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Padinharayil H, George A. Small extracellular vesicles: Multi-functional aspects in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 198:104341. [PMID: 38575042 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) impact normal and pathological cellular signaling through bidirectional trafficking. Exosomes, a subset of EVs possess biomolecules including proteins, lipids, DNA fragments and various RNA species reflecting a speculum of their parent cells. The involvement of exosomes in bidirectional communication and their biological constituents substantiate its role in regulating both physiology and pathology, including multiple cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common lung cancers (85%) with high incidence, mortality and reduced overall survival. Lack of efficient early diagnostic and therapeutic tools hurdles the management of NSCLC. Interestingly, the exosomes from body fluids similarity with parent cells or tissue offers a potential future multicomponent tool for the early diagnosis of NSCLC. The structural twinning of exosomes with a cell/tissue and the competitive tumor derived exosomes in tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes the unpinning horizons of exosomes as a drug delivery, vaccine, and therapeutic agent. Exosomes in clinical point of view assist to trace: acquired resistance caused by various therapeutic agents, early diagnosis, progression, and surveillance. In an integrated approach, EV biomarkers offer potential cutting-edge techniques for the detection and diagnosis of cancer, though the purification, characterization, and biomarker identification processes for the translational research regarding EVs need further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Padinharayil
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur-05, Kerala, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur-05, Kerala, India.
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2
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Avgoulas DI, Tasioulis KS, Papi RM, Pantazaki AA. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potential of Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems in Brain Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051439. [PMID: 37242681 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is designated as one of the principal causes of mortality universally. Among different types of cancer, brain cancer remains the most challenging one due to its aggressiveness, the ineffective permeation ability of drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and drug resistance. To overcome the aforementioned issues in fighting brain cancer, there is an imperative need for designing novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes have been proposed as prospective "Trojan horse" nanocarriers of anticancer theranostics owing to their biocompatibility, increased stability, permeability, negligible immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time, and high loading capacity. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the biological properties, physicochemical characteristics, isolation methods, biogenesis and internalization of exosomes, while it emphasizes their therapeutic and diagnostic potential as drug vehicle systems in brain cancer, highlighting recent advances in the research field. A comparison of the biological activity and therapeutic effectiveness of several exosome-encapsulated cargo including drugs and biomacromolecules underlines their great supremacy over the non-exosomal encapsulated cargo in the delivery, accumulation, and biological potency. Various studies on cell lines and animals give prominence to exosome-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising and alternative approach in the management of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I Avgoulas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos S Tasioulis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rigini M Papi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia A Pantazaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
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Internalisation of RGD-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles by Glioblastoma Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101483. [PMID: 36290387 PMCID: PMC9598886 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and malignant type of central nervous system (CNS) tumour. Although several treatment options are available, patients generally succumb within 14 months after diagnosis. With the rapid progression of exosome bioengineering technologies, novel therapy opportunities are emerging for GBM treatment. The surface of GBM cells is characterised by the overexpression of transmembrane receptor integrins, which are essential for cell interactions with several proteins in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, integrin-binding drug delivery vehicles have been proposed as a potential strategy for glioblastoma therapy. Small extracellular vesicles possess several attractive characteristics for drug delivery: small size, biocompatibility, ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and capacity to be loaded with exogenous materials. Current bioengineering technologies further increase extracellular vesicle capabilities by loading them with anticancer drugs and incorporating targeting ligands. This study explored the capacity of Arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD, or Arginine–Glycine–Aspartate)-polypeptide-engineered extracellular vesicles to internalise and deliver loaded cargo in GBM cells. The results demonstrate that introducing the RGD ligand to extracellular vesicles could significantly increase their internalisation by GBM cells and hence improve drug delivery efficacy. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive CNS tumour with no efficient treatment, partly due to the retention of anticancer drugs by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and their insufficient concentration in tumour cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attractive drug carriers because of their biocompatibility and ability to cross the BBB. Additional efficiency can be achieved by adding GBM-cell-specific ligands. GBM cells overexpress integrins; thus, one of the most straightforward targeting strategies is to modify EVs with integrin-recognising molecules. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of genetically engineered EVs with elevated membrane levels of the integrin-binding peptide RGD (RGD-EVs) against GBM cells in vitro. For RGD-EV production, stable RGD-HEK 293FT cells were generated by using a pcDNA4/TO-Lamp2b-iRGD-HA expression vector and performing antibiotic-based selection. RGD-EVs were isolated from RGD-HEK 293FT-cell-conditioned medium and characterised by size (Zetasizer), specific markers (ELISA) and RGD expression (Western Blot). Internalisation by human GBM cells HROG36 and U87 MG and BJ-5ta human fibroblasts was assessed by fluorescent EV RNA labelling. The effect of doxorubicin-loaded RGD-EVs on GBM cells was evaluated by the metabolic PrestoBlue viability assay; functional GAPDH gene knockdown by RGD-EV-encapsulated siRNA was determined by RT-qPCR. RGD-EVs had 40% higher accumulation in GBM cells (but not in fibroblasts) and induced significantly stronger toxicity by loaded doxorubicin and GAPDH silencing by loaded siRNA compared to unmodified EVs. Thus, RGD modification substantially increases the specific delivery capacity of HEK 293FT-derived EVs to GBM cells.
