1
|
Halder P, Rai A, Talukdar V, Das P, Lakkaniga NR. Pyrazolopyridine-based kinase inhibitors for anti-cancer targeted therapy. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1452-1470. [PMID: 38784451 PMCID: PMC11110789 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00003j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The need for effective cancer treatments continues to be a challenge for the biomedical research community. In this case, the advent of targeted therapy has significantly improved therapeutic outcomes. Drug discovery and development efforts targeting kinases have resulted in the approval of several small-molecule anti-cancer drugs based on ATP-mimicking heterocyclic cores. Pyrazolopyridines are a group of privileged heterocyclic cores in kinase drug discovery, which are present in several inhibitors that have been developed against various cancers. Notably, selpercatinib, glumetinib, camonsertib and olverembatinib have either received approval or are in late-phase clinical studies. This review presents the success stories employing pyrazolopyridine scaffolds as hinge-binding cores to address various challenges in kinase-targeted drug discovery research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Anubhav Rai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Vishal Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| | - Naga Rajiv Lakkaniga
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Guo D, Bai J, Wang H, Wang C, Wang Y, Guo X, Xu B, Liu Z. Isolation of the AccCDK8 gene of Apis cerana cerana and its functional analysis under pesticide and heavy metal stress. Biochimie 2024; 218:57-68. [PMID: 37704078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution has gained negative attention in recent years. The pesticides and heavy metals are top list of environmental toxicants directly endangering the survival and development of Apis cerana cerana. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are heteromeric serine/threonine kinases that participate in cell cycle regulation and have a vital role in pesticide and heavy metal stress in Apis cerana cerana. In this experiment, we filtered out CDK8 gene from Apis cerana cerana (AccCDK8) and investigated its functions of pesticide and heavy metals resistance. Sequence analysis indicated that AccCDK8 is highly homologous to multiple CDK8s and contains a highly conserved CDK active site sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AmCDK8 and AccCDK8 were closely related evolutionarily in Apis mellifera. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AccCDK8 expression was differentially affected after exposure to pesticide and heavy metal stresses. This indicates that AccCDK8 has a significant role in the resistance of Apis cerana cerana to pesticide and heavy metal stresses. It has implications for studying the function of CDK in other insects in response to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang F, Wu J, Zhao M, Zheng H, Suo J, Liu X, Zheng D. MicroRNA PC-3p-2869 Regulates Antler Growth and Inhibits Proliferation and Migration of Human Osteosarcoma and Chondrosarcoma Cells by Targeting CDK8, EEF1A1, and NTN1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10840. [PMID: 37446017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between the rapid growth and suppression of tumorigenesis during antler regeneration. This study investigated the role of a novel miRNA, PC-3p-2869 (miR-PC-2869), in antler growth and its therapeutic potential in human osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Stem-loop RT-qPCR showed that miR-PC-2869 was expressed extensively in diverse layers of antler tissues. Overexpression of miR-PC-2869 suppressed the proliferation and migration of antler cartilage cells. Similarly, heterologous expression of miR-PC-2869 reduced the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of osteosarcoma cell line MG63 and U2OS and chondrosarcoma cell line SW1353. Moreover, 18 functional target genes of miR-PC-2869 in humans were identified based on the screening of the reporter library. Among them, 15 target genes, including CDK8, EEF1A1, and NTN1, possess conserved miR-PC-2869-binding sites between humans and red deer (Cervus elaphus). In line with this, miR-PC-2869 overexpression decreased the expression levels of CDK8, EEF1A1, and NTN1 in MG63, SW1353, and antler cartilage cells. As expected, the knockdown of CDK8, EEF1A1, or NTN1 inhibited the proliferation and migration of MG63, SW1353, and antler cartilage cells, demonstrating similar suppressive effects as miR-PC-2869 overexpression. Furthermore, we observed that CDK8, EEF1A1, and NTN1 mediated the regulation of c-myc and cyclin D1 by miR-PC-2869 in MG63, SW1353, and antler cartilage cells. Overall, our work uncovered the cellular functions and underlying molecular mechanism of antler-derived miR-PC-2869, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for bone cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mindie Zhao
