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Kleij L, Bruder E, Raoux-Barbot D, Lejal N, Nevers Q, Deloizy C, Da Costa B, Legrand L, Barrey E, Chenal A, Pronost S, Delmas B, Dhorne-Pollet S. Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018. Vet Res 2024; 55:36. [PMID: 38520035 PMCID: PMC10960481 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01289-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) remains a threat to horses, despite the availability of vaccines. Strategies to monitor the virus and prevent potential vaccine failure revolve around serological assays, RT-qPCR amplification, and sequencing the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes. These approaches overlook the contribution of other viral proteins in driving virulence. This study assesses the potential of long-read nanopore sequencing for fast and precise sequencing of circulating equine influenza viruses. Therefore, two French Florida Clade 1 strains, including the one circulating in winter 2018-2019 exhibiting more pronounced pathogenicity than usual, as well as the two currently OIE-recommended vaccine strains, were sequenced. Our results demonstrated the reliability of this sequencing method in generating accurate sequences. Sequence analysis of HA revealed a subtle antigenic drift in the French EIV strains, with specific substitutions, such as T163I in A/equine/Paris/1/2018 and the N188T mutation in post-2015 strains; both substitutions were in antigenic site B. Antigenic site E exhibited modifications in post-2018 strains, with the N63D substitution. Segment 2 sequencing also revealed that the A/equine/Paris/1/2018 strain encodes a longer variant of the PB1-F2 protein when compared to other Florida clade 1 strains (90 amino acids long versus 81 amino acids long). Further biological and biochemistry assays demonstrated that this PB1-F2 variant has enhanced abilities to abolish the mitochondrial membrane potential ΔΨm and permeabilize synthetic membranes. Altogether, our results highlight the interest in rapidly characterizing the complete genome of circulating strains with next-generation sequencing technologies to adapt vaccines and identify specific virulence markers of EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kleij
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elise Bruder
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Dorothée Raoux-Barbot
- CNRS UMR 3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Lejal
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Quentin Nevers
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Charlotte Deloizy
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- CNRS UMR 3528, Biochemistry of Macromolecular Interactions Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Bernard Delmas
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRAE, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Sophie Dhorne-Pollet
- AgroParisTech, Unité de Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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2
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Di Genova C, Sutton G, Paillot R, Temperton N, Pronost S, Scott SD. Studying longitudinal neutralising antibody levels against Equid herpesvirus 1 in experimentally infected horses using a novel pseudotype based assay. Virus Res 2024; 339:199262. [PMID: 37931881 PMCID: PMC10694342 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), a DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family represents a significant welfare issue in horses and a great impact on the equine industry. During EHV-1 infection, entry of the virus into different cell types is complex due to the presence of twelve glycoproteins (GPs) on the viral envelope. To investigate virus entry mechanisms, specific combinations of GPs were pseudotyped onto lentiviral vectors. Pseudotyped virus (PV) particles bearing gB, gD, gH and gL were able to transduce several target cell lines (HEK293T/17, RK13, CHO-K1, FHK-Tcl3, MDCK I & II), demonstrating that these four EHV-1 glycoproteins are both essential and sufficient for cell entry. The successful generation of an EHV-1 PV permitted development of a PV neutralisation assay (PVNA). The efficacy of the PVNA was tested by measuring the level of neutralising serum antibodies from EHV-1 experimentally infected horses (n = 52) sampled in a longitudinal manner. The same sera were assessed using a conventional EHV-1 virus neutralisation (VN) assay, exhibiting a strong correlation (r = 0.82) between the two assays. Furthermore, PVs routinely require -80 °C for long term storage and a dry ice cold-chain during transport, which can impede dissemination and utilisation in other stakeholder laboratories. Consequently, lyophilisation of EHV-1 PVs was conducted to address this issue. PVs were lyophilised and pellets either reconstituted immediately or stored under various temperature conditions for different time periods. The recovery and functionality of these lyophilised PVs was compared with standard frozen aliquots in titration and neutralisation tests. Results indicated that lyophilisation could be used to stably preserve such complex herpesvirus pseudotypes, even after weeks of storage at room temperature, and that reconstituted EHV-1 PVs could be successfully employed in antibody neutralisation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, United Kingdom; Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France; Université de Montréal, H3C 3J7 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France; School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Writtle, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 3RR, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4 TB, United Kingdom.
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3
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Couroucé A, Normand C, Tessier C, Pomares R, Thévenot J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Legrand L, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Lupo C. Equine Herpesvirus-1 Outbreak During a Show-Jumping Competition: A Clinical and Epidemiological Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104869. [PMID: 37339699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
A total of 752 horses were involved in the CES Valencia Spring Tour 2021. Due to an equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) outbreak, the competition was cancelled and the site was locked down. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, and outcome data of the 160 horses remaining in Valencia. Clinical and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) data were analysed for 60 horses in a retrospective case-control observational study. The risk of developing clinical manifestations was explored using a logistic regression approach. EHV-1 was detected by qPCR, genotyped as A2254 (ORF30) and isolated on cell culture. From the 60 horses, 50 (83.3%) showed fever, 30 horses (50%) showed no further signs and 20 (40%) showed neurological signs, with eight horses (16%) hospitalised, of which two died (3%). Stallions and geldings were six times more likely to develop EHV-1 infection compared to mares. Horses older than 9 years, or housed in the middle of the tent were more likely to develop EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM). These data show that for EHV-1 infection, the risk factor was male sex. For EHM the risk factors were age > 9-year old and location in the middle of the tent. These data highlight the crucial role of stable design, position, and ventilation in EHV-outbreaks. It also showed that PCR testing of the horses was important to manage the quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Couroucé
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; RESPE, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, Saint Contest, France; ONIRIS, CISCO-ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, Nantes, Cedex, France.