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Choe EJ, Lee CH, Bae JH, Park JM, Park SS, Baek MC. Atorvastatin Enhances the Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Therapy and Suppresses the Cellular and Extracellular Vesicle PD-L1. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081660. [PMID: 36015287 PMCID: PMC9414447 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to clinical studies, statins improve the efficacy of programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blockade therapy for breast cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Herein, we showed that atorvastatin (ATO) decreased the content of PD-L1 in extracellular vesicles (EVs) by reducing cellular PD-L1 expression and inhibiting EV secretion in breast cancer cells, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. ATO reduced EV secretion by regulating the Rab proteins involved in EV biogenesis and secretion. ATO-mediated inhibition of the Ras-activated MAPK signaling pathway downregulated PD-L1 expression. In addition, ATO strongly promoted antitumor efficacy by inducing T cell-mediated tumor destruction when combined with an anti-PD-L1 antibody. Moreover, suppression of EV PD-L1 by ATO improved the reactivity of anti-PD-L1 therapy by enhancing T-cell activity in draining lymph nodes of EMT6-bearing immunocompetent mice. Therefore, ATO is a potential therapeutic drug that improves antitumor immunity by inhibiting EV PD-L1, particularly in response to immune escape during cancer.
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Gao F, Xu Q, Tang Z, Zhang N, Huang Y, Li Z, Dai Y, Yu Q, Zhu J. Exosomes derived from myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitate castration-resistant prostate cancer progression via S100A9/circMID1/miR-506-3p/MID1. J Transl Med 2022; 20:346. [PMID: 35918733 PMCID: PMC9344715 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a major cause of recurrence and mortality among prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) regulate castration resistance in PCa. Previously, it was shown that intercellular communication was efficiently mediated by exosomes (Exos), but the role and the mechanism of MDSC-derived Exos in CRPC progression was unclear. Methods In this study, the circRNA expression profiles in PC3 cells treated with MDSC-Exo and control cells were investigated using a circRNA microarray. Results The data showed that circMID1 (hsa_circ_0007718) expression was elevated in PC3 cells treated with MDSC-Exo. Moreover, high circMID1 expression was found in PCa compared with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues and in CRPC patients compared with hormone sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) patients. Further studies showed that MDSC-Exo accelerated PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while circMID1 deficiency inhibited MDSC-Exo-regulated CRPC progression in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MDSC-derived exosomal S100A9 increased circMID1 expression to sponge miR-506-3p, leading to increased MID1 expression and accelerated tumor progression. Conclusion Together, our results showed that a S100A9/circMID1/miR-506-3p/MID1 axis existed in MDSC-Exo-regulated CRPC progression, which provided novel insights into MDSC-Exo regulatory mechanisms in CRPC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03494-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaoping Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88# Jifanglu Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yasheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Department of Urology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88# Jifanglu Road, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuliang Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Yu
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, 310007, Zhejiang, China
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Tarone L, Giacobino D, Camerino M, Ferrone S, Buracco P, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Canine Melanoma Immunology and Immunotherapy: Relevance of Translational Research. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:803093. [PMID: 35224082 PMCID: PMC8873926 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.803093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In veterinary oncology, canine melanoma is still a fatal disease for which innovative and long-lasting curative treatments are urgently required. Considering the similarities between canine and human melanoma and the clinical revolution that immunotherapy has instigated in the treatment of human melanoma patients, special attention must be paid to advancements in tumor immunology research in the veterinary field. Herein, we aim to discuss the most relevant knowledge on the immune landscape of canine melanoma and the most promising immunotherapeutic approaches under investigation. Particular attention will be dedicated to anti-cancer vaccination, and, especially, to the encouraging clinical results that we have obtained with DNA vaccines directed against chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), which is an appealing tumor-associated antigen with a key oncogenic role in both canine and human melanoma. In parallel with advances in therapeutic options, progress in the identification of easily accessible biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and the prognosis of melanoma should be sought, with circulating small extracellular vesicles emerging as strategically relevant players. Translational advances in melanoma management, whether achieved in the human or veterinary fields, may drive improvements with mutual clinical benefits for both human and canine patients; this is where the strength of comparative oncology lies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federica Cavallo
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Extracellular vesicles carry miR-27a-3p to promote drug resistance of glioblastoma to temozolomide by targeting BTG2. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:217-229. [PMID: 35039898 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common central nervous system tumor. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a commonly used drug for GBM management. This study explored the mechanism of extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulating TMZ-resistance in GBM. METHODS LN229 cells were inducted into TMZ-resistant LN229r strain by stepwise induction. After the intervention of miR-27a-3p expression, cell viability of GBM cells treated with different concentrations of TMZ was detected by MTT and IC50 value was calculated. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by colony formation and flow cytometry. EVs extracted from LN18 cells were identified and the internalization of EVs by LN229r cells was evaluated. The 100 μmol/L TMZ-treated LN229r cells were treated with EVs or EVs with downregulated miR-27a-3p to verify the effect of EVs-carried miR-27a-3p on TMZ resistance. The binding relation between BTG2 and miR-27a-3p was verified. miR-27a-3p and BTG2 expressions in GBM cells and EVs were detected by RT-qPCR. The BTG2 effect on TMZ-resistance in GBM was verified. The xenograft tumor nude mouse model was established by injecting LN229r cells and treated with EVs and 100 μmol/L TMZ. RESULTS miR-27a-3p was highly expressed in LN229r cells. IC50 value and proliferation of LN229r cells with silenced miR-27a-3p were decreased and apoptosis was increased, indicating that miR-27a-3p silencing reduced the drug-resistant cell LN229r resistance to TMZ. LN18-derived EVs could be internalized by LN229r cells, and release its encapsulated miR-27a-3p into LN229r cells and increase miR-27a-3p expression. EV treatment increased LN229r cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis, while EVs with silenced miR-27a-3p showed the opposite trend. miR-27a-3p targeted BTG2. BTG2 overexpression reduced LN229r cell resistance to TMZ. In vivo, after EVs treatment, tumor volume and weight, Ki67-positive rate, and miR-27a-3p were increased, while BTG2 expression was decreased. CONCLUSION GBM-derived EVs were internalized by GBM cells, released miR-27a-3p into GBM cells, upregulated miR-27a-3p expression, and targeted BTG2, thus promoting TMZ resistance.
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Liu SY, Liao Y, Hosseinifard H, Imani S, Wen QL. Diagnostic Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:705791. [PMID: 34722499 PMCID: PMC8555429 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.705791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regarded to have significant function in most steps during cancer progression. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the accuracy of EVs as a biomarker in cancer diagnosis. Methods: The diagnostic efficacy of EVs for different cancers was assessed using pooled sensitivity and specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and overall area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC). The positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR) were verified to estimate the diagnostic efficacy of EV at a clinical level. Results: In all, 6,183 cancer patients and 2,437 healthy controls from 75 eligible studies reported in 42 publications were included in the study. The overall pooled sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, and DOR were 0.62 (95% CI: 0.60–0.63), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.75–0.78), 3.07 (95% CI: 2.52–3.75), 0.34 (95% CI: 0.28–0.41), and 10.98 (95% CI: 7.53–16.00), respectively. Similarly, the AUC of the SROC was 0.88, indicating a high conservation of EVs as an early diagnostic marker. Furthermore, subgroup analysis suggested that the use of small EVs as a biomarker was more accurate in serum-based samples of nervous system cancer (p < 0.001). As a result, ultracentrifugation and quantification and size determination methods, such as Western blotting and ELISA were the most reliable identification methods for EV detection. We also indicated that increased secretion of EVs made them a capable biomarker for diagnosing cancer in elderly European individuals. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that EVs are a promising non-invasive biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Well-designed cohort studies should be conducted to warrant the clinical diagnostic value of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ya Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Chengdu Jinniu District People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Liao
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Renshou, Meishan, China
| | - Hossein Hosseinifard
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Imani
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qing-Lian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Bahmyari S, Jamali Z, Khatami SH, Vakili O, Roozitalab M, Savardashtaki A, Solati A, Mousavi P, Shabaninejad Z, Vakili S, Behrouj H, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. microRNAs in female infertility: An overview. Cell Biochem Funct 2021; 39:955-969. [PMID: 34708430 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infertility impacts a considerable number of women worldwide, and it affects different aspects of family life and society. Although female infertility is known as a multifactorial disorder, there are strong genetic and epigenetic bases. Studies revealed that miRNAs play critical roles in initiation and development of female infertility related disorders. Early diagnosis and control of these diseases is an essential key for improving disease prognosis and reducing the possibility of infertility and other side effects. Investigating the possible use of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic options is valuable, and it merits attention. Thus, in this article, we reviewed research associated with female diseases and highlighted microRNAs that are related to the polycystic ovary syndrome (up to 30 miRNAs), premature ovarian failure (10 miRNAs), endometriosis (up to 15 miRNAs), uterine fibroids (up to 15 miRNAs), endometrial polyp (3 miRNAs), and pelvic inflammatory (6 miRNAs), which are involved in one or more ovarian or uterine disease-causing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Bahmyari
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Jamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahin Roozitalab
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Solati
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Vakili
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamid Behrouj
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Ghasemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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11
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Diomaiuto E, Principe V, De Luca A, Laperuta F, Alterisio C, Di Loria A. Exosomes in Dogs and Cats: An Innovative Approach to Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080766. [PMID: 34451863 PMCID: PMC8400600 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter between 40 and 120 nm, which are derived from all types of cells and released into all biological fluids, such as blood plasma, serum, urine, breast milk, colostrum, and more. They contain proteins, nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, other non-coding RNA, and DNA), and lipids. Exosomes represent a potentially accurate footprint of the miRNA profile of the parental cell and can therefore be proposed as potential and sensitive biomarkers, both in diagnosing and monitoring a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Liquid biopsy offers itself as a non-invasive or minimally invasive, pain-free, time-saving alternative to conventional tissue biopsy. Exosomes in both human and veterinary medicine find their major application in neoplastic diseases, but applications in the field of veterinary cardiology, nephrology, reproduction, parasitology, and regenerative medicine are currently being explored. Exosomes can therefore be used as diagnostic, prognostic, and, in some cases, therapeutic tools for several conditions. The aim of this review was to assess the current applications of exosomes in veterinary medicine, particularly in dog and cat patients.