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Biotechnology Program, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jingyuan Suo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang X, Chen D, Sun Q, Wang Y, Xia Y, Yang J, Lin C, Dang X, Cen Z, Liang D, Wei R, Xu Z, Xi G, Xue G, Ye C, Wang LP, Zou P, Wang SQ, Rivera-Fuentes P, Püntener S, Chen Z, Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y. A live-cell image-based machine learning strategy for reducing variability in PSC differentiation systems. Cell Discov 2023; 9:53. [PMID: 37280224 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into diverse functional cell types provides a promising solution to support drug discovery, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. However, functional cell differentiation is currently limited by the substantial line-to-line and batch-to-batch variabilities, which severely impede the progress of scientific research and the manufacturing of cell products. For instance, PSC-to-cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation is vulnerable to inappropriate doses of CHIR99021 (CHIR) that are applied in the initial stage of mesoderm differentiation. Here, by harnessing live-cell bright-field imaging and machine learning (ML), we realize real-time cell recognition in the entire differentiation process, e.g., CMs, cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), PSC clones, and even misdifferentiated cells. This enables non-invasive prediction of differentiation efficiency, purification of ML-recognized CMs and CPCs for reducing cell contamination, early assessment of the CHIR dose for correcting the misdifferentiation trajectory, and evaluation of initial PSC colonies for controlling the start point of differentiation, all of which provide a more invulnerable differentiation method with resistance to variability. Moreover, with the established ML models as a readout for the chemical screen, we identify a CDK8 inhibitor that can further improve the cell resistance to the overdose of CHIR. Together, this study indicates that artificial intelligence is able to guide and iteratively optimize PSC differentiation to achieve consistently high efficiency across cell lines and batches, providing a better understanding and rational modulation of the differentiation process for functional cell manufacturing in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daichao Chen
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyu Yang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Lin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zimu Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Liang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wei
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Xue
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zou
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Salome Püntener
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Biomedical Imaging Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Traffic Data Analysis and Mining, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Girich EV, Trinh PTH, Nesterenko LE, Popov RS, Kim NY, Rasin AB, Menchinskaya ES, Kuzmich AS, Chingizova EA, Minin AS, Ngoc NTD, Van TTT, Yurchenko EA, Yurchenko AN, Berdyshev DV. Absolute Stereochemistry and Cytotoxic Effects of Vismione E from Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. 1901NT-1.2.2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098150. [PMID: 37175852 PMCID: PMC10179051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic profile of the Aspergillus sp. 1901NT-1.2.2 sponge-associated fungal strain was investigated using the HPLC MS technique, and more than 23 peaks in the HPLC MS chromatogram were detected. Only two minor peaks were identified as endocrocin and terpene derivative MS data from the GNPS database. The main compound was isolated and identified as known anthraquinone derivative vismione E. The absolute stereochemistry of vismione E was established for the first time using ECD and quantum chemical methods. Vismione E showed high cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, with an IC50 of 9.0 µM, in comparison with low toxicity for normal human breast MCF-10A cells, with an IC50 of 65.3 µM. It was found that vismione E inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation and arrests the cell cycle in the G1 phase. Moreover, the negative influence of vismione E on MCF-7 cell migration was detected. Molecular docking of vismione E suggested the IMPDH2 enzyme as one of the molecular targets for this anthraquinone derivative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Girich
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Phan Thi Hoai Trinh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam
| | - Liliana E Nesterenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
- Institute of High Technologies and Advanced Materials, Far Eastern Federal University, 10 Ajax Bay, Russky Island, Vladivostok 690922, Russia
| | - Roman S Popov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Natalya Yu Kim
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Anton B Rasin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Aleksandra S Kuzmich
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Chingizova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Artem S Minin
- M.N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S. Kovalevskoi, 18, Ekaterinburg 620108, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Lenina Av., 51, Ekaterinburg 620083, Russia
| | - Ngo Thi Duy Ngoc
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam
| | - Tran Thi Thanh Van
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Nhatrang Institute of Technology Research and Application, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam
| | - Ekaterina A Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Anton N Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Berdyshev