| | - Camille Normand
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | | | - Rita Pomares
- Clinique vétérinaire, LD Le Tremoulet, Legeuvin, France
| | | | | | - Loïc Legrand
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- BIOTARGEN UR7450, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France; LABÉO, 1 route de Rosel, Saint Contest, France
| | - Coralie Lupo
- RESPE, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, Saint Contest, France
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4
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Carnet F, Perrin-Cocon L, Paillot R, Lotteau V, Pronost S, Vidalain PO. An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future. Vet Res 2023; 54:18. [PMID: 36864517 PMCID: PMC9983233 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most widely used strategies to protect horses against pathogens. However, available equine vaccines often have limitations, as they do not always provide effective, long-term protection and booster injections are often required. In addition, research efforts are needed to develop effective vaccines against emerging equine pathogens. In this review, we provide an inventory of approved adjuvants for equine vaccines worldwide, and discuss their composition and mode of action when available. A wide range of adjuvants are used in marketed vaccines for horses, the main families being aluminium salts, emulsions, polymers, saponins and ISCOMs. We also present veterinary adjuvants that are already used for vaccination in other species and are currently evaluated in horses to improve equine vaccination and to meet the expected level of protection against pathogens in the equine industry. Finally, we discuss new adjuvants such as liposomes, polylactic acid polymers, inulin, poly-ε-caprolactone nanoparticles and co-polymers that are in development. Our objective is to help professionals in the horse industry understand the composition of marketed equine vaccines in a context of mistrust towards vaccines. Besides, this review provides researchers with a list of adjuvants, either approved or at least evaluated in horses, that could be used either alone or in combination to develop new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Carnet
- grid.508204.bLABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France ,grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Laure Perrin-Cocon
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- grid.451003.30000 0004 0387 5232School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford, CM1 3RR UK
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- grid.462394.e0000 0004 0450 6033CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280, Saint-Contest, France. .,BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
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5
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Carnet F, Paillot R, Fortier C, Hue ES, Briot L, de Geoffroy F, Vidalain PO, Pronost S. Immunostimulating Effect of Inactivated Parapoxvirus Ovis on the Serological Response to Equine Influenza Booster Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122139. [PMID: 36560549 PMCID: PMC9782193 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is responsible for recurring outbreaks that are detrimental to the equine industry. Vaccination is key for prevention, but the effectiveness and duration of protection provided by existing vaccines is often insufficient. In order to improve vaccine efficacy, we evaluated the benefit of immune stimulation with inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (iPPVO) on the antibody response induced by a vaccine boost against EIV. A whole inactivated ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted equine influenza vaccine was administered alone (n = 10) or combined with iPPVO injections at D0, D2 and D4 post vaccination (n = 10) to adult horses that required a vaccine boost 6 months after the last immunization, as now recommended by the WOAH. Antibody levels were measured with the single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay at 1, 3 and 6 months post-vaccination. Results revealed that horses that received iPPVO had higher antibody levels than the control group injected with the EI vaccine alone. Although the vaccine used contains only a clade 1 and European lineage strain, the increase in protective antibodies was also observed against a clade 2 strain. Thus, immune stimulation with iPPVO, a substance already marketed as an immunostimulant, could be used to improve vaccination protocols in horses and potentially other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Carnet
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Laurie Briot
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Plateau Technique du Pin-au-Haras, 61310 Gouffern en Auge, France
| | - Frédéric de Geoffroy
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation, Plateau Technique du Pin-au-Haras, 61310 Gouffern en Auge, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ. Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Genova CD, Sutton G, Paillot R, Temperton N, Pronost S, Scott SD. Use of Equine Herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral particles for the development of serological tests and assessment of lyophilisation for transport and storage. Access Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2021.po0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are enveloped DNA viruses predominantly infecting members of the Equidae family. EHVs primarily cause respiratory disease, however EHV-1 can produce cases of a neurological disease, abortion and neonatal death. Thus, these viruses represent a welfare issue for the equine industry and scientific focus for researchers. EHV-1 exhibits a complex array of 12 glycoproteins on its surface envelope, but it is unclear precisely which are important for virus cell entry and the role of each in host immune response. In order to investigate the contribution of these glycoproteins, pseudotype viruses (PVs) could provide a useful study tool. We have successfully generated functional EHV-1 pseudotyped lentiviruses bearing four glycoproteins, gB, gD, gH and gL (sequences derived from an aborted foetus during a large EHV1 outbreak strain in Normandy, France). PVs were employed in a pseudotype virus neutralisation test (PVNT) to measure levels of specific neutralising antibodies serum samples (n=52) taken longitudinally from experimentally infected ponies, compared with uninfected controls.
PVs routinely require -80oC for long term storage and a dry ice cold-chain during transport which can impede dissemination and utilisation in other laboratories. Consequently, we further investigated whether freeze-drying (lyophilisation) of EHV-1 PV could address this issue. PVs were lyophilised and pellets either reconstituted immediately or stored under various temperature conditions, sampling at different timepoints. The recovery and functionality of these lyophilised PVs was compared with standard frozen aliquots in titration and neutralisation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Di Genova
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN, France
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, France
| | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- NORMANDIE UNIV, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN, France
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, France
| | - Simon D Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, United Kingdom
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7
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Sutton G, Normand C, Carnet F, Couroucé A, Garvey M, Castagnet S, Fortier CI, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Legrand L, Paillot R, Pitel PH, Cullinane A, Pronost S. Equine Herpesvirus 1 Variant and New Marker for Epidemiologic Surveillance, Europe, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2738-2739. [PMID: 34546162 PMCID: PMC8462333 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.210704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 isolates from a 2021 outbreak of neurologic disease in Europe have a mutation, A713G, in open reading frame 11 not detected in 249 other sequences from equine herpesvirus 1 isolates. This single-nucleotide polymorphism could help identify horses infected with the virus strain linked to this outbreak.
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8
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Sullivan E, Lecollinet S, Kerviel A, Hue E, Pronost S, Beck C, Dumarest M, Zientara S, Roy P. Entry-competent-replication-abortive African horse sickness virus strains elicit robust immunity in ponies against all serotypes. Vaccine 2021; 39:3161-3168. [PMID: 33958224 PMCID: PMC8158431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is an Orbivirus within the Reoviridae family, spread by Culicoides species of midges, which infects equids with high mortality, particularly in horses and has a considerable impact on the equine industry. In order to control the disease, we previously described Entry Competent Replication Abortive (ECRA) virus strains for each of the nine distinct AHSV serotypes and demonstrated their potential as vaccines, first in type I interferon receptor (IFNAR-/-) knockout mice, and then in ponies. In this report we have investigated whether or not a combination ECRA vaccine comprising nine vaccine strains as two different cocktails is as efficient in ponies and the duration of the immunity triggered by ECRA vaccines. In one study, a group of ponies were vaccinated with a cocktail of 4 vaccine strains, followed by a vaccination of the remaining 5 vaccine strains, mimicking the current live attenuated vaccine regimen. In the second study, ponies were vaccinated with a single ECRA-AHSV strain and monitored for 6 months. The first group of ponies developed neutralising antibody responses against all 9 serotypes, indicating that no cross-serotype interference occurred, while the second group developed robust neutralising antibody responses against the single serotype that were sustained at the same level throughout a 6-month study. The results support our previous data and further validate ECRA vaccines as a safe and efficacious replacement of current live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sullivan
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Adeline Kerviel
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est ANSES Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ANSES, INRA, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Polly Roy
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Disease, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom.
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Miszczak F, Burger D, Ferry B, Legrand L, Fortier G, Laine AL, Vabret A, Pronost S, Vidament M. Anti-GnRH vaccination of stallions shedding equine arteritis virus in their semen: a field study. VET ARHIV 2020. [DOI: 10.24099/vet.arhiv.0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stallions are natural reservoirs of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in their semen, representing a potential source of outbreaks. The carrier-state is testosterone-dependent, and clears spontaneously in 4 to 40% stallions. Reduction of testosterone secretion may be obtained with the anti-GnRH vaccine Equity. In this report, 16 naturally infected stallions excreting EAV in their semen were vaccinated twice with the vaccine EquityTM and monitored irregularly under field conditions for EAV viral load in their semen and plasmatic testosterone concentration. The results are indicated in months (M) after the first vaccine injection. Testosterone concentrations decreased from 1.7 to 0.2 ng/mL (P<0.002) after 3M. The EAV viral load decreased from 3.2×109 to 1.1×106 RNA copy/mL of semen (P<0.001) after 5M. One stallion died at 7M for other reason. At M3-10, 12/15 stallions ceased to shed the virus in their semen. At M5-10, 9/15 stallions had plasmatic testosterone concentrations of ≥ 0.5 ng/mL but the 6 others showed a persistently low testosterone concentration (≤0.3 ng/mL). Of the 14 stallions that were expected to recover their reproductive activity at the time of the next breeding season (<M12), 8 were EAV negative and produced foals, and 6 were not usable (4 for reproductive deficiency and 2 for EAV positivity). All the stallions were EAV negative at M22, with one stallion being vaccinated a third time at M15. These results suggest that the anti-GnRH vaccination could help to clear EAV shedding in stallions, without a significant effect on reproductive capacity for most of them, but some present a long lasting reduced testosterone secretion.