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12
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Xuan Z, Chen C, Tang W, Ye S, Zheng J, Zhao Y, Shi Z, Zhang L, Sun H, Shao C. TKI-Resistant Renal Cancer Secretes Low-Level Exosomal miR-549a to Induce Vascular Permeability and Angiogenesis to Promote Tumor Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689947. [PMID: 34179017 PMCID: PMC8222687 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI)-resistant renal cancer is highly susceptible to metastasis, and enhanced vascular permeability promotes the process of metastasis. To evaluate the effect of cancer-derived exosomes on vascular endothelial cells and clarify the mechanism of metastasis in TKI-resistant renal cancer, we studied the crosstalk between clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Exosomes from ccRCC cells enhanced the expression of vascular permeability-related proteins. Compared with sensitive strains, exosomes from resistant strains significantly enhanced vascular endothelial permeability, induced tumor angiogenesis and enhanced tumor lung metastasis in nude mice. The expression of miR-549a is lower in TKI-resistant cells and exosomes, which enhanced the expression of HIF1α in endothelial cells. In addition, TKI-resistant RCC cells reduced nuclear output of pre-miR-549a via the VEGFR2-ERK-XPO5 pathway, and reduced enrichment of mature miR-549a in cytoplasm, which in turn promoted HIF1α expression in RCC, leading to increased VEGF secretion and further activated VEGFR2 to form a feedback effect. miR-549a played an important role in the metastasis of renal cancer and might serve as a blood biomarker for ccRCC metastasis and even had the potential of becoming a new drug to inhibit TKI-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuodong Xuan
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenbin Tang
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaopei Ye
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Yue Zhao
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiyuan Shi
- Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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13
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Zhang L, Zhou S, Zhou T, Li X, Tang J. Potential of the tumor‑derived extracellular vesicles carrying the miR‑125b‑5p target TNFAIP3 in reducing the sensitivity of diffuse large B cell lymphoma to rituximab. Int J Oncol 2021; 58:31. [PMID: 33887878 PMCID: PMC8078569 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common and aggressive form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from cancer cells are known to modify the tumor microenvironment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of miR-125b-3p carried by EVs in DLBCL in vitro and in vivo. TNFAIP3 expression in patient lesions was measured and the upstream miR that regulates TNFAIP3 was predicted using the starBase database. EVs were isolated from DLBCL cells and identified. DLBCL cells were transfected with pcDNA to overexpress TNFAIP3 or inhibit miR-125b-5p expression, incubated with EVs, and treated with rituximab to compare cell growth and TNFAIP3/CD20 expression. DLBCL model mice were administered EVs, conditioned medium, and rituximab to observe changes in tumor size, volume, and weight. TNFAIP3 was downregulated in patients with DLBCL and its levels further decreased in patients with drug-resistant DLBCL. Overexpression of TNFAIP3 in DLBCL cells enhanced the inhibitory effect of rituximab and increased CD20 expression. miR-125b-5p targeted TNFAIP3. Inhibition of miR-125b-5p enhanced the inhibitory effect of rituximab in DLBCL cells. The EV-carried miR-125b-5p reduced the sensitivity of DLBCL cells to rituximab, which was averted by overexpression of TNFAIP3. EVs reduced the sensitivity of DLBCL model mice to rituximab via the miR-125b-5p/TNFAIP3 axis. The study findings indicate that the tumor-derived EVs carrying miR-125b-5p can enter DLBCL cells and target TNFAIP3, thus reducing the sensitivity of DLBCL to rituximab, which may provide a novel therapeutic approach for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Shixia Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Tiejun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Junling Tang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Zhang P, Lim SB, Jiang K, Chew TW, Low BC, Lim CT. Distinct mRNAs in Cancer Extracellular Vesicles Activate Angiogenesis and Alter Transcriptome of Vascular Endothelial Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092009. [PMID: 33921957 PMCID: PMC8122258 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated in various processes of cancer development, with most of the EV-induced changes attributed to EV proteins and microRNAs. However, the knowledge about the cancer EV-mRNAs remains limited. Here, we have assessed the mRNAs of 61 diverse oncogenes and found half of them, including VEGFA and SNAIL1/2, are abundant in cancer EVs while absent in non-tumorigenic cell-derived EVs. Fluorescent trafficking shows the EV VEGFA mRNAs are translatable after being internalized by the recipient cell. Concomitantly, the cancer EVs induced VEGFA-dependent angiogenesis and upregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related genes. Our findings reveal that the EV-mRNA profile can reflect the cell malignancy, and the intercellular transfer of these mRNAs can contribute toward tumor angiogenesis. Abstract Cancer-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been demonstrated to be implicated in various processes of cancer development, with most of the EV-induced changes attributed to EV-proteins and EV-microRNAs. However, the knowledge about the abundance of cancer EV-mRNAs and their contribution to cancer development remain elusive. Here, we show that mRNAs prevail in cancer EVs as compared with normal EVs, and cancer EVs that carry abundant angiogenic mRNAs activate angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Specifically, of a gene panel comprising 61 hypoxia-targeted oncogenes, a larger proportion is harbored by cancer EVs (>40%) than normal EVs (14.8%). Fluorescent trafficking indicates cancer EVs deliver translatable mRNAs such as VEGFA to HUVECs, contributing to the activation of VEGFR-dependent angiogenesis and the upregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related and metabolism-related genes. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into EV-mRNAs and their role in angiogenesis, and has potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
| | - Ti Weng Chew
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138593, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.C.L.); (C.T.L.)