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-Letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ho TY, Sung TY, Pan SL, Huang WJ, Hsu KC, Hsu JY, Lin TE, Hsu CM, Yang CR. The study of a novel CDK8 inhibitor E966-0530-45418 that inhibits prostate cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114667. [PMID: 37037092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent malignancy among men globally, and androgen deprivation therapy is the conventional first-line treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. While androgen deprivation therapy is efficacious in castration-sensitive prostate cancer, it remains less effective in castration-resistant cases. Transcriptional dysregulation is a well-established hallmark of cancer, and targeting proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, such as cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), has become an attractive therapeutic strategy. CDK8, a nuclear serine-threonine kinase, is a key component of the mediator complex and plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation. Recent studies have highlighted the promising role of CDK8 as a target in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Our study assessed the efficacy of a novel CDK8 inhibitor, E966-0530-45418, which exhibited potent CDK8 inhibition (IC50 of 129 nM) and high CDK8 selectivity. Treatment with E966-0530-45418 significantly inhibited prostate cancer cell migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at both the RNA and protein levels. Further mechanistic analysis indicated that E966-0530-45418 suppresses prostate cancer metastasis by decreasing CDK8 activity and inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated Smad3/RNA polymerase II linker phosphorylation and Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. The results in animal model also showed that E966-0530-45418 exhibited anti-metastatic properties in vivo. Our study demonstrated that E966-0530-45418 has great therapeutic potential in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yuan Ho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Sung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yi Hsu
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ron Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hope I, Endicott JA, Watt JE. Emerging approaches to CDK inhibitor development, a structural perspective. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:146-164. [PMID: 36794018 PMCID: PMC9906319 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activity of the cyclin-dependent kinase family is frequently noted in a number of diseases identifying them as potential targets for drug development. However, current CDK inhibitors lack specificity owing to the high sequence and structural conservation of the ATP binding cleft across family members, highlighting the necessity of finding novel modes of CDK inhibition. The wealth of structural information regarding CDK assemblies and inhibitor complexes derived from X-ray crystallographic studies has been recently complemented through the use of cryo-electron microscopy. These recent advances have provided insights into the functional roles and regulatory mechanisms of CDKs and their interaction partners. This review explores the conformational malleability of the CDK subunit, the importance of SLiM recognition sites in CDK complexes, the progress made in chemically induced CDK degradation and how these studies can contribute to CDK inhibitor design. Additionally, fragment-based drug discovery can be utilised to identify small molecules that bind to allosteric sites on the CDK surface employing interactions which mimic those of native protein-protein interactions. These recent structural advances in CDK inhibitor mechanisms and in chemical probes which do not occupy the orthosteric ATP binding site can provide important insights for targeted CDK therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hope
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| | - Jessica E Watt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Framlington Place Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee JC, Liu S, Wang Y, Liang Y, Jablons DM. MK256 is a novel CDK8 inhibitor with potent antitumor activity in AML through downregulation of the STAT pathway. Oncotarget 2022; 13:1217-1236. [PMCID: PMC9629815 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most lethal form of AML due to disease relapse. Cyclin dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) is a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the family of Cyclin-dependent kinases and is an emerging target for the treatment of AML. MK256, a potent, selective, and orally available CDK8 inhibitor was developed to target AML. We sought to examine the anticancer effect of MK256 on AML. In CD34+/CD38- leukemia stem cells, we found that MK256 induced differentiation and maturation. Treatment of MK256 inhibited proliferation of AML cell lines. Further studies of the inhibitory effect suggested that MK256 not only downregulated phosphorylated STAT1(S727) and STAT5(S726), but also lowered mRNA expressions of MCL-1 and CCL2 in AML cell lines. Efficacy of MK256 was shown in MOLM-14 xenograft models, and the inhibitory effect on phosphorylated STAT1(S727) and STAT5(S726) with treatment of MK256 was observed in vivo. Pharmacologic dynamics study of MK256 in MOLM-14 xenograft models showed dose-dependent inhibition of the STAT pathway. Both in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that MK256 could effectively downregulate the STAT pathway. In vitro ADME, pharmacological kinetics, and toxicity of MK256 were profiled to evaluate the drug properties of MK256. Our results show that MK256 is a novel CDK8 inhibitor with a desirable efficacy and safety profile and has great potential to be a promising drug candidate for AML through regulating the STAT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lee
- 1Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,2Touro University, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA,*These authors contributed equally to this work,Correspondence to:Jen-Chieh Lee, email:
| | - Shu Liu
- 1Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,*These authors contributed equally to this work,Shu Liu, email:
| | - Yucheng Wang
- 1Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA,*These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - You Liang
- 1Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David M. Jablons