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10
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Thieulent C, Fortier C, Munier-Lehmann H, Suzanne P, Dallemagne P, Zientara S, Hans A, Paillot R, Vidalain PO, Pronost S, Hue E. Screening of potential antiviral molecules against equid herpesvirus-1 using cellular impedance measurement: Dataset of 2,891 compounds. Data Brief 2020; 33:106492. [PMID: 33294504 PMCID: PMC7689375 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data presented in this article are associated with the research article "Identification of antiviral compounds against equid herpesvirus-1 using real-time cell assay screening: efficacy of decitabine and valganciclovir alone and in combination" [1]. These data correspond to the in vitro screening of 2,891 potential antiviral compounds against equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) based on impedance measurements using the xCELLigence® RTCA MP System. This dataset includes compounds from three different libraries: i) 1,199 compounds from the Prestwick® Chemical Library, which contains mostly US Food and Drug Administration approved drugs (Prestwick® Chemical, Illkirch, France); ii) 1,651 compounds from the Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN, Caen, France); iii) 41 compounds (called herein in-house antiviral library) selected for their effects against different human viruses. Compounds effective against EHV-1 were selected using the area under normalised curves (AUCn) and the time required for the Cell Index to decrease by 50% after virus infection (CIT50). The full dataset from the screen is made publicly available for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS UMR 3523, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Stephan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES, Laboratoire de pathologie équine de Dozulé, Unité de virologie et parasitologie équine, 14430 Dozulé, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France
- Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation et Immunologie pour la Thérapie (CBMIT), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Sutton G, Thieulent C, Fortier C, Hue ES, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Pléau A, Deslis A, Guitton E, Paillot R, Pronost S. Identification of a New Equid Herpesvirus 1 DNA Polymerase (ORF30) Genotype with the Isolation of a C 2254/H 752 Strain in French Horses Showing no Major Impact on the Strain Behaviour. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101160. [PMID: 33066315 PMCID: PMC7650556 DOI: 10.3390/v12101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 is one of the most common viral pathogens in the horse population and is associated with respiratory disease, abortion and still-birth, neonatal death and neurological disease. A single point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30: A2254G, N752D) has been widely associated with neuropathogenicity of strains, although this association has not been exclusive. This study describes the fortuitous isolation of a strain carrying a new genotype C2254 (H752) from an outbreak in France that lasted several weeks in 2018 and involved 82 horses, two of which showed neurological signs of disease. The strain was characterised as UL clade 10 using the equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) classification but has not been identified or isolated since 2018. The retrospective screening of EHV-1 strains collected between 2016 and 2018 did not reveal the presence of the C2254 mutation. When cultured in vitro, the C2254 EHV-1 strain induced a typical EHV-1 syncytium and cytopathic effect but no significant difference was observed when compared with A2254 and G2254 EHV-1 strains. An experimental infection was carried out on four Welsh mountain ponies to confirm the infectious nature of the C2254 strain. A rapid onset of marked respiratory disease lasting at least 2 weeks, with significant virus shedding and cell-associated viraemia, was observed. Finally, an in vitro antiviral assay using impedance measurement and viral load quantification was performed with three antiviral molecules (ganciclovir (GCV), aciclovir (ACV) and aphidicolin (APD)) on the newly isolated C2254 strain and two other A/G2254 field strains. The three strains showed similar sensitivity to ganciclovir and aphidicolin but both C2254 and A2254 strains were more sensitive to aciclovir than the G2254 strain, based on viral load measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S. Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Alexis Pléau
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Alain Deslis
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Edouard Guitton
- INRAE, UE-1277 Plateforme d’Infectiologie Expérimentale (PFIE), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, 37380 Nouzilly, France; (A.P.); (A.D.); (E.G.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280 Saint-Contest, France; (G.S.); (C.T.); (C.F.); (E.S.H.); (R.P.)
- BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France
- ImpedanCELL, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3147-1919
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12
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Thieulent C, Hue ES, Sutton G, Fortier C, Dallemagne P, Zientara S, Munier-Lehmann H, Hans A, Paillot R, Vidalain PO, Pronost S. Identification of antiviral compounds against equid herpesvirus-1 using real-time cell assay screening: Efficacy of decitabine and valganciclovir alone or in combination. Antiviral Res 2020; 183:104931. [PMID: 32926887 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus-1 infections cause respiratory, neurological and reproductive syndromes. Despite preventive treatments with vaccines, resurgence of EHV-1 infection still constitutes a major threat to equine industry. However, no antiviral compound is available to treat infected horses. In this study, 2891 compounds were screened against EHV-1 using impedance measurement. 22 compounds have been found to be effective in vitro against EHV-1. Valganciclovir, ganciclovir, decitabine, aphidicolin, idoxuridine and pritelivir (BAY 57-1293) are the most effective compounds identified, and their antiviral potency was further assessed on E. Derm, RK13 and EEK cells and against 3 different field strains of EHV-1 (ORF30 2254 A/G/C). We also provide evidences of synergistic interactions between valganciclovir and decitabine in our in vitro antiviral assay as determined by MacSynergy II, isobologramm and Chou-Talalay methods. Finally, we showed that deoxycytidine reverts the antiviral effect of decitabine, thus supporting some competition at the level of nucleoside phosphorylation by deoxycytidine kinase and/or DNA synthesis. Deoxycitidine analogues, like decitabine, is a family of compounds identified for the first time with promising antiviral efficacy against herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Erika S Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Christine Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Stephan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, UMR 1161 Virologie, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, CNRS UMR 3523, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Site de Normandie, PhEED Unit, 14430, Goustranville, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, F-69007, Lyon, France; Equipe Chimie et Biologie, Modélisation et Immunologie pour La Thérapie (CBMIT), Université Paris Descartes, CNRS UMR 8601, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280, Saint-Contest, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, ImpedanCELL, 14280, Saint-Contest, France.
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13
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Kinsley R, Pronost S, De Bock M, Temperton N, Daly JM, Paillot R, Scott S. Evaluation of a Pseudotyped Virus Neutralisation Test for the Measurement of Equine Influenza Virus-Neutralising Antibody Responses Induced by Vaccination and Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030466. [PMID: 32825702 PMCID: PMC7565038 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza is a major respiratory disease of horses that is largely controlled by vaccination in some equine populations. Virus-neutralising antibodies, the mainstay of the protective immune response, are problematic in assaying for equine influenza virus, as most strains do not replicate efficiently in cell culture. Surrogate measures of protective antibody responses include the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and single radial haemolysis (SRH) assay. For this study, a pseudotyped virus, bearing an envelope containing the haemagglutinin (HA) from the Florida clade 2 equine influenza virus strain A/equine/Richmond/1/07 (H3N8), was generated to measure HA-specific neutralising antibodies in serum samples (n = 134) from vaccinated or experimentally-infected ponies using a pseudotyped virus neutralization test (PVNT). Overall, the results of PVNT were in good agreement with results from the SRH assay (100% sensitivity, 68.53% specificity) and HI test (99.2% sensitivity, 49.03% specificity). The PVNT was apparently more sensitive than either the SRH assay or the HI test, which could be advantageous for studying the antibody kinetics, particularly when antibody levels are low. Nevertheless, further studies are required to determine whether a protective antibody level can be defined for the SRH assay and to ascertain the inter-laboratory reproducibility. In conclusion, the PVNT efficiently measures neutralising antibodies after immunization and/or experimental infection in the natural host, and may complement existing antibody assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kinsley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France;
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Manuelle De Bock
- Elanco Animal Health, Plantin en Moretuslei, B-2018 Antwerpen, Belgium;
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen CEDEX 4, France;
- Normandie University, UNICAEN, BIOTARGEN EA7450, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket CB8 7UU, UK
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +33-231-471-926 (R.P.); +44-1634-202957 (S.S.)
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (VPU), Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent & Greenwich, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, UK; (R.K.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (S.S.); Tel.: +33-231-471-926 (R.P.); +44-1634-202957 (S.S.)