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- NUS Graduate School—Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore;
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; (K.J.); (T.W.C.)
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.C.L.); (C.T.L.)
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15
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Lyu T, Zhang B, Li M, Jiao X, Song Y. Research progress on exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in hematological malignancies. Hematol Oncol 2021; 39:162-169. [PMID: 32869900 PMCID: PMC8246925 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a subset of multifunctional stem cells with self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation properties that play a pivotal role in tumor progression. MSCs are reported to exert biological functions by secreting specialized vesicles, known as exosomes, with tumor cells. Exosomes participate in material and information exchange between cells and are crucial in multiple physiological and pathological processes. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the roles, mechanisms of action and sources of MSC exosomes in hematological malignancies, and different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Lyu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Binglei Zhang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengjia Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueli Jiao
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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16
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Yokoi A, Ochiya T. Exosomes and extracellular vesicles: Rethinking the essential values in cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 74:79-91. [PMID: 33798721 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes are released by all living cells and contain diverse bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. Accumulating evidence of EV-related functions has revealed that these tiny vesicles can mediate specific cell-to-cell communication. Within the tumor microenvironment, diverse cells are actively interacting with their surroundings via EVs facilitating tumor malignancy by regulating malignant cascades including angiogenesis, immune modulation, and metastasis. This review summarizes the recent studies of fundamental understandings of EVs from the aspect of EV heterogeneity and highlights the role of EVs in the various steps from oncogenic to metastatic processes. The recognition of EV subtypes is necessary to identify which pathways can be affected by EVs and which subtypes can be targeted in therapeutic approaches or liquid biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yokoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Luo T, Zhou X, Jiang E, Wang L, Ji Y, Shang Z. Osteosarcoma Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Osteoclastogenesis and Bone Resorption Through Transferring MicroRNA-19a-3p. Front Oncol 2021; 11:618662. [PMID: 33842319 PMCID: PMC8029976 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.618662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer characterized by an aggressive phenotype with bone destruction. The prognosis of OS patients remains unoptimistic with the current treatment strategy. Recently, osteoclasts are believed to play a crucial role in cancer bone metastasis. Thus, osteoclast could be a target both in bone destruction and cancer progression in OS. However, mechanisms governing osteoclastogenesis in OS remain poorly understood. miRNA delivered by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) could mediate cellular communications. In this study, we investigated the effects of sEVs on osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function, also clarified the underlying mechanism. We herein found that sEVs promoted pre-osteoclast migration, osteoclastogenesis and resorption by exposing RAW264.7 cells to sEVs derived from OS cells. Bioinformatics analysis showed that phosphatase tension homologue (PTEN), and miR-19a-3p were involved in OS progression. Overexpression of miR-19a-3p or sEVs’ miR-19a-3p promoted osteoclast formation and function through PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, while inhibition of miR-19a-3p showed the contrary results. The bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were used to verify the results. OS mice, which were established by subcutaneous injection of OS cells, exhibited increased levels of sEVs’ miR-19a-3p in blood. Moreover, micro-computed tomography (CT) and histomorphometry analysis demonstrated that OS mice exhibited osteopenia with increased number of osteoclasts. In conclusion, miR-19a-3p delivery via OS cell-derived sEVs promotes osteoclast differentiation and bone destruction through PTEN/phosphatidylinositol 3 -kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway. These findings highlight sEVs packaging of miR-19a-3p as a potential target for prevention and treatment of bone destruction and cancer progression in OS patients. And this finding provides a novel potentially therapeutic target for the bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Luo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaocheng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erhui Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoting Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengjun Shang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Raman Spectral Signatures of Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Enriched Isolates May Support the Diagnosis of CNS Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061407. [PMID: 33808766 PMCID: PMC8003579 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the molecular composition of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) for tumor diagnostic purposes is becoming increasingly popular, especially for diseases for which diagnosis is challenging, such as central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Thorough examination of the molecular content of sEVs by Raman spectroscopy is a promising but hitherto barely explored approach for these tumor types. We attempt to reveal the potential role of serum-derived sEVs in diagnosing CNS tumors through Raman spectroscopic analyses using a relevant number of clinical samples. A total of 138 serum samples were obtained from four patient groups (glioblastoma multiforme, non-small-cell lung cancer brain metastasis, meningioma and lumbar disc herniation as control). After isolation, characterization and Raman spectroscopic assessment of sEVs, the Principal Component Analysis-Support Vector Machine (PCA-SVM) algorithm was performed on the Raman spectra for pairwise classifications. Classification accuracy (CA), sensitivity, specificity and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value derived from Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to evaluate the performance of classification. The groups compared were distinguishable with 82.9-92.5% CA, 80-95% sensitivity and 80-90% specificity. AUC scores in the range of 0.82-0.9 suggest excellent and outstanding classification performance. Our results support that Raman spectroscopic analysis of sEV-enriched isolates from serum is a promising method that could be further developed in order to be applicable in the diagnosis of CNS tumors.
