao Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Youtu Suo
- Zhaosu Horse Barn in Yili, Zhaosu, 835602, China
| | - JuanJuan Pan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Yueyi Dang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Nuerlan Palidan
- Vocational Technical School of Zhaosu, Zhaosu, 835600, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Xinjiang Nucleic Acid Testing Center, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, China.
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4
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El-Zayat M, Shemies OA, Mosad SM, El Rahman SA. Recent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 among different equine populations in Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:639-646. [PMID: 38370903 PMCID: PMC10868697 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Equine herpes viruses (EHVs) are considered one of the most important respiratory pathogens in equids, resulting in serious outcomes for equine health worldwide. The objectives of the current research were the detection, molecular characterization, and isolation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 circulating within different equine populations in Egypt, either clinically or in apparently healthy horses. Material and Methods A total of 120 field samples were collected, and DNA was extracted. Screening and typing of extracted DNA were done by consensus and conventional PCR assays for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to confirm the virus identity. Selected positive samples for both EHV-1 and EHV-4 were subjected to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines for virus isolation. Results The obtained results revealed that 58/120 (48%) samples were positive for EHVs. Typing of positive samples showed that EHV-1 was detected in (48/120) 40% of samples and EHV-4 was detected in (15/120) 12% of samples, while dual infection by both EHV-1 and 4 was detected in five samples. Conclusion The current study revealed new data on the continuous circulation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 within equine populations in Egypt, and individual horses could be infected by multiple EHVs. In addition, latently infected horses are acting as potential reservoirs for frequent virus reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Zayat
- Virology Research Department (VRD), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Omayma A. Shemies
- Virology Research Department (VRD), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah M. Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Couroucé A, Normand C, Tessier C, Pomares R, Thévenot J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Legrand L, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Lupo C. Equine Herpesvirus-1 Outbreak During a Show-Jumping Competition: A Clinical and Epidemiological Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104869. [PMID: 37339699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A total of 752 horses were involved in the CES Valencia Spring Tour 2021. Due to an equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) outbreak, the competition was cancelled and the site was locked down. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and outcome data of the 160 horses remaining in Valencia. Clinical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data were analysed for 60 horses in a retrospective case-control observational study. The risk of developing clinical manifestations was explored using a logistic regression approach. EHV-1 was detected by qPCR, genotyped as A2254 (ORF30) and isolated on cell culture. From the 60 horses, 50 (83.3%) showed fever, 30 horses (50%) showed no further signs and 20 (40%) showed neurological signs, with eight horses (16%) hospitalised, of which two died (3%). Stallions and geldings were six times more likely to develop EHV-1 infection compared to mares. Horses older than 9 years, or housed in the middle of the tent were more likely to develop EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM). These data show that for EHV-1 infection, the risk factor was male sex. For EHM the risk factors were age > 9-year old and location in the middle of the tent. These data highlight the crucial role of stable design, position, and ventilation in EHV-outbreaks. It also showed that PCR testing of the horses was important to manage the quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Couroucé
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; RESPE, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, Saint Contest, France; ONIRIS, CISCO-ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, Nantes, Cedex, France.
| | - Camille Normand
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | | | - Rita Pomares
- Clinique vétérinaire, LD Le Tremoulet, Legeuvin, France
| | | | | | - Loïc Legrand
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | - Coralie Lupo
- RESPE, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, Saint Contest, France
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6
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Pusterla N, Barnum S, Lawton K, Wademan C, Corbin R, Hodzic E. Investigation of the EHV-1 Genotype (N 752, D 752, and H 752) in Swabs Collected From Equids With Respiratory and Neurological Disease and Abortion From the United States (2019-2022). J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 123:104244. [PMID: 36773852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary data on equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) genotype (non-neuropathogenic or N752, neuropathogenic or D752 and new variant or H752) in clinically diseased equids is important in order to determine the frequency of these genotypes and their association with disease expression. A total of 297 EHV-1 qPCR-positive swabs collected from 2019 to 2022 from horses with respiratory disease (EHV-1), neurological disease (equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy [EHM]) and abortion were tested for the three different EHV-1 genotypes (N752, D752 and H752) using qPCR allelic discrimination assays. All submissions originated from the United States and included 257 EHV-1 cases, 35 EHM cases and 5 cases of abortion. EHV-1 qPCR-positive cases were predominantly seen during winter and spring. N752 was the predominant genotype detected in EHV-1 cases (87.5%), EHM cases (74.3%) and abortions (80%). D752 was detected less frequently in EHV-1 cases (9.3%) and EHM cases (25.7%), while H752 was only detected in EHV-1 cases (3.1%). While the N752 genotype has remained the predominant genotype affecting horses with respiratory disease and abortion, it has also become a leading genotype in cases of EHM, when compared to historical data. The new H752 genotype, first reported in the United States in 2021, has remained confined to a cluster of geographically and temporally related outbreaks and the data showed no emerging spread of H752 since it was first reported. While the monitoring of EHV-1 genotypes is important from a diagnostic and epidemiological standpoint, it may also help establish medical interventions and preventive protocols to reduce the risk of severe complications associated with EHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA.