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14
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Di Genova C, Paillot R, Pronost S, Sutton G, Temperton N, Scott S. Generation of Equine Herpesvirus type 1 glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral particles for use as a tool for tropism and diagnostic studies. Access Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2020.po0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesviruses (EHVs) are enveloped DNA viruses infecting mainly members of the Equidae family and also members of other taxa. EHVs primarily causing respiratory disease, however EHV type 1 (EHV-1) can produce cases of a neurological disease, abortion and neonatal death, sometimes as regional outbreaks. Thus these viruses represent a welfare issue for the equine industry and scientific focus for researchers. EHV-1 presents a complex array of 12 glycoproteins on its surface envelope, but it is unclear which ones are important for virus cell entry and the role of each in host immune response. In order to investigate the contribution of these glycoproteins, pseudotype viruses (PVs) could provide a perfect study tool. In 2016, Rogalin & Heldwein successfully generated the first functional herpesvirus pseudotype, bearing the four glycoproteins gB, gD, gH and gL from human Herpes simplex 1. Our study is the first to attempt pseudotyping of EHV-1. We have employed homologous glycoproteins of EHV-1 in lentivirus PV generation, using different mammalian cells (e.g. epithelial, dermal, CNS) as transduction targets. The glycoprotein sequences obtained from an EHV-1 strain isolated from organs of aborted foetus during a significant outbreak in Normandy (France) in 2010. Future work will focus on the development of a PV assay for detection of neutralising antibodies in naturally infected horses for diagnostics and for vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit,Medway School of Pharmacy,University of Kent
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit,Medway School of Pharmacy,University of Kent
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Gabrielle Sutton
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Côme Thieulent
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe/UniCAEN Biotargen/RESPE,14280, Saint-Contest, France
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16
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Hue E, Orard M, Toquet MP, Depecker M, Couroucé A, Pronost S, Paillot R, Richard EA. Asymmetrical Pulmonary Cytokine Profiles Are Linked to Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cytology of Horses With Mild Airway Neutrophilia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:226. [PMID: 32391392 PMCID: PMC7193537 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data on cytokine profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) are available for racehorses with mild/moderate equine asthma (EA); cytological diagnosis being most frequently made from only one lung. The purpose of the study was to compare cytokine mRNA expressions and protein concentrations in BALF from both lungs. As part of a larger study, 250 ml saline was randomly instilled in one lung and 500 ml in the contralateral lung of 30 clinically healthy Standardbred racehorses. This procedure was repeated 72 h later, inversing the volume per lung. Cytological cut-off values for diagnosis of mild EA was neutrophil proportions > 10% when instilling 250 ml. Eleven horses that exhibited unilateral mild inflammatory cytology [i.e., normal cytology (<10% neutrophils) in the other lung] were enrolled. Protein concentrations were not significantly different between lungs, for any of the investigated cytokines. Relative mRNA expression of IL-1β (3.887 ± 0.929) and IL-10 (3.225 ± 0.516) were significantly higher in BALF from mild inflammatory lungs when compared with non-inflammatory ones (1.408 ± 0.337 and 1.488 ± 0.420, respectively); and also significantly correlated with neutrophil proportions (R = 0.45 and R = 0.58, respectively). These findings suggest that specific inflammatory response and/or regulation locally occurs within the lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marie Orard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, Unicaen, BIOTARGEN, Saint-Contest, France
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17
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Denys M, Léon A, Robert C, Saulnier N, Josson-Schramme A, Legrand L, Wimel L, Maddens S, Pronost S. Biosafety Evaluation of Equine Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Systematic Pathogen Screening in Peripheral Maternal Blood and Paired UC-MSCs. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 18:73-81. [PMID: 31904273 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2019.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The growing interest in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in equine medicine, together with the development of MSC biobanking for allogeneic use, raises concerns about biosafety of such products. MSCs derived from umbilical cord (UC) carry an inherent risk of contamination by environmental conditions and vertical transmission of pathogens from broodmares. There is yet no report in the scientific literature about horses being contaminated by infected MSC products, and no consensus about systematic infectious screening of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSCs) to ensure microbiological safety of therapeutic products. Objectives: To develop a standard protocol to ensure UC-MSC microbiological safety and to assess the risk of vertical transmission of common intracellular pathogens from broodmares to paired UC-MSCs. Study Design and Methods: Eighty-four UC and paired peripheral maternal blood (PMB) samples were collected between 2014 and 2016. Sterility was monitored by microbiological control tests. Maternal contamination was tested by systematical PMB PCR screening for 14 pathogens and a Coggins test. In case of a PCR-positive result regarding one or several pathogen(s) in PMB, a PCR analysis for the detected pathogen(s) was then conducted on the associated UC-MSCs. Results: Ten out of 84 UC samples were contaminated upon extraction and 6/84 remained positive in primo culture. The remaining 78/84 paired PMB & UC-MSC samples were evaluated for vertical transmission; 37/78 PMB samples were PCR positive for Equid herpesvirus (EHV)-1, EHV-2, EHV-5, Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and/or Mycoplasma spp. Hepacivirus was detected in 2/27 cases and Theiler Diseases Associated Virus in 0/27 cases (not performed on all samples due to late addition). All paired UC-MSC samples tested for the specific pathogen(s) detected in PMB were negative (37/37). Main Limitations: More data are needed regarding MSC susceptibility to most pathogens detected in PMB. Conclusions: In-process microbiological controls combined with PMB PCR screening provide a comprehensive assessment of UC-MSC exposure to infectious risk, vertical transmission risk appearing inherently low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Denys
- VetAgro Sup, Université de Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Albertine Léon
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Saint Contest, France.,U2RM, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | | | | | | | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Saint Contest, France.,BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- Experimental Farm, French Horse and Riding Institute (IFCE), Chamberet, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Saint Contest, France.,BIOTARGEN, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
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18
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Paillot R, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Legrand L, Fougerolle S, Jourdan M, Marcillaud-Pitel C. Florida clade 1 equine influenza virus in France. Vet Rec 2019; 184:101. [PMID: 30655407 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paillot
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 1 Route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphanie Fougerolle
- Normandie Univ, UniCaen, Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Marion Jourdan
- RESPE, 3 Rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
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Laabassi F, Hue E, Fortier C, Morilland E, Legrand L, Hans A, Pronost S. Epidemiology and molecular detection of equine herpesviruses in western Algeria in 2011. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:205-209. [PMID: 28757025 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An episode of acute equine respiratory infection was reported in western Algeria (Tiaret province) between February and March 2011, affecting a large population of horses. Nasal swabs (n=100) were taken from horses aged between 1 and 27 years, presenting with cough and mucopurulent nasal discharge. The prevalence of equine respiratory virus infections was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). One, or more, of four equine respiratory viruses were detected in the nasal swabs of 90 of 100 horses (90%) and the detection rate of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4), equine herpesvirus type 2 (EHV-2) and equine herpesvirus type 5 (EHV-5) were 2%, 14%, 90% and 75%, respectively. Equine influenza virus and equine arteritis virus were not detected in any samples. Among the 90 infected horses, 70 were co-infected with EHV-2 and EHV-5 and 14 others were co-infected with EHV-4, EHV-2 and EHV-5. The present study shows a positivity rate of 97.3% for EHV-5 in young horses aged <3years; a finding which decreased with age. Viral load of EHV-5 was significantly higher in <3years whereas no effect of age was observed with EHV-2. The study shows that equine herpesviruses 1, 2, 4 and 5 are endemic in horse populations from Algeria as detected for the first time by qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laabassi
- ESPA Laboratory, Department of Veterinary, Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Agronomics Sciences, University of Batna-1, 05000 Batna, Algeria.
| | - E Hue
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe,1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; Caen Normandy University, France, UNICAEN EA7450 BioTARGen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
| | - C Fortier
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe,1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; Caen Normandy University, France, UNICAEN EA7450 BioTARGen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
| | - E Morilland
- Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Virology Unit, Anses, Goustranville, 14430 Dozulé, France.
| | - L Legrand
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe,1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; Caen Normandy University, France, UNICAEN EA7450 BioTARGen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
| | - A Hans
- Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, Virology Unit, Anses, Goustranville, 14430 Dozulé, France.
| | - S Pronost
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe,1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; Caen Normandy University, France, UNICAEN EA7450 BioTARGen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.