- 1Thoracic Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
van der Noord VE, van de Water B, Le Dévédec SE. Targeting the Heterogeneous Genomic Landscape in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through Inhibitors of the Transcriptional Machinery. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4353. [PMID: 36139513 PMCID: PMC9496798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer defined by lack of the estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Although TNBC tumors contain a wide variety of oncogenic mutations and copy number alterations, the direct targeting of these alterations has failed to substantially improve therapeutic efficacy. This efficacy is strongly limited by interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity, and thereby a lack in uniformity of targetable drivers. Most of these genetic abnormalities eventually drive specific transcriptional programs, which may be a general underlying vulnerability. Currently, there are multiple selective inhibitors, which target the transcriptional machinery through transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 7, 8, 9, 12 and 13 and bromodomain extra-terminal motif (BET) proteins, including BRD4. In this review, we discuss how inhibitors of the transcriptional machinery can effectively target genetic abnormalities in TNBC, and how these abnormalities can influence sensitivity to these inhibitors. These inhibitors target the genomic landscape in TNBC by specifically suppressing MYC-driven transcription, inducing further DNA damage, improving anti-cancer immunity, and preventing drug resistance against MAPK and PI3K-targeted therapies. Because the transcriptional machinery enables transcription and propagation of multiple cancer drivers, it may be a promising target for (combination) treatment, especially of heterogeneous malignancies, including TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvia E. Le Dévédec
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghazimoradi MH, Babashah S. The role of CircRNA/miRNA/mRNA axis in breast cancer drug resistance. Front Oncol 2022; 12:966083. [PMID: 36132137 PMCID: PMC9484461 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.966083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of cancers. This undesirable feature increases the mortality rate of cancers, including breast cancer. Circular RNA (CircRNA)/microRNA (miRNA)/messenger RNA (mRNA) is one of the important axes with major roles in the promotion and resistance of breast cancer. This heterogeneous pathway includes mRNA of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, which are controlled by miRNAs and CircRNAs. Unfortunately, this network could be easily deregulated, resulting in drug resistance and tumor development. Therefore, understanding these dysregulations may thus help to identify effective therapeutic targets. On this basis, we try to review the latest findings in the field, which could help us to better comprehend this significant axis in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cyclin-dependent kinases as potential targets for colorectal cancer: past, present and future. Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1087-1105. [PMID: 35703127 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer in the world and its prevalence is increasing in developing countries. Deregulated cell cycle traverse is a hallmark of malignant transformation and is often observed in CRC as a result of imprecise activity of cell cycle regulatory components, viz. cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Apart from cell cycle regulation, some CDKs also regulate processes such as transcription and have also been shown to be involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. This article aims to review cyclin-dependent kinases as potential targets for CRC. Furthermore, therapeutic candidates to target CDKs are also discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yan Y, Xing C, Xiao Y, Shen X, Zhang Z, He C, Shi JB, Liu M, Liu X. Discovery and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Evaluation of a Novel CDK8 Inhibitor through Upregulation of IL-10 for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease In Vivo. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7334-7362. [PMID: 35536548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) level is a promising strategy to suppress the progression of pathogenic inflammation including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Since cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) inhibition can upregulate IL-10 abundance in activated myeloid-derived dendritic cells, it is considered to be an effective target for IBD treatment. Here, the complete discovery process of a novel CDK8 inhibitor as an anti-inflammatory agent was described. Starting with wogonin, structure-based optimization and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study were comprehensively carried out, and then lead compound 85 (N-(2-ethylphenyl)-5-(4-(piperazine-1-carbonyl)phenyl)nicotinamide) was developed as a potent druglike CDK8 inhibitor upregulating IL-10 both in vivo and in vitro. Also, compound 85 (with CDK8 IC50 = 56 nM, IL-10 enhancement rate 88%) exhibited effective anti-inflammatory activity in an animal model of IBD. These results confirmed that certain CDK8 inhibitor could be used as an effective anti-IBD drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Yun Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobao Shen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbiao He