| | - Samantha Barnum
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Kaila Lawton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Cara Wademan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Rachel Corbin
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Emir Hodzic
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Ruby RE, Janes JG. Infectious Causes of Equine Placentitis and Abortion. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:73-88. [PMID: 36737287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of infectious agents including viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms can cause equine abortion and placentitis. Knowledge of normal anatomy and the common pattern distribution of different infectious agents will assist the practitioner in evaluating the fetus and/or placenta, collecting appropriate samples for further testing, and in some cases, forming a presumptive diagnosis. In all cases, it is recommended to confirm the diagnosis with molecular, serologic, or microbiological testing. If a causative agent can be identified, then appropriate biosecurity and vaccination measures can be instituted on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.
| | - Jennifer G Janes
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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Molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of an equid alphaherpesvirus 1 strain isolated in China. Virus Genes 2022; 58:284-293. [PMID: 35567668 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is prevalent in China, and causes notable economic damage to the equine industry. However, there is no information regarding the molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of the Chinese strains. Therefore, an EHV-1 strain, named YM2019, was isolated from the lung tissue of an aborted horse fetus in Xinjiang, China, and its genome and pathogenicity were analyzed. The full genome of the isolate was 150,267 base pairs in length, with 56.7% G + C content. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that strain YM2019 (GenBank: MT063054) belonged to the ORF30 N752 genotype but displayed a high level of similarity with strain Ab4 (ORF30 D752, GenBank: AY665713) isolated in Britain. Fourteen unique amino acid mutations were found when comparing strain YM2019 with the reference strains Ab4 and V592 (ORF30 N752, GenBank: AY464052). Syrian hamsters infected with strain YM2019 exhibited severe respiratory and neurological clinical signs and died. Infection with strain YM2019 in Yili horses caused rhinopneumonitis, viremia, and neurological clinical signs such as hind limb lameness, prostration, and reduced movement. Here, we describe the features of an EHV-1 strain discovered in China, together with the complete genome sequence, and reveal that a nonneurovirulent strain (ORF30 N752) can also cause neurological signs in horses. The data will be useful in providing some reference for further research into the relationship between viral genotypes and pathogenicity.
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Carvelli A, Nielsen SS, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L. Clinical impact, diagnosis and control of Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection in Europe. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07230. [PMID: 35414834 PMCID: PMC8985062 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) can affect the entire equine sector in EU, and the large outbreak reported in 2021 in Spain drew attention to the needs of the European Commission for scientific advice for the assessment of EHV-1 infection within the framework of Animal Health Law. EHV-1 is considered endemic in the EU; its main risk is linked to the characteristic of producing latent life-long infections. These can reactivate producing clinical disease, which can include respiratory, abortive and possibly fatal neurological forms. From the epidemiological and genomic viewpoint, there are no specific neuropathogenic EHV-1 strains; the respiratory, reproductive and neurological signs are not found to be strain-specific. This was also the case of the virus that caused the outbreak in Valencia (Spain) in 2021, which was genetically closely related to other viruses circulating before in Europe, and did not present the so-called neuropathogenic genotype. The outbreak reported in Valencia was followed by wide geographic spread of the virus possibly due to a delay in diagnosis and late application of biosecurity measures. The recommended and most sensitive diagnostic test for detecting EHV-1 is PCR performed on swabs collected according to the type of clinical signs. Serological assays on paired blood samples can help to detect a recent infection, while no diagnostic methods are available to detect EHV-1 latent infections. Safe movements of horses can be ensured at premovement phase by testing and issuing health certificates, and by isolating animals upon arrival at new premises with regular health monitoring. In case of suspicion, movements should be forbidden and EHV-1 infection early detected/confirmed by validated diagnostic tools. During outbreaks, no movements should be allowed until 21 days after the detection of the last case. In general, vaccination against EHV-1 should be promoted, although this offers limited protection against the neurological form of the disease.