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Fougerolle S, Legrand L, Lecouturier F, Sailleau C, Paillot R, Hans A, Pronost S. Genetic evolution of equine influenza virus strains (H3N8) isolated in France from 1967 to 2015 and the implications of several potential pathogenic factors. Virology 2017; 505:210-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Doubli-Bounoua N, Richard EA, Léon A, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. Virol J 2016; 13:197. [PMID: 27899161 PMCID: PMC5129218 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (IAD) was previously investigated through either serology or PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs (NS). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qPCR in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs. Methods Both NS and tracheal washes (TW) were collected monthly on 52 Standardbred racehorses at training, over 27 consecutive months (581 samples). Equid herpesviruses (EHV)-1, −4, −2 and −5, equine rhinitis virus-A and -B (ERBV), equine adenovirus-1 and −2, equine coronavirus and equine influenza virus were systematically investigated in both NS and TW. Nasal discharge, coughing, tracheal mucus score and TW neutrophil proportions were simultaneously recorded. Results Genome for 7/10 viruses were detected at least once throughout the study; up to 4 different viruses being also concomitantly detected. Monthly incidence in TW was respectively 27.9% (EHV-5), 24.8% (EHV-2), 7.1% (ERBV), 3.8% (EHV-4), 1.9% (EAdV1) and 0.2% (EHV-1; ERAV). Neither agreement nor correlation between NS and TW was found for respectively genome detection and viral loads. Detection of viral genome in NS was not associated with any clinical sign. Coughing was significantly associated with TW detection of EHV-2 DNA (OR 3.1; P = 0.01) and ERBV RNA (OR 5.3; P < 0.001). Detection of EHV-2 DNA in TW was also significantly associated with excess tracheal mucus (OR 2.1; P = 0.02). Conclusions Detection and quantification of EHV-2 and ERBV by qPCR in TW, but not in NS, should be considered when investigating horses with IAD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Doubli-Bounoua
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
| | | | - Albertine Léon
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
| | - Guillaume Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
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Pronost S, Hue E, Fortier C, Foursin M, Fortier G, Desbrosse F, Rey FA, Pitel PH, Richard E, Saunier B. Prevalence of Equine Hepacivirus Infections in France and Evidence for Two Viral Subtypes Circulating Worldwide. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1884-1897. [PMID: 27882682 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Like hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans, the newly identified equine hepacivirus (NPHV) displays a predominating liver tropism that may evolve into chronic infections. The genomes of the two viruses share several organizational and functional features and are phylogenetically closest amongst the Hepacivirus genus. A limited amount of data is available regarding the spread of hepacivirus infections in horses. In this study, we asked whether in a more representative sample the prevalence and distribution of NPHV infections in France would resemble that reported so far in other countries. A total of 1033 horses sera from stud farms throughout France were analysed by qRT-PCR to determine the prevalence of ongoing NPHV infections and viral loads; in positive samples, partial sequences of NPHV's genome (5'UTR, NS3 and NS5B genes) were determined. Serum concentrations of biliary acids, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and L-gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) were measured for most horses. We detected NPHV infections in 6.2% of the horses, a prevalence that reached 8.3% in thoroughbreds and was significantly higher than in other breeds. The presence of circulating virus was neither significantly associated with biological disturbances nor with clinical hepatic impairment. Our phylogenetic analysis was based on both neighbour-joining and maximum-likelihood approaches. Its result shows that, like almost everywhere else in the world so far, two major groups of NPHV strains infect French domestic horses. Based on genetic distances, we propose a classification into two separate NPHV subtypes. Viral loads in the serum of horses infected by the main subtype were, in average, four times higher than in those infected by the second subtype. We hypothesize that amino acid substitutions in the palm domain of NS5B between NPHV subtypes could underlie viral phenotypes that explain this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pronost
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - E Hue
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - C Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - M Foursin
- Clinique Equine de la Boisrie, Chailloué, France
| | - G Fortier
- Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France.,LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - F Desbrosse
- Clinique Equine Desbrosse, Saint Lambert, France
| | - F A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit - CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - P-H Pitel
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - E Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Hippolia Fondation, Caen, France
| | - B Saunier
- Structural Virology Unit - CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Léon A, Pronost S, Tapprest J, Foucher N, Blanchard B, André-Fontaine G, Laugier C, Fortier G, Leclercq R. Identification of Pathogenic Leptospira Strains in Tissues of a Premature Foal by Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:218-21. [PMID: 16617708 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies were carried out to determine the cause of death in a prematurely born Thoroughbred foal that died 24 hours after birth. Necropsy revealed gross lesions suggestive of septicemia. A commercial Leptospira polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay designed to specifically amplify the hemolysis-associated protein 1 ( hap1) gene present only in pathogenic Leptospira strains detected the presence of Leptospira DNA in various tissues of the foal. Histologic examination of lung, liver, kidney, and myocardium revealed numerous spirochetes in Warthin–Starry-stained tissue sections. Results of PCR analysis and histologic examination suggested a leptospiral infection in the newborn foal. At the moment of death, the infection coexisted with a streptococcal-associated aspiration bronchopneumonia and postpartum septicemia. These findings indicate that the PCR assay based on the amplification of the hap1 gene represents a useful tool for specific detection of pathogenic leptospira in field samples taken from horses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Fatal Outcome
- Hemolysin Proteins
- Horse Diseases/diagnosis
- Horse Diseases/microbiology
- Horses
- Leptospira/genetics
- Leptospira/isolation & purification
- Leptospirosis/diagnosis
- Leptospirosis/microbiology
- Leptospirosis/veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
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Fougerolle S, Legrand L, Garrett D, Birand I, Foursin M, D'Ablon X, Bayssat P, Newton RJ, Pronost S, Paillot R. Influential factors inducing suboptimal humoral response to vector-based influenza immunisation in Thoroughbred foals. Vaccine 2016; 34:3787-95. [PMID: 27269055 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Numerous equine influenza (EI) epizooties are reported worldwide. EI vaccination is the most efficient methods of prevention. However, not all horses develop protective immunity after immunisation, increasing the risk of infection and transmission. OBJECTIVES This field study aimed to understand the poor response to primary EI vaccination. STUDY DESIGN The EI antibody response was measured in 174 Thoroughbred foals set in 3 stud farms (SF#1 to SF#3) over a 2years period. All foals were immunised with a commercial recombinant canarypox-based EI vaccine. Sera were tested by single radial haemolysis against the A/equine/Jouars/4/06 EIV strain (H3N8) at the time of the first vaccination (V1), 2weeks and 3months after the second immunisation (V2), 2days and 3months after the third immunisation (V3). RESULTS The frequency of poor-responders (no detectable antibody titres) was surprisingly elevated after V2 (56.8%), increased to 81.7% at V2+3months and reached 98.6% at V3. The frequency of poor-responder was still 19.2%, 3months after V3. Two independent influential factors were identified. The short (V2+2weeks) and mid-term (V2+3months, V3+3months) antibody levels were positively correlated to the age at V1 (p-value=0.003, 0.031 and 0.0038, respectively). Presence of maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) at V1 was negatively correlated with antibody levels after V3 only (p-value=0.0056). Given that SF#1 antibody response was below clinical protective levels at all-time points studied, the annual boost immunisation (V4) was brought forward by 7.0±1.1months. V1 was delayed by 7weeks the following year, which significantly increased short- and mid-term antibody titres (p-value=9.9e-07 and 2.31e-07, respectively). CONCLUSION The age and MDA at first immunisation with the canarypox-based IE vaccine play an independent role in the establishment of antibody levels. This study also highlights the benefit provided by serological surveillance to evaluate herd immunity and to implement corrective management/vaccination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Fougerolle
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14000 CAEN, France; Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 CAEN, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 CAEN, France.