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dou P, Tan G, Fan Z, Xiao J, Shi C, Lin Z, Duan J. MicroRNA-9 facilitates hypoxia-induced injury and apoptosis in H9c2 cells via targeting CDK8. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens identify mechanisms of BET bromodomain inhibitor sensitivity. iScience 2021; 24:103323. [PMID: 34805786 PMCID: PMC8581576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BET bromodomain inhibitors hold promise as therapeutic agents in diverse indications, but their clinical progression has been challenging and none have received regulatory approval. Early clinical trials in cancer have shown heterogeneous clinical responses, development of resistance, and adverse events. Increased understanding of their mechanism(s) of action and identification of biomarkers are needed to identify appropriate indication(s) and achieve efficacious dosing. Using genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens at different concentrations, we report molecular mechanisms defining cellular responses to BET inhibitors, some of which appear specific to a single compound concentration. We identify multiple transcriptional regulators and mTOR pathway members as key determinants of JQ1 sensitivity and two Ca2+/Mn2+ transporters, ATP2C1 and TMEM165, as key determinants of JQ1 resistance. Our study reveals new molecular mediators of BET bromodomain inhibitor effects, suggests the involvement of manganese, and provides a rich resource for discovery of biomarkers and targets for combination therapies. CRISPR screens identify genes regulating sensitivity to BET bromodomain inhibitors Sensitivity and resistance hit lists are concentration-dependent mTOR pathway mediates sensitivity to BET bromodomain inhibitors Manganese regulates sensitivity to BET bromodomain inhibitors
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Jing L, Liu M, Goto M, Lai F, Liu X, Sheng L, Yang Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Chen X, Lee KH, Xiao Z. Identification of 3, 4-disubstituted pyridine derivatives as novel CDK8 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113634. [PMID: 34147745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) has been recently regarded as a potential approach for cancer therapy. A series of novel CDK8 inhibitors with the pyridine core was identified via scaffold hopping from the known CDK8 inhibitor A-7. The new inhibitors were designed to improve the ligand efficiency so as to enhance drug-likeness. Most of the compounds showed significant inhibition against CDK8/cyclin C, and the most active compounds (5d, 5e and 7') displayed IC50 values of 2.4 nM, 5.0 nM and 7.7 nM, respectively. Preliminary kinase profiling of selected compounds against a panel of kinases from different families indicated that this compound class might selectively inhibit CDK8 as well as its paralog CDK19. Some compounds exhibited cellular activity in both MTT and SRB assays against a variety of tumor cells, including HCT-116, A549, MDA-MB-231, KB, KB-VIN and MCF-7. Further flow cytometry analysis revealed a dose-dependent G2/M phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with compounds 6'a, 6'b, 6'j and 6'k. In addition, compound 6'k demonstrated moderate antitumor efficacy in HCT-116 mouse models, although unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles were suggested by preliminary study in mice. The results provided a new structural prototype for the search of selective CDK8 inhibitors as antitumor agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liandong Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Man Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA
| | - Fangfang Lai
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Li Sheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substance Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rana S, Mallareddy JR, Singh S, Boghean L, Natarajan A. Inhibitors, PROTACs and Molecular Glues as Diverse Therapeutic Modalities to Target Cyclin-Dependent Kinase. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5506. [PMID: 34771669 PMCID: PMC8583118 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family of proteins play prominent roles in transcription, mRNA processing, and cell cycle regulation, making them attractive cancer targets. Palbociclib was the first FDA-approved CDK inhibitor that non-selectively targets the ATP binding sites of CDK4 and CDK6. In this review, we will briefly inventory CDK inhibitors that are either part of over 30 active clinical trials or recruiting patients. The lack of selectivity among CDKs and dose-limiting toxicities are major challenges associated with the development of CDK inhibitors. Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) and Molecular Glues have emerged as alternative therapeutic modalities to target proteins. PROTACs and Molecular glues utilize the cellular protein degradation machinery to destroy the target protein. PROTACs are heterobifunctional molecules that form a ternary complex with the target protein and E3-ligase by making two distinct small molecule-protein interactions. On the other hand, Molecular glues function by converting the target protein into a "neo-substrate" for an E3 ligase. Unlike small molecule inhibitors, preclinical studies with CDK targeted PROTACs have exhibited improved CDK selectivity. Moreover, the efficacy of PROTACs and molecular glues are not tied to the dose of these molecular entities but to the formation of the ternary complex. Here, we provide an overview of PROTACs and molecular glues that modulate CDK function as emerging therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Rana
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
| | - Jayapal Reddy Mallareddy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.R.M.); (S.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Sarbjit Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.R.M.); (S.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Lidia Boghean
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.R.M.); (S.S.); (L.B.)