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19
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Lv L, Liu Y. Clinical Application of Liquid Biopsy in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:658234. [PMID: 33816315 PMCID: PMC8013700 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.658234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a common type of hematological malignant tumor, composed of multiple subtypes that originate from B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells. A diagnosis of NHL depends on the results of a pathology examination, which requires an invasive tissue biopsy. However, due to their invasive nature, tissue biopsies have many limitations in clinical applications, especially in terms of evaluating the therapeutic response and monitoring tumor progression. To overcome these limitations of traditional tissue biopsies, a technique known as "liquid biopsies" (LBs) was proposed. LBs refer to noninvasive examinations that can provide biological tumor data for analysis. Many studies have shown that LBs can be broadly applied to the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and monitoring of NHL. This article will briefly review various LB methods that aim to improve NHL management, including the evaluation of cell-free DNA/circulating tumor DNA, microRNA, and tumor-derived exosomes extracted from peripheral blood in NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Lv
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanbo Liu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Peñas-Martínez J, Barrachina MN, Cuenca-Zamora EJ, Luengo-Gil G, Bravo SB, Caparrós-Pérez E, Teruel-Montoya R, Eliseo-Blanco J, Vicente V, García Á, Martínez-Martínez I, Ferrer-Marín F. Qualitative and Quantitative Comparison of Plasma Exosomes from Neonates and Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041926. [PMID: 33672065 PMCID: PMC7919666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain nucleic acids, lipids and metabolites, and play a critical role in health and disease as mediators of intercellular communication. The majority of extracellular vesicles in the blood are platelet-derived. Compared to adults, neonatal platelets are hyporeactive and show impaired granule release, associated with defects in Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion Attachment protein REceptor (SNARE) proteins. Since these proteins participate in biogenesis of exosomes, we investigated the potential differences between newborn and adult plasma-derived exosomes. Plasma-derived exosomes were isolated by ultracentrifugation of umbilical cord blood from full-term neonates or peripheral blood from adults. Exosome characterization included size determination by transmission electron microscopy and quantitative proteomic analysis. Plasma-derived exosomes from neonates were significantly smaller and contained 65% less protein than those from adults. Remarkably, 131 proteins were found to be differentially expressed, 83 overexpressed and 48 underexpressed in neonatal (vs. adult) exosomes. Whereas the upregulated proteins in plasma exosomes from neonates are associated with platelet activation, coagulation and granule secretion, most of the underexpressed proteins are immunoglobulins. This is the first study showing that exosome size and content change with age. Our findings may contribute to elucidating the potential “developmental hemostatic mismatch risk” associated with transfusions containing plasma exosomes from adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peñas-Martínez
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
| | - María N. Barrachina
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.N.B.); (Á.G.)
| | - Ernesto José Cuenca-Zamora
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
| | - Ginés Luengo-Gil
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Patología Molecular y Farmacogenética, Departamento de Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Susana Belén Bravo
- Servicio de Proteomica, e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital ClínicoUniversitario de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Eva Caparrós-Pérez
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
| | - Raúl Teruel-Montoya
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
- U-765-CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Eliseo-Blanco
- Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Clínico Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
- U-765-CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel García
- Platelet Proteomics Group, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.N.B.); (Á.G.)
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
- U-765-CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.M.-M.); (F.F.-M.); Tel.: +34-968341990 (I.M-M. & F.F.-M.)
| | - Francisca Ferrer-Marín
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (J.P.-M.); (E.J.C.-Z.); (G.L.-G.); (E.C.-P.); (R.T.-M.); (V.V.)
- U-765-CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28220 Madrid, Spain
- Grado de Medicina, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.M.-M.); (F.F.-M.); Tel.: +34-968341990 (I.M-M. & F.F.-M.)