| | - Loïc Legrand
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14000 CAEN, France; Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 CAEN, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 CAEN, France
| | - Dion Garrett
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, CB8 7UU, Kentford, NEWMARKET, United Kingdom
| | - Ilhan Birand
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, CB8 7UU, Kentford, NEWMARKET, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Foursin
- Clinique Equine de la Boisrie, La Boisrie, 61500 CHAILLOUÉ, France
| | - Xavier D'Ablon
- Clinique Vétérinaire de la Côte Fleurie, Route de Paris - Bonneville sur Touques, 14800 DEAUVILLE, France
| | - Pierre Bayssat
- Clinique Vétérinaire de Bayeux, Route de la Cambette, 14400 BAYEUX, France
| | - Richard J Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, CB8 7UU, Kentford, NEWMARKET, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO-Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 CAEN Cedex 4, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14000 CAEN, France; Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 CAEN, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 CAEN, France
| | - Romain Paillot
- University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14000 CAEN, France; Unité de Recherche Risques Microbiens (U2RM), EA 4655, and Chair of Excellence «Equine Immunology», 14032 CAEN, France; Hippolia Foundation, La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery, 14000 CAEN, France; Animal Health Trust, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Lanwades Park, CB8 7UU, Kentford, NEWMARKET, United Kingdom
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Hue E, Richard E, Fortier C, Fortier G, Paillot R, Raue R, Pronost S. Equine PBMC cytokines profile and efficacy of a Parapoxvirus ovis based-immunomodulator after in vitro α- and γ-EHV infection. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Garrett D, Montesso F, Prowse-Davis L, Britt S, Fougerolle S, Pronost S, Legrand L, De Bock M, Huang C, Paillot R. Refinement of the Equine Influenza model: the benefits of individual nebulisation for experimental infection. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pronost S, Hue E, Fortier C, Foursin M, Fortier G, Desbrosse F, Rey F, Pitel PH, Saunier B. Identification of equine hepacivirus infections in France: Facts and Physiopathological insights. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Amelot G, Gaudaire D, Suzanne P, Munier-Lehmann H, Pronost S, Zientara S, Vidalain P, Hans A. Development of a high-throughput cell-based assay to determine anti-equine arteritis virus properties of chemical compounds. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fougerolle S, Legrand L, Foursin M, D'Ablon X, Bayssat P, Pronost S, Paillot R. Impact of Age at First Immunisation on Equine Influenza Short and Mid-Term Protective Antibody Levels in Thoroughbred Foals. Equine Vet J 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12486_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Fougerolle
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO; 1 route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
- Normandie Université; 14000 Caen France
- Unité Risques Microbiens (U2RM); EA 4655 14032 Caen France
- Hippolia Foundation; La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery 14000 Caen France
| | - L. Legrand
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO; 1 route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
- Normandie Université; 14000 Caen France
- Unité Risques Microbiens (U2RM); EA 4655 14032 Caen France
- Hippolia Foundation; La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery 14000 Caen France
| | - M. Foursin
- Clinique Equine de la Boisrie; La Boisrie 61500 Chailloué France
| | - X. D'Ablon
- Clinique Vétérinaire de la Côte Fleurie; Route de Paris - Bonneville sur Touques 14800 Deauville France
| | - P. Bayssat
- Clinique Vétérinaire de Bayeux; Route de la Cambette 14400 Bayeux France
| | - S. Pronost
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABÉO; 1 route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
- Normandie Université; 14000 Caen France
- Unité Risques Microbiens (U2RM); EA 4655 14032 Caen France
- Hippolia Foundation; La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery 14000 Caen France
| | - R. Paillot
- Normandie Université; 14000 Caen France
- Unité Risques Microbiens (U2RM); EA 4655 14032 Caen France
- Hippolia Foundation; La Maison du cheval, 6 avenue du Maréchal Montgomery 14000 Caen France
- Animal Health Trust; Centre for Preventive Medicine; Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket CB8 7UU UK
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Hue E, Orard M, Depecker M, Couroucé-Malblanc A, Paillot R, Pronost S, Richard E. Do Balf Cytokine Profiles Vary Depending on the Sampled Lung in Horses with Unilateral IAD-Consistent Cytology? Equine Vet J 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12486_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Hue
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
- Normandie Univ; UNICAEN, SF4206 ICORE, EA 4655 U2RM 14032 Caen France
| | - M. Orard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
| | - M. Depecker
- LUNAM Université; ONIRIS, UPSP 5304, Atlanpôle - La Chantrerie, BP40706 Nantes F-44307 France
| | - A. Couroucé-Malblanc
- LUNAM Université; ONIRIS, UPSP 5304, Atlanpôle - La Chantrerie, BP40706 Nantes F-44307 France
| | - R. Paillot
- Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - S. Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
- Normandie Univ; UNICAEN, SF4206 ICORE, EA 4655 U2RM 14032 Caen France
| | - E.A. Richard
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen Cedex 4 France
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van Galen G, Leblond A, Tritz P, Martinelle L, Pronost S, Saegerman C. A retrospective study on equine herpesvirus type-1 associated myeloencephalopathy in France (2008-2011). Vet Microbiol 2015; 179:304-9. [PMID: 26228835 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of equine herpesvirus-1 associated myeloencephalopathy (EHM) can be troublesome, but early recognition and knowledge of risk factors are essential for prevention and control. The objectives for this study are to (1) describe EHM in France, (2) improve clinical recognition, (3) identify risk factors. Through epidemiosurveillance of acute neurological cases (all considered to be potentially infectious cases) in France (2008-2011), 26 EHM cases were identified and 29 EHM negative control cases. EHM cases were described and compared to controls with univariate, multivariate and classification and regression tree analysis. EHM cases had a 46% fatality rate and were frequently isolated cases. Most showed ataxia, paresis and a cauda equina syndrome, yet presence of other neurological signs was variable. Statistical analysis identified the following variables to be significantly associated to EHM compared to controls: introduction of a new horse to the herd, cauda equina syndrome, larger herd size, saddle horses and month of occurrence. The presence of many isolated cases, and less typical and variable clinical presentations emphasize the difficulty in diagnosing EHM. Nevertheless, history and clinical examination of acute neurological cases can be valuable in recognizing EHM early as well in order to select those cases that need further laboratory testing and infection control measures. Moreover, with a different study format and geographic location, risk factors were found to be similar to previous studies, therefore strengthening their significance to the spread of EHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby van Galen
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Agnes Leblond
- UR 346 Animal Epidemiology INRA Theix, Vetagrosup, Equine Department, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE), Mondeville, France
| | - Pierre Tritz
- Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE), Mondeville, France; Veterinary Clinic of Faulquemont, Faulquemont, France; Committee of Infectious Diseases of the French Equine Veterinary Association (Association Vétérinaire Equine Francaise-AVEF), France
| | - Ludovic Martinelle
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE), Mondeville, France; Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABEO, Caen, France; Normandie Université, Unité Risques Microbiens (U2RM), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium; Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE), Mondeville, France
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Miszczak F, Pronost S, Vabret A. Le virus de l'artérite virale équine : de l'épidémiologie moléculaire à l'émergence de variants pathogènes. Virologie (Montrouge) 2015; 19:7-18. [PMID: 33065900 DOI: 10.1684/vir.2015.0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, a disease observed only in equids. EAV is the prototype of the family Arteriviridæ within the order Nidovirales. EAV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus with a considerable variation in the genome as observed in other RNA viruses. During natural infections, EAV may cause abortion and persistent subclinical infections in stallions which can shed the virus in the semen for years, or even lifetime. Chronically infected stallions represent the natural reservoir of the virus. They ensure the persistence and the evolution of the virus, making possible the emergence of new variants potentially virulent. The genetic heterogeneity of EAV during persistent infection in the stallion is considerably greater than that generated during epidemics. Recent studies facilitated the understanding of EAV evolution and genetic variability. With recent advances in molecular biological techniques and the increasing number of sequences available in databases, molecular epidemiological studies have reported specific molecular hallmarks of EAV strains during and outside of epidemics. These new data should facilitate a better understanding and the determination of the origin of new EAV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Miszczak