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.R.M.); (S.S.); (L.B.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Genetics Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Knab VM, Gotthardt D, Klein K, Grausenburger R, Heller G, Menzl I, Prinz D, Trifinopoulos J, List J, Fux D, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Sexl V. Triple-negative breast cancer cells rely on kinase-independent functions of CDK8 to evade NK-cell-mediated tumor surveillance. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:991. [PMID: 34689158 PMCID: PMC8542046 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignant disease that is responsible for approximately 15% of breast cancers. The standard of care relies on surgery and chemotherapy but the prognosis is poor and there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Recent in silico studies have revealed an inverse correlation between recurrence-free survival and the level of cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) in breast cancer patients. CDK8 is known to have a role in natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, but its function in TNBC progression and immune cell recognition or escape has not been investigated. We have used a murine model of orthotopic breast cancer to study the tumor-intrinsic role of CDK8 in TNBC. Knockdown of CDK8 in TNBC cells impairs tumor regrowth upon surgical removal and prevents metastasis. In the absence of CDK8, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is impaired and immune-mediated tumor-cell clearance is facilitated. CDK8 drives EMT in TNBC cells in a kinase-independent manner. In vivo experiments have confirmed that CDK8 is a crucial regulator of NK-cell-mediated immune evasion in TNBC. The studies also show that CDK8 is involved in regulating the checkpoint inhibitor programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). The CDK8-PD-L1 axis is found in mouse and human TNBC cells, underlining the importance of CDK8-driven immune cell evasion in these highly aggressive breast cancer cells. Our data link CDK8 to PD-L1 expression and provide a rationale for investigating the possibility of CDK8-directed therapy for TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Maria Knab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Gotthardt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Menzl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Trifinopoulos
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia List
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Fux
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Arnett A, Moo KG, Flynn KJ, Sundberg TB, Johannessen L, Shamji AF, Gray NS, Decker T, Zheng Y, Gersuk VH, Rahman ZS, Levy DE, Marié IJ, Linsley PS, Xavier RJ, Khor B. The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 (CDK8) Inhibitor DCA Promotes a Tolerogenic Chemical Immunophenotype in CD4 + T Cells via a Novel CDK8-GATA3-FOXP3 Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0008521. [PMID: 34124936 PMCID: PMC8384069 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00085-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune health requires innate and adaptive immune cells to engage precisely balanced pro- and anti-inflammatory forces. We employ the concept of chemical immunophenotypes to classify small molecules functionally or mechanistically according to their patterns of effects on primary innate and adaptive immune cells. The high-specificity, low-toxicity cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) inhibitor 16-didehydro-cortistatin A (DCA) exerts a distinct tolerogenic profile in both innate and adaptive immune cells. DCA promotes regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th2 differentiation while inhibiting Th1 and Th17 differentiation in both murine and human cells. This unique chemical immunophenotype led to mechanistic studies showing that DCA promotes Treg differentiation in part by regulating a previously undescribed CDK8-GATA3-FOXP3 pathway that regulates early pathways of Foxp3 expression. These results highlight previously unappreciated links between Treg and Th2 differentiation and extend our understanding of the transcription factors that regulate Treg differentiation and their temporal sequencing. These findings have significant implications for future mechanistic and translational studies of CDK8 and CDK8 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azlann Arnett
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keagan G. Moo
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Thomas B. Sundberg
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Liv Johannessen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alykhan F. Shamji
- Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ye Zheng
- NOMIS Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Ziaur S. Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E. Levy
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle J. Marié
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Khor
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Toman D, Jorda R, Ajani H, Kryštof V, Cankař P. Synthesis of 4-styrylpyrazoles and evaluation of their inhibitory effects on cyclin-dependent kinases. Med Chem 2021; 18:484-496. [PMID: 34365958 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210806095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cycle-regulating and transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are attractive targets in cancer drug development. Several CDK inhibitors have already been obtained or are close to regulatory approval for clinical applications. OBJECTIVE Phenylazopyrazole CAN508 has been described as the first selective CDK9 inhibitor with an IC50 of 350 nM. Since the azo-moiety is not a suitable functionality for drugs due to pharmacological reasons, the preparation of carbo-analogues of CAN508 with similar biological activities is desirable. The present work is focused on the synthesis of carbo-analogues similar to CAN508 and their CDK inhibition activity. METHODS Herein, the synthesis of 21 novel carbo analogues of CAN508 and their intermediates is reported. Subsequently, target compounds 8a - 8u were evaluated for protein kinase inhibition (CDK2/cyclin E, CDK4/cyclin D, CDK9/cyclin T) and antiproliferative activities in cell lines (K562, MCF-7, MV4-11). Moreover, the binding mode of derivative 8s in the active site of CDK9 was revealed by molecular docking. RESULTS Compounds 8a - 8u were obtained from key intermediate 7, which was prepared by linear synthesis involving Vilsmeier-Haack, Knoevenagel, Hunsdiecker, and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. Styrylpyrazoles 8t and 8u were the most potent CDK9 inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 1 µM. Molecular modelling suggested binding in the active site of CDK9 and CDK2. The flow cytometric analysis of MV4-11 cells treated with the most active styrylpyrazoles showed a significant G1-arrest. CONCLUSION The prepared styrylpyrazoles showed inhibition activity towards CDKs and can provide a novel chemotype of kinase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Toman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| | - Radek Jorda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| | - Haresh Ajani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6. Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| | - Petr Cankař
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc. Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gene Transcription as a Therapeutic Target in Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147340. [PMID: 34298959 PMCID: PMC8304797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood malignancies often arise from undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells or partially differentiated stem-like cells. A tight balance of multipotency and differentiation, cell division, and quiescence underlying normal hematopoiesis requires a special program governed by the transcriptional machinery. Acquisition of drug resistance by tumor cells also involves reprogramming of their transcriptional landscape. Limiting tumor cell plasticity by disabling reprogramming of the gene transcription is a promising strategy for improvement of treatment outcomes. Herein, we review the molecular mechanisms of action of transcription-targeted drugs in hematological malignancies (largely in leukemia) with particular respect to the results of clinical trials.