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Abisheva A, Abishov A, Khairullaeva K, Shynybayev K, Kalissynov B, Maikhin K, Kydyrmanov A, Karamendin K, Valdovska A, Syrym N. AK-2011 strain for the development of a vaccine against equine rhinopneumonitis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1972-e1981. [PMID: 35315978 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine rhinopneumonitis is an acute, highly contagious disease found virtually worldwide. The purpose of the studies presented in this paper is to develop a technology for the manufacture of a cell-derived equine rhinopneumonitis vaccine, as well as to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the newly developed vaccine in laboratory animals model. The object of the studies was the AK-2011 strain isolated from the horses suffering from rhinopneumonitis during an outbreak of abortions. The viability of the AK-2011 strain was assessed using a continuous line of calf trachea cells, a continuous line of calf kidney cells, a continuous line of sheep kidney cells, a continuous line of bovine kidney cells, a continuous line of green monkey kidney cells, a continuous line of Syrian hamster kidney cells, a primary trypsinized culture of horse kidney cells grown in tubes and flasks, and the AK-2011 laboratory strain of equine rhinopneumonitis virus with biological activity of 6.0 lg TCID50/cm 3 . Sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were performed. The virus isolated from the ORF68 gene in Kazakhstan appeared to be the most similar to the T-953 and 2222-03 strains isolated in the USA and Australia, respectively, in terms of phylogenetics. As to primary infections, cytopathic effects (CPE) induced by the AK-2011 virus stain (dilution 101 ) in calf trachea and horse kidney cell cultures were stable from the 1st to 10th passages, with biological activity of 5.75-6.00 lg TCID50/cm 3 . CPE caused by the virus were apparent on days 2-3, further developed intensively, and extended to 60-80% of the cell monolayer on days 5-7. The vaccine results can be used to immunize horses on farms against rhinopneumonia, and horses should be immunized twice with an interval of 2-3 months. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Abisheva
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures and Culture Media, LLP «SPE DiaVak-ABN», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Kuralay Khairullaeva
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures and Culture Media, LLP «SPE DiaVak-ABN», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Kydyrbay Maikhin
- National Reference Veterinary Center Almaty Branch, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidyn Kydyrmanov
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, LLP «SPC of Microbiology and Virology», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kobey Karamendin
- Laboratory of Viral Ecology, LLP «SPC of Microbiology and Virology», Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Nazym Syrym
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeiskiy, Kazakhstan
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Tong P, Duan R, Palidan N, Deng H, Duan L, Ren M, Song X, Jia C, Tian S, Yang E, Kuang L, Xie J. Outbreak of neuropathogenic equid herpesvirus 1 causing abortions in Yili horses of Zhaosu, North Xinjiang, China. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:83. [PMID: 35232435 PMCID: PMC8886757 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EHV-1 is one of the most serious viral pathogens that frequently cause abortion in horses around the world. However, so far, relatively little information is available on EHV-1 infections as they occur in China. In January 2021, during an abortion storm which occurred in Yili horses at the Chinese State Studs of Zhaosu (North Xinjiang, China), 43 out of 800 pregnant mares aborted. Results PCR detection revealed the presence of EHV-1 in all samples as the possible cause of all abortions, although EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5 were also found to circulate in the aborted fetuses. Furthermore, the partial ORF33 sequences of the 43 EHV-1 shared 99.3–100% and 99.0–100% similarity in nucleotide and amino acid sequences respectively. These sequences not only indicated a highly conserved region but also allowed the strains to group into six clusters. In addition, based on the predicted ORF30 nucleotide sequence, it was found that all the strains carried a guanine at the 2254 nucleotide position (aspartic acid at position 752 of the viral DNA polymerase) and were, therefore, identified as neuropathogenic strains. Conclusion This study is the first one that establishes EHV-1 as the cause of abortions in Yili horses, of China. Further characterization of the ORF30 sequences revealed that all the EHV-1 strains from the study carried the neuropathogenic genotype. Totally, neuropathogenic EHV-1 infection in China’s horse population should be concerned although the virus only detected in Yili horse abortions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03171-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Tong
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruli Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nuerlan Palidan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Liya Duan
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Meiling Ren
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Cisen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaozhen Song