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21
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Røsand Ø, Høydal MA. Cardiac Exosomes in Ischemic Heart Disease- A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020269. [PMID: 33572486 PMCID: PMC7916440 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the primary cause of death globally. IHD is associated with the disruption of blood supply to the heart muscles, which often results in myocardial infarction (MI) that further may progress to heart failure (HF). Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that can be secreted by virtually all types of cells, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stem and progenitor cells. Exosomes represent an important means of cell–cell communication through the transport of proteins, coding and non-coding RNA, and other bioactive molecules. Several studies show that exosomes play an important role in the progression of IHD, including endothelial dysfunction, the development of arterial atherosclerosis, ischemic reperfusion injury, and HF development. Recently, promising data have been shown that designates exosomes as carriers of cardioprotective molecules that enhance the survival of recipient cells undergoing ischemia. In this review, we summarize the functional involvement of exosomes regarding IHD. We also highlight the cardioprotective effects of native and bioengineered exosomes to IHD, as well as the possibility of using exosomes as natural biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Lastly, we discuss the opportunities and challenges that need to be addressed before exosomes can be used in clinical applications.
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22
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Labgaa I, Villanueva A, Dormond O, Demartines N, Melloul E. The Role of Liquid Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prognostication. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040659. [PMID: 33562173 PMCID: PMC7914891 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancer. Clinical guidelines for the management of HCC endorse algorithms deriving from clinical variables whose performances to prognosticate HCC is limited. Liquid biopsy is the molecular analysis of tumor by-products released into the bloodstream. It offers minimally-invasive access to circulating analytes like DNA, RNA, exosomes and cells. This technology demonstrated promising results for various applications in cancers, including prognostication. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the contribution of liquid biopsy in HCC prognostication. The results suggested that liquid biopsy may be a polyvalent and valuable tool to prognosticate HCC. Abstract Showing a steadily increasing cancer-related mortality, the epidemiological evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is concerning. Numerous strategies have attempted to prognosticate HCC but their performance is modest; this is partially due to the heterogeneous biology of this cancer. Current clinical guidelines endorse classifications and scores that use clinical variables, such as the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) classification. These algorithms are unlikely to fully recapitulate the genomic complexity of HCC. Integrating molecular readouts on a patient-basis, following a precision-medicine perspective, might be an option to refine prognostic systems. The limited access to HCC tissue samples is an important limitation to these approaches but it could be partially circumvented by using liquid biopsy. This concept consists of the molecular analysis of products derived from a solid tumor and released into biological fluids, mostly into the bloodstream. It offers an easy and minimally-invasive access to DNA, RNA, extracellular vesicles and cells that can be analyzed with next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. This review aims to investigate the potential contributions of liquid biopsy in HCC prognostication. The results identified prognostic values for each of the components of liquid biopsy, suggesting that this technology may help refine HCC prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Labgaa
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.L.); (O.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Division of Liver Diseases, Liver Cancer Program, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Olivier Dormond
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.L.); (O.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Nicolas Demartines
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.L.); (O.D.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emmanuel Melloul
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (I.L.); (O.D.); (E.M.)
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Galbiati S, Damin F, Brambilla D, Ferraro L, Soriani N, Ferretti AM, Burgio V, Ronzoni M, Vago R, Sola L, Chiari M. Small EVs-Associated DNA as Complementary Biomarker to Circulating Tumor DNA in Plasma of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020128. [PMID: 33562158 PMCID: PMC7915475 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that assessing circular tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the plasma of cancer patients is a promising practice to evaluate somatic mutations from solid tumors noninvasively. Recently, it was reported that isolation of extracellular vesicles improves the detection of mutant DNA from plasma in metastatic patients; however, no consensus on the presence of dsDNA in exosomes has been reached yet. We analyzed small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-associated DNA of eleven metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients and compared the results obtained by microarray and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to those reported on the ctDNA fraction. We detected the same mutations found in tissue biopsies and ctDNA in all samples but, unexpectedly, in one sample, we found a KRAS mutation that was not identified either in ctDNA or tissue biopsy. Furthermore, to assess the exact location of sEV-associated DNA (outside or inside the vesicle), we treated with DNase I sEVs isolated with three different methodologies. We found that the DNA inside the vesicles is only a small fraction of that surrounding the vesicles. Its amount seems to correlate with the total amount of circulating tumor DNA. The results obtained in our experimental setting suggest that integrating ctDNA and sEV-associated DNA in mCRC patient management could provide a complete real-time assessment of the cancer mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Galbiati
- Complications of Diabetes Units, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Francesco Damin
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (L.F.); (A.M.F.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (F.D.)
| | - Dario Brambilla
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (L.F.); (A.M.F.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Lucia Ferraro
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (L.F.); (A.M.F.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Nadia Soriani
- Unit of Genomic for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Anna M. Ferretti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (L.F.); (A.M.F.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Valentina Burgio
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (V.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Monica Ronzoni
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Medica, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy; (V.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Sola
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (L.F.); (A.M.F.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcella Chiari
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC CNR, 20131 Milan, Italy; (D.B.); (L.F.); (A.M.F.); (L.S.); (M.C.)