Collapse
|
21
|
Etman AM, Abdel Mageed SS, Ali MA, El Hassab MAEM. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase as a Novel Therapeutic Target: An Endless Story. CURRENT CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 15:139-162. [DOI: 10.2174/2212796814999201123194016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) are a family of enzymes that, along with their Cyclin
partners, play a crucial role in cell cycle regulation at many biological functions such as proliferation,
differentiation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Thus, they are tightly regulated by a number of inhibitory
and activating enzymes. Deregulation of these kinases’ activity either by amplification,
overexpression or mutation of CDKs or Cyclins leads to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells.
Hyperactivity of these kinases has been reported in a wide variety of human cancers. Hence, CDKs
have been established as one of the most attractive pharmacological targets in the development of
promising anticancer drugs. The elucidated structural features and the well-characterized molecular
mechanisms of CDKs have been the guide in designing inhibitors to these kinases. Yet, they remain
a challenging therapeutic class as they share conserved structure similarity in their active site.
Several inhibitors have been discovered from natural sources or identified through high throughput
screening and rational drug design approaches. Most of these inhibitors target the ATP binding
pocket, therefore, they suffer from a number of limitations. Here, a growing number of ATP noncompetitive
peptides and small molecules has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed Etman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111,Egypt
| | - Sherif Sabry Abdel Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Abd El Monem El Hassab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr city, Cairo, 11829,Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Discovery of a potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of CDK8 through a structure-based optimisation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113391. [PMID: 33823391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CDK8 is deregulated in multiple types of human cancer and is viewed as a therapeutic target for the treatment of the disease. Accordingly, the search for small-molecule inhibitors of CDK8 is being intensified. Capitalising on our initial discovery of AU1-100, a potent CDK8 inhibitor yet with a limited degree of kinase selectivity, a structure-based optimisation was carried out, with a series of new multi-substituted pyridines rationally designed, chemically prepared and biologically evaluated. Such endeavour has culminated in the identification of 42, a more potent CDK8 inhibitor with superior kinomic selectivity and oral bioavailability. The mechanism underlying the anti-proliferative effect of 42 on MV4-11 cells was studied, revealing that the compound arrested the G1 cell cycle and triggered apoptosis. The low risk of hepato- and cardio-toxicity of 42 was estimated. These findings merit further investigation of 42 as a targeted cancer therapeutic.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun H, Yan J, Tian G, Chen X, Song W. LINC01224 accelerates malignant transformation via MiR-193a-5p/CDK8 axis in gastric cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:1377-1393. [PMID: 33655711 PMCID: PMC7926023 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor with a significantly high mortality rate, yet, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Bioinformatics predicted that LINC01224 is highly expressed in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), and showed that LINC01224 adsorbed miR-193a-5p to target CDK8. Therefore, this study intended to verify the effect of the LINC01224/miR-193a-5p/CDK8 axis on the biological behavior of gastric cancer. METHODS Expressions of LINC01224, miR-193a-5p, CDK8, apoptosis-, and EMT-related genes were analyzed using the GEPIA website, RT-qPCR, in situ hybridization, and Western blot as needed. Bioinformatics and dual luciferase assay were used to evaluate the relationship between LINC01224, miR-193a-5p, and CDK8. Functional experiments and rescue experiments (MTT assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, and Transwell) were conducted to detect the effects of the above genes on the biological characteristics of GC cells. Tumorigenesis assay was used to verify the results of in vitro experiments. RESULTS LINC01224 adsorbed miR-193a-5p to target and upregulate CDK8. The expressions of LINC01224 and CDK8 were increased, while the expression of miR-193a-5p was decreased in GC. Overexpressed LINC01224 promoted cell viability, migration and invasion, accelerated tumor formation, attenuated apoptosis, inhibited the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins, and promoted the expressions of EMT-related proteins, whereas silenced LINC01224 led to the opposite effect. MiR-193a-5p inhibitor partially offset the effect of silenced LINC01224; interestingly, siCDK8 significantly reversed the effect of miR-193a-5p inhibitor on GC cells. CONCLUSION LINC01224 affects the biological behavior of gastric cancer by mediating miR-193a-5p to regulate CDK8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Tumor Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Kuiwen District, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Jihong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, Qingzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Guangyu Tian
- Oncology Department, Jiangdu People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Oncology Department, Jiangdu People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Song