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Tiankang biological Co., Ltd, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chenyang Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuyao Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Enhui Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jinxin Xie
- Laboratory of Animal Etiology and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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12
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Roberts HC, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Calvo AV, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Carvelli A, Paillot R, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Baldinelli F, Van der Stede Y. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infection with Equine Herpesvirus-1. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07036. [PMID: 35035581 PMCID: PMC8753587 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of: Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of the disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of the disease according to disease prevention and control measures as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, and expert judgement on each criterion at individual and collective level. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether the criterion is fulfilled (66-100%) or not (0-33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment (33-66%). For the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. According to the assessment performed, Equine Herpesvirus-1 infection can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the Animal Health Law with 33-90% certainty. According to the criteria as in Annex IV of the AHL related to Article 9 of the AHL for the categorisation of diseases according to the level of prevention and control, it was assessed with less than 1% certainty that EHV-1 fulfils the criteria as in Section 1 (category A), 1-5% for the criteria as in Section 2 (category B), 10-66% for the criteria as in Section 3 (category C), 66-90% for the criteria as in Section 4 (category D) and 33-90% for the criteria as in Section 5 (category E). The animal species to be listed for EHV-1 infection according to Article 8(3) criteria are the species belonging to the families of Equidae, Bovidae, Camelidae, Caviidae, Cervidae, Cricetidae, Felidae, Giraffidae, Leporidae, Muridae, Rhinocerontidae, Tapiridae and Ursidae.
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13
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Sutton G, Normand C, Carnet F, Couroucé A, Garvey M, Castagnet S, Fortier CI, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Legrand L, Paillot R, Pitel PH, Cullinane A, Pronost S. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Variant and New Marker for Epidemiologic Surveillance, Europe, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2738-2739. [PMID: 34546162 PMCID: PMC8462333 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from a 2021 outbreak of neurologic disease in Europe have a mutation, A713G, in open reading frame 11 not detected in 249 other sequences from equine herpesvirus 1 isolates. This single-nucleotide polymorphism could help identify horses infected with the virus strain linked to this outbreak.
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14
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Moustafa AM, Planet PJ. Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Diversity Revealed by Rapid Whole-Genome Sequence Typing. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evab197. [PMID: 34432021 PMCID: PMC8449825 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrete classification of SARS-CoV-2 viral genotypes can identify emerging strains and detect geographic spread, viral diversity, and transmission events. We developed a tool (GNU-based Virus IDentification [GNUVID]) that integrates whole-genome multilocus sequence typing and a supervised machine learning random forest-based classifier. We used GNUVID to assign sequence type (ST) profiles to all high-quality genomes available from GISAID. STs were clustered into clonal complexes (CCs) and then used to train a machine learning classifier. We used this tool to detect potential introduction and exportation events and to estimate effective viral diversity across locations and over time in 16 US states. GNUVID is a highly scalable tool for viral genotype classification (https://github.com/ahmedmagds/GNUVID) that can quickly classify hundreds of thousands of genomes in a way that is consistent with phylogeny. Our genotyping ST/CC analysis uncovered dynamic local changes in ST/CC prevalence and diversity with multiple replacement events in different states, an average of 20.6 putative introductions and 7.5 exportations for each state over the time period analyzed. We introduce the use of effective diversity metrics (Hill numbers) that can be used to estimate the impact of interventions (e.g., travel restrictions, vaccine uptake, mask mandates) on the variation in circulating viruses. Our classification tool uncovered multiple introduction and exportation events, as well as waves of expansion and replacement of SARS-CoV-2 genotypes in different states. GNUVID classification lends itself to measures of ecological diversity, and, with systematic genomic sampling, it could be used to track circulating viral diversity and identify emerging clones and hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Moustafa