- Université de Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen cedex 5, France, UniCaen, EA 4655, U2RM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen cedex 5, France, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, Avenue Georges Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France, LABEO-Laboratoire Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- Université de Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen cedex 5, France, UniCaen, EA 4655, U2RM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen cedex 5, France, LABEO-Laboratoire Frank Duncombe, 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Université de Normandie, Esplanade de la paix, 14032 Caen cedex 5, France, UniCaen, EA 4655, U2RM, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032 Caen cedex 5, France, Laboratoire de virologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Caen, Avenue Georges Clémenceau, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France
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van Galen G, Leblond A, Tritz P, Martinelle L, Pronost S, Saegerman C. A Retrospective Study on Equine Herpesvirus-1 Associated Myeloencephalopathy in France (2008-2011). Equine Vet J 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12323_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. van Galen
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg); Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Belgium
| | - A. Leblond
- UR 346 Animal Epidemiology INRA Theix, Vetagrosup, Equine Department; University of Lyon; France
- Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE); Mondeville France
| | - P. Tritz
- Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE); Mondeville France
- Veterinary Clinic of Faulquemont; France
| | - L. Martinelle
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg); Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Belgium
| | - S. Pronost
- Réseau d'Epidémio-Surveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE); Mondeville France
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory; Caen France
- Normandie Université, Unité Risques Microbiens (U2RM); 14000 Caen France
| | - C. Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg); Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Belgium
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Miszczak F, Tesson V, Kin N, Dina J, Balasuriya UBR, Pronost S, Vabret A. First detection of equine coronavirus (ECoV) in Europe. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:206-9. [PMID: 24768449 PMCID: PMC7117151 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Equine coronavirus (ECoV) is involved mainly in enteric infections. Following the recent description of ECoV in 2000, this study reports for the first time the presence of ECoV in France and, on a wider scale, in Europe. ECoV was molecularly detected from diarrheic and respiratory specimens. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that European strains are most closely related to the reference North American strain (ECoV-NC99) than the Asian strain (ECoV-Tokachi09).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Miszczak
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France; Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABEO, F-14053 Caen, France.
| | - Vincent Tesson
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Kin
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Julia Dina
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stéphane Pronost
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Frank Duncombe Laboratory-LABEO, F-14053 Caen, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie Univ, France; UNICAEN, EA4655, U2RM, F-14032 Caen, France; Department of Virology, University Hospital, F-14033 Caen, France
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Richard EA, Pitel PH, Lemaitre L, Jas D, Lekeux P, Pronost S, Fortier G. Stimulation of airway neutrophils following dexamethasone administration and equid herpesvirus-2 challenge in horses. Vet J 2014; 199:181-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fortier G, Richard E, Hue E, Fortier C, Pronost S, Pottier D, Lemaitre L, Lekeux P, Borchers K, Thiry E. Long-lasting airway inflammation associated with equid herpesvirus-2 in experimentally challenged horses. Vet J 2013; 197:492-5. [PMID: 23433569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this trial was to investigate the putative involvement of equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2) in airway inflammation of adult horses. Six horses received corticosteroid treatment, before either mock infection (n=2) or EHV-2 strain LK4 inoculation (n=4). These four horses were also submitted to immunosuppression 84 days post inoculation. EHV-2 was detected by quantitative PCR in respiratory samples up to respectively 21 days and 14 days. Nested PCR, cloning and sequencing allowed the detection of five different 'field' strains throughout the trial. Neutrophils proportions were transiently increased in respiratory fluids; neutrophilia being significantly associated with concomitant EHV-2 detection. The laboratory findings reproduced in this trial were compatible with sub-clinical lower airway inflammation and suggest that EHV-2 infection should be suspected when investigating poorly-performing horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fortier
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France; University of Caen Basse-Normandie, SF 4206, ICORE, EA 4655 U2RM, 14032 Caen, France.
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Hans A, Gaudaire D, Pronost S, Ferry-Abitbol B, Laugier C, Zientara S. Molecular epidemiology of Equine Arteritis Virus in France following the 2007 outbreak. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hans A, Laabassi F, Amelot G, Legrand L, Gaudaire D, Laugier C, Pronost S, Zientara S. Serological evidence of circulation of Equine H3N8 Influenza Virus in Algeria and its molecular characterization. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Smith KL, Li Y, Breheny P, Frank Cook R, Henney PJ, Sells S, Pronost S, Lu Z, Crossley BM, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UR. New real-time PCR assay using allelic discrimination for detection and differentiation of equine herpesvirus-1 strains with A2254 and G2254 polymorphisms. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pronost S, Legrand L, Morreau P, Fortier C, Foursin M, Fortier G. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in france. molecular tools, a help to the management. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Leon A, Richard E, Fortier C, Laugier C, Fortier G, Pronost S. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii and Neospora caninum in equine aborted foetuses and neonates. Prev Vet Med 2011; 104:179-83. [PMID: 22130310 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abortion, stillbirth and neonatal death are major causes of equine mortality and cause severe economic loss to the equine industry. The present study was based on a complete necropsy protocol associated with classical microbiological examinations and molecular biology on 407 cases of abortion, stillbirths and neonate death. Based on this retrospective survey, "less common" abortive infectious agents were characterised by molecular tools in nine independent cases of abortion or neonate mortality. Among others, Chlamydophila abortus (1 case), Coxiella burnetii (6 cases) and Neospora caninum (3 cases) were detected by real-time PCR; one of these samples being co-infected by N. caninum and C. burnetii. DNA detection of this latter bacterium is reported here for the first time in equine abortion samples. C. burnetii should, along with other common pathogens, probably be taken into account in equine abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine Leon
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, IFR 146-ICORE, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, 14053 Caen cedex 4, France.
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Pronost S, Legrand L, Pitel PH, Wegge B, Lissens J, Freymuth F, Richard E, Fortier G. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy in France: a clinical and molecular investigation. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:256-63. [PMID: 21975071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)-associated myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a disease affecting the central nervous system of horses. Despite the constantly increasing interest about this syndrome, epidemiological data are limited especially when related to the description of large outbreaks. The aim of this article is to describe clinical, virological and molecular data obtained throughout a severe outbreak of EHM, with emphasis on laboratory diagnostic methods. The epidemic disease concerned a riding school in France where 7/66 horses aged 12-22 years developed signs of neurological disease in July 2009. Diagnosis of EHM was supported by EHV-1 detection using both real-time PCR and virus culture, and SNP-PCR test for viral strain characterization. EHM morbidity was 10.6% (7/66), mortality was 7.5% (5/66) and case fatality rate was 71.4% (5/7). Clinical presentation of the disease was characterized by the fact that fever was systematically present within 2 days before the severe neurological signs were noted. EHV-1 was detected by PCR in each available blood and nasal swab samples. Neuropathogenic strain only (G(2254) ) was isolated during the current outbreak; C(t) values, used as an indicative level of the viral load, ranged 26.0-37.0 among the six sampled horses. The amount of virus in biological samples was not systematically related to the intensity of the clinical signs being observed. In conclusion, this article described a severe outbreak of EHM while limited in time and restricted to one premise. Molecular data strongly suggested taking into account any low viral load as being a potential risk factor for neurological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pronost
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, IFR 146 ICORE, University of Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen Cedex, France.