- Oncology Department, Jiangdu People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu D, Jia H, Zhang Z, Li S. Capsaicin suppresses breast cancer cell viability by regulating the CDK8/PI3K/Akt/Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4868-4876. [PMID: 33173974 PMCID: PMC7646934 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer displays high morbidity and mortality. Despite exerting certain effects, traditional treatments cannot eliminate every cancer cell and may kill normal cells due to inaccurate targeting. However, as a traditional Chinese medicine, capsaicin, an active compound extracted from chili peppers, has displayed potent anticarcinogenic activities in vitro and in vivo, but the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. The pharmacological effects of capsaicin on tumors was evaluated in MDA MB 231 breast cancer cells. The MTT, cell scratch assay, cell cycle analysis, cell transfection, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to investigate the potential antitumor mechanisms of capsaicin. In the present study, the potential anticancer mechanism underlying capsaicin in MDA‑MB‑231 cells in vitro was investigated. Capsaicin significantly inhibited MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell viability and migration compared with the control group. The flow cytometry results indicated that capsaicin induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in MDA‑MB‑231 cells. In addition, capsaicin significantly reduced the expression of cyclin‑dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) in breast cancer cells compared with the control group. Moreover, LV‑CDK8 small interfering RNA‑transduced MDA‑MB‑231 cells displayed lower CDK8 mRNA and protein expression levels compared with LV‑negative control‑shRNA‑transduced cells. Furthermore, capsaicin significantly reduced the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)‑PI3K, p‑Akt, Wnt and β‑catenin in vitro compared with the control group. Collectively, the results of the present study suggested that capsaicin inhibited breast cancer cell viability, induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, reduced CDK8 expression levels, decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt and downregulated Wnt and β‑catenin expression levels in MDA‑MB‑231 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyao Jia
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiru Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Sijie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases as the mediators of inflammation-a review. Gene 2020; 769:145200. [PMID: 33031895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) belong to the serine/threonine kinase family, and their unique interactions with a variety of cyclin complexes influence its catalytic activity to ensure unimpaired cell cycle progression. In addition to their cell cycle regulatory roles, it is becoming increasingly clear that the CDKs can have multiple functional roles like transcription, epigenetic regulation, metabolism, stem cell self-renewal, neuronal functions, and in spermatogenesis. Further in addition, recent reports suggest that CDKs have a remarkable regulatory role in influencing the pro-inflammatory functions of various cytokines during the clinical inflammatory responses. CDKs initiate the inflammatory responses by triggering the activity of prominent pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and activator protein 1 (AP-1). The transcriptional CDKs (tCDKs) is crucial for organizing various transcription events and associated processes such as RNA capping, splicing, 3' end formation, and chromatin remodeling. Although the in-depth mechanism of certain mammalian CDKs is explored with respect to inflammation, the role of other tCDKs or any synergistic play among the members still remains unexplored. Until today, there is only supportive and palliative care available most of the inflammatory disorders, and thus it is the right time to explore novel pharmacological targets. In this regard, we focus on the pathophysiological role of CDK7, CDK8 and CDK9 and their impact on the development of inflammatory disorders within the mammals. Additionally, we discuss the potential trends of having tCDKs as a therapeutic target for fine-tuning inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
|
26
|
CDKs in Sarcoma: Mediators of Disease and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21083018. [PMID: 32344731 PMCID: PMC7215455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21083018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas represent one of the most challenging tumor types to treat due to their diverse nature and our incomplete understanding of their underlying biology. Recent work suggests cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) pathway activation is a powerful driver of sarcomagenesis. CDK proteins participate in numerous cellular processes required for normal cell function, but their dysregulation is a hallmark of many pathologies including cancer. The contributions and significance of aberrant CDK activity to sarcoma development, however, is only partly understood. Here, we describe what is known about CDK-related alterations in the most common subtypes of sarcoma and highlight areas that warrant further investigation. As disruptions in CDK pathways appear in most, if not all, subtypes of sarcoma, we discuss the history and value of pharmacologically targeting CDKs to combat these tumors. The goals of this review are to (1) assess the prevalence and importance of CDK pathway alterations in sarcomas, (2) highlight the gap in knowledge for certain CDKs in these tumors, and (3) provide insight into studies focused on CDK inhibition for sarcoma treatment. Overall, growing evidence demonstrates a crucial role for activated CDKs in sarcoma development and as important targets for sarcoma therapy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma D, Chen X, Shen XB, Sheng LQ, Liu XH. Binding patterns and structure–activity relationship of CDK8 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 96:103624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|