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman College of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF34, ORF68, and MLST Genes in EHV-1 from South Korea. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040425. [PMID: 33918404 PMCID: PMC8066002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen in horses. It affects horses worldwide and causes substantial economic losses. In this study, for the first time, we characterized EHV-1 isolates from South Korea at the molecular level. We then aimed to determine the genetic divergences of these isolates by comparing them to sequences in databases. In total, 338 horse samples were collected, and 12 EHV-1 were isolated. We performed ORF30, ORF33, ORF68, and ORF34 genetic analysis and carried out multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) of 12 isolated EHV-1. All isolated viruses were confirmed as non-neuropathogenic type, showing N752 of ORF30 and highly conserved ORF33 (99.7–100%). Isolates were unclassified using ORF68 analysis because of a 118 bp deletion in nucleotide sequence 701–818. Seven EHV-1 isolates (16Q4, 19R166-1, 19R166-6, 19/10/15-2, 19/10/15-4, 19/10/18-2, 19/10/22-1) belonged to group 1, clade 10, based on ORF34 and MLST analysis. The remaining 5 EHV-1 isolates (15Q25-1, 15D59, 16Q5, 16Q40, 18D99) belonged to group 7, clade 6, based on ORF34 and MLST analysis.
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16
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Dayaram A, Seeber PA, Greenwood AD. Environmental Detection and Potential Transmission of Equine Herpesviruses. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040423. [PMID: 33916280 PMCID: PMC8066653 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses (EHV) are a major health concern for domestic and wild equids and represent one of the most economically important disease agents of horses. Most known EHVs are transmitted directly between individuals as a result of direct exposure to exudates and aerosols. However, accumulating evidence suggests that environmental transmission may play a role including air, water, and fomites. Here, we reviewed studies on environmental stability and transmission of EHVs, which may influence viral dynamics and the use of environmental samples for monitoring EHV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter A. Seeber
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alex D. Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany; (A.D.); (P.A.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-5168255
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17
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Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C 2254/H 752 Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101160. [PMID: 33066315 PMCID: PMC7650556 DOI: 10.3390/v12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 is one of the most common viral pathogens in the horse population and is associated with respiratory disease, abortion and still-birth, neonatal death and neurological disease. A single point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30: A2254G, N752D) has been widely associated with neuropathogenicity of strains, although this association has not been exclusive. This study describes the fortuitous isolation of a strain carrying a new genotype C2254 (H752) from an outbreak in France that lasted several weeks in 2018 and involved 82 horses, two of which showed neurological signs of disease. The strain was characterised as UL clade 10 using the equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) classification but has not been identified or isolated since 2018. The retrospective screening of EHV-1 strains collected between 2016 and 2018 did not reveal the presence of the C2254 mutation. When cultured in vitro, the C2254 EHV-1 strain induced a typical EHV-1 syncytium and cytopathic effect but no significant difference was observed when compared with A2254 and G2254 EHV-1 strains. An experimental infection was carried out on four Welsh mountain ponies to confirm the infectious nature of the C2254 strain. A rapid onset of marked respiratory disease lasting at least 2 weeks, with significant virus shedding and cell-associated viraemia, was observed. Finally, an in vitro antiviral assay using impedance measurement and viral load quantification was performed with three antiviral molecules (ganciclovir (GCV), aciclovir (ACV) and aphidicolin (APD)) on the newly isolated C2254 strain and two other A/G2254 field strains. The three strains showed similar sensitivity to ganciclovir and aphidicolin but both C2254 and A2254 strains were more sensitive to aciclovir than the G2254 strain, based on viral load measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Alexis Pléau
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Alain Deslis
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Edouard Guitton
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3147-1919
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18
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Stasiak K, Dunowska M, Rola J. Outbreak of equid herpesvirus 1 abortions at the Arabian stud in Poland. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:374. [PMID: 33023592 PMCID: PMC7539464 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infections are endemic worldwide, including Poland. Many are subclinical, but some are associated with respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal foal death, or neurological disease. We describe an outbreak of abortions in Arabian mares at a well-managed State stud farm in Poland. Case presentation Eight of 30 pregnant mares aborted and one gave birth to a weak foal that died within 72 h after birth. EHV-1 was isolated from all fetuses as well as from the diseased foal. All viruses belonged to the N752 variant based on the predicted open reading frame (ORF) 30 amino acid sequence. All were identical to each other and to previous EHV-1 viruses from the same stud based on the ORF68 sequence analysis. The outbreak coincided with the lapse in the routine yearly EHV-1/4 vaccinations of the mares. Conclusions Multiple abortion due to EHV-1 infection can occur in well-managed groups of horses. Reactivation of latent EHV-1 in one of the resident mares followed by a horizontal spread was considered the most likely explanation for the outbreak. Routine vaccination is an important part of a herd-heath program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Stasiak