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Courouce-Malblanc A, Deniau V, Rossignol F, Corde R, Leleu C, Maillard K, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in Trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet J 2011:246-55. [PMID: 21059014 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is one of the most common obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. This condition has a complex aetiology which may be caused or exacerbated by pharyngeal inflammation. Additionally, lower respiratory airway diseases may be associated with DDSP thereby contributing to exercise intolerance in these horses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure physiological variables during a standardised exercise test and to assess the prevalence and consequences of lower respiratory airway disease in horses with DDSP. METHODS A total of 46 horses were included in this study: 22 in the control and 24 in the DDSP groups. All horses performed a SET with measurement of heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration. One hour post exercise, respiratory samples were collected for cytological and bacteriological analysis. RESULTS During exercise, the DDSP group had higher blood lactate concentration than the control group. According to BAL results, 50 and 63% of control and DDSP group horses, respectively, had evidence of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). In the DDSP group, 42% of horses had a syndrome of tracheal inflammation (STI) with 71% of this group having bacteria isolated at >10(5) CFU/ml. CONCLUSIONS Horses with DDSP showed evidence of a high prevalence of IAD and STI with an associated positive bacteriology in 55% of the cases. Even if DDSP is treated by surgery, the authors' recommendation would be to investigate the possibility of lower respiratory airway problems which may also be impacting the horse's performance and/or surgery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Courouce-Malblanc
- ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes Atlantique, UPSP, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Animale et de Pharmacologie Fonctionnelle, Atlanpôle, La Chantrerie, Nantes cedex, France.
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Richard EA, Pitel PH, Christmann U, Lekeux P, Fortier G, Pronost S. Serum concentration of surfactant protein D in horses with lower airway inflammation. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:277-81. [PMID: 21696440 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Surfactant protein D (SP-D), mainly synthesised by alveolar type II cells and nonciliated bronchiolar cells, is one important component of innate pulmonary immunity. In man, circulating concentrations of SP-D are routinely used as biomarkers for pulmonary injury. To date, serum SP-D levels have only been investigated in horses in an experimental model of bacterial airway infection. OBJECTIVES To compare serum SP-D concentrations at rest and after exercise in horses with and without inflammatory airway disease (IAD). METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from 42 Standardbred racehorses at rest and 60 min after performing a standardised treadmill exercise test. Tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected after exercise. Based on BALF cytology, 22 horses were defined as IAD-affected and 20 classified as controls. Serum SP-D concentrations were assessed using a commercially available ELISA kit and statistically compared between groups of horses and sampling times. RESULTS Serum concentrations of SP-D in IAD-affected horses were significantly higher than those of control horses, both at rest and after exercise. Within the IAD-affected group, no significant correlation was found between serum SP-D concentrations and BALF cytology. Within each group of horses (IAD and control), no significant influence of exercise was found on serum SP-D levels. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study determining serum SP-D concentrations in a noninfectious, naturally occurring form of lower airway inflammation in horses. The results highlight that IAD is associated with a detectable, though moderate, increase of circulating SP-D levels. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE Serum concentration of surfactant protein D could represent a potentially valuable and readily accessible blood biomarker of equine lower airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Richard
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, Route de Rosel, Caen Cedex, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pronost
- Frank Duncombe Laboratory, IFR 146 ICORE, France
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Pitel PH, Pronost S, Scrive T, Léon A, Richard E, Fortier G. Molecular detection of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi in the bone marrow of asymptomatic horses. Vet Parasitol 2010; 170:182-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pronost S, Léon A, Legrand L, Fortier C, Miszczak F, Freymuth F, Fortier G. Neuropathogenic and non-neuropathogenic variants of equine herpesvirus 1 in France. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145:329-33. [PMID: 20427133 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a common pathogen of the horse which may induce mild respiratory distress, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the EHV-1 DNA polymerase (ORF30 A(2254) to G(2254)) has been associated with clinical signs of Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM). The aim of this work was to analyze the ORF30 genomic region among a panel of EHV-1 DNA extract in order to estimate the prevalence of the EHV-1 neuropathogenic genotype in France. Samples coming from cases associated with EHM, horses with respiratory symptoms and aborted mares, each obtained between 2002 and 2009, were investigated. DNA was directly extracted from biological samples and allelic discrimination was performed using real-time PCR. Thirty of the 125 analysed horses (24%) presented the G(2254) genotype of ORF 30. Among them, 7/16 were provided by EHM cases, 1/24 by respiratory cases and 22/85 by abortion cases. Concerning EHM, the 7 G(2254) genotype of ORF30 were all isolated in 2009 during two outbreaks where mortality was observed. Regarding the 22 G(2254) genotype of ORF 30, 17 were identified in foetuses on which EHV-1 was detected by PCR, without any certainty of viral implication in the abortion. These findings clearly suggest that other factors need to be considered for a better understanding of the impact of DNA polymerase genotype upon EHV-1 neuropathogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Pronost
- Animal Health Department, Research andDevelopment Service, Frank Duncombe Laboratory, 1 route de Rosel, Caen cedex 4, France.
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Fortier G, Pronost S, Miszczak F, Fortier C, Léon A, Richard E, Van Erck E, Thiry E, Lekeux P. Identification of equid herpesvirus-5 in respiratory liquids: A retrospective study of 785 samples taken in 2006–2007. Vet J 2009; 182:346-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Fortier G, van Erck E, Fortier C, Richard E, Pottier D, Pronost S, Miszczak F, Thiry E, Lekeux P. Herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features. Vet Microbiol 2009; 139:34-41. [PMID: 19427139 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and the potential role of equine herpesviruses (EHVs) detection in both bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and tracheal wash (TW). The population included a control group (CTL; 37 TW and 25 BAL) and a pathological group (PAT; 259 TW and 387 BAL), including horses either suffering from respiratory diseases including syndrome of tracheal inflammation, inflammatory airway disease, recurrent airway obstruction, or submitted to respiratory investigation because of exercise intolerance or poor performance. Each respiratory liquid was submitted to a standardised cytological analysis, mentioning the morphological abnormalities of exfoliated epithelial cells (ECAb) and ciliocytophthoria (CCPh) as markers of potential viral infection, as well as PCR assays including a consensus PCR and virus-specific PCR for both equine alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1; EHV-4) and gammaherpesviruses (EHV-2; EHV-5). The EHV infections were more prevalent in the TW of PAT group (P=0.004), with the highest prevalence being for EHV-2 (P=0.006). The EHV detection in BALs was not significantly different between groups. The EHVs detection in TW was correlated to the polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) counts in the respiratory liquid but not with CCPh or ECAb. CCPh or ECAb were associated with both consensus PCR and EHV-2 and EHV-5 virus-type PCR in the BAL only. The significant detection of EHVs in the TW of PAT group in association with the PMN increased counts could lead to further investigations about their putative role in equine syndrome of tracheal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Legrand
- Animal Health Department; Frank Duncombe Laboratory; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen, Cedex 4 France
| | - P. H. Pitel
- Animal Health Department; Frank Duncombe Laboratory; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen, Cedex 4 France
| | - G. Fortier
- Animal Health Department; Frank Duncombe Laboratory; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen, Cedex 4 France
| | - S. Pronost
- Animal Health Department; Frank Duncombe Laboratory; 1 Route de Rosel 14053 Caen, Cedex 4 France
| | - A. Cullinane
- Virology Unit; Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown; Naas County Kildare Ireland
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