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston, North, New Zealand
| | - Jerzy Rola
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
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Paillot R, Sutton G, Thieulent C, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pronost S. New EHV-1 variant identified. Vet Rec 2020; 186:573. [PMID: 32451347 DOI: 10.1136/vr.m1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
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20
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Special Issue "Equine Viruses": Old "Friends" and New Foes? Viruses 2020; 12:v12020153. [PMID: 32013127 PMCID: PMC7077308 DOI: 10.3390/v12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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21
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Molecular Surveillance of EHV-1 Strains Circulating in France during and after the Major 2009 Outbreak in Normandy Involving Respiratory Infection, Neurological Disorder, and Abortion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100916. [PMID: 31590336 PMCID: PMC6832873 DOI: 10.3390/v11100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an Alphaherpesvirus infecting not only horses but also other equid and non-equid mammals. It can cause respiratory distress, stillbirth and neonatal death, abortion, and neurological disease. The different forms of disease induced by EHV-1 infection can have dramatic consequences on the equine industry, and thus the virus represents a great challenge for the equine and scientific community. This report describes the progress of a major EHV-1 outbreak that took place in Normandy in 2009, during which the three forms of disease were observed. A collection of EHV-1 strains isolated in France and Belgium from 2012 to 2018 were subsequently genetically analysed in order to characterise EHV-1 strain circulation. The open reading frame 30 (ORF30) non-neuropathogenic associated mutation A2254 was the most represented among 148 samples analysed in this study. ORF30 was also sequenced for 14 strains and compared to previously published sequences. Finally, a more global phylogenetic approach was performed based on a recently described Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) method. French and Belgian strains were clustered with known strains isolated in United Kingdom and Ireland, with no correlation between the phylogeny and the time of collection or location. This new MLST approach could be a tool to help understand epidemics in stud farms.
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22
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Preziuso S, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Cuteri V. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 from Italian Horses: Evaluation of the Variability of the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 Genes. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090851. [PMID: 31540321 PMCID: PMC6784080 DOI: 10.3390/v11090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important pathogen of horses. It is spread worldwide and causes significant economic losses. The ORF33 gene has a conserved region that is often used as target in diagnostic PCR protocols. Single nucleotide point (SNP) mutations in ORF30 are usually used to distinguish between neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic genotypes. An ORF68 SNP-based scheme has been used for grouping different isolates. Recently, the highest number of variable sites in EHV-1 from the UK has been found in ORF34. In this study, EHV-1 positive samples from Italian horses with a history of abortion were investigated by amplifying and sequencing the ORF30, ORF33, ORF34 and ORF68 genes. Most animals were infected by the neuropathogenic type A2254G. A 118 bp deletion was found at nucleotide positions 701–818 of the ORF68 gene, making impossible to assign the samples to a known group. Sequencing of the ORF34 gene with a newly designed nested PCR showed new SNPs. Analysis of these sequences and of those obtained from genetic databases allowed the identification of at least 12 groups. These data add depth to the knowledge of EHV-1 genotypes circulating in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Preziuso
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
| | - Micaela Sgorbini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica (MC), Italy.
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23
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Kydd JH, Lunn DP, Osterrieder K. Report of the Fourth International Havemeyer Workshop on Equid Herpesviruses (EHV) EHV‐1, EHV‐2 and EHV‐5. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:565-568. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Kydd
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham Loughborough Leicestershire UK
| | - D. P. Lunn
- North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - K. Osterrieder
- Freie Universitat Berlin, Institut für Virologie Berlin Germany
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