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Biadglegne F, König B, Rodloff AC, Dorhoi A, Sack U. Composition and Clinical Significance of Exosomes in Tuberculosis: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E145. [PMID: 33406750 PMCID: PMC7795701 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health issue worldwide. In order to contain TB infections, improved vaccines as well as accurate and reliable diagnostic tools are desirable. Exosomes are employed for the diagnosis of various diseases. At present, research on exosomes in TB is still at the preliminary stage. Recent studies have described isolation and characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) derived exosomes in vivo and in vitro. Mtb-derived exosomes (Mtbexo) may be critical for TB pathogenesis by delivering mycobacterial-derived components to the recipient cells. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of Mtbexo have revealed a variety of proteins and miRNA, which are utilized by the TB bacteria for pathogenesis. Exosomes has been isolated in body fluids, are amenable for fast detection, and could contribute as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker to disease control. Extraction of exosomes from biological fluids is essential for the exosome research and requires careful standardization for TB. In this review, we summarized the different studies on Mtbexo molecules, including protein and miRNA and the method used to detect exosomes in biological fluids and cell culture supernatants. Thus, the detection of Mtbexo molecules in biological fluids may have a potential to expedite the diagnosis of TB infection. Moreover, the analysis of Mtbexo may generate new aspects in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantahun Biadglegne
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Brigitte König
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Arne C. Rodloff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.K.); (A.C.R.)
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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Ortega A, Martinez-Arroyo O, Forner MJ, Cortes R. Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems: Endogenous Nanovehicles for Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010003. [PMID: 33374908 PMCID: PMC7821934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nanometer-sized lipid-bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs), have attracted increasing attention due to their inherent ability to shuttle proteins, lipids and genes between cells and their natural affinity to target cells. Their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and ability to overcome biological barriers, have prompted interest in using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, especially for gene therapy. Evidence indicates that exosomes play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance, regulating immune signaling and inflammation. To date, exosome-based nanocarriers delivering small molecule drugs have been developed to treat many prevalent autoimmune diseases. This review highlights the key features of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles, such as therapeutic cargo, use of targeting peptide, loading method and administration route with a broad focus. In addition, we outline the current state of evidence in the field of exosome-based drug delivery systems in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), evaluating exosomes derived from various cell types and engineered exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortega
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Olga Martinez-Arroyo
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
| | - Maria J. Forner
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Internal Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinico Universitario, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Cortes
- Cardiometabolic and Renal Risk Research Group, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.O.); (O.M.-A.); (M.J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96398-3916; Fax: +34-96398-7860
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Circulating Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Impact on Melanoma Diagnosis, Progression Monitoring, and Treatment Response. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120475. [PMID: 33353043 PMCID: PMC7766072 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive human malignancies, is responsible for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Whilst early detection of disease progression or metastasis can improve patient survival, this remains a challenge due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Importantly, these clinical challenges are not unique to humans, as melanoma affects many other species, including companion animals, such as the dog and horse. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny nanoparticles involved in cell-to-cell communication. Several protein and genomic EV markers have been described in the literature, as well as a wide variety of methods for isolating EVs from body fluids. As such, they may be valuable biomarkers in cancer and may address some clinical challenges in the management melanoma. This review aimed to explore the translational applications of EVs as biomarkers in melanoma, as well as their role in the clinical setting in humans and animals. A summary of melanoma-specific protein and genomic EV markers is presented, followed by a discussion of the role EVs in monitoring disease progression and treatment response. Finally, herein, we reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of methods utilised to isolate EVs from bodily fluids in melanoma patients (human and animals) and describe some of the challenges that will need to be addressed before EVs can be introduced in the clinical setting.
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Giudice A, Antonelli A, Chiarella E, Baudi F, Barni T, Di Vito A. The Case of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Addressed from a Pathogenic Point of View. Innovative Therapeutic Strategies: Focus on the Most Recent Discoveries on Oral Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120423. [PMID: 33255626 PMCID: PMC7760182 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) was firstly reported by Marx in 2003. Since 2014, the term medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is recommended by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). Development of MRONJ has been associated to the assumption of bisphosphonates but many MRONJ-promoting factors have been identified. A strong involvement of immunity components has been suggested. Therapeutic intervention includes surgical and non-surgical treatments, as well as regenerative medicine procedures for the replacement of the lost tissues. The literature confirms that the combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), biomaterials and local biomolecules can support the regeneration/repair of different structures. In this review, we report the major open topics in the pathogenesis of MRONJ. Then, we introduce the oral tissues recognized as sources of MSCs, summing up in functional terms what is known about the exosomes release in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amerigo Giudice
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.G.); (A.A.)
| | - Emanuela Chiarella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (F.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Francesco Baudi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (F.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Tullio Barni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (F.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Anna Di Vito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (E.C.); (F.B.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Romano E, Netti PA, Torino E. Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100319. [PMID: 33086616 PMCID: PMC7603361 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Romano
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Torino
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-955-8158
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Konoshenko M, Sagaradze G, Orlova E, Shtam T, Proskura K, Kamyshinsky R, Yunusova N, Alexandrova A, Efimenko A, Tamkovich S. Total Blood Exosomes in Breast Cancer: Potential Role in Crucial Steps of Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7341. [PMID: 33027894 PMCID: PMC7582945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are crucial players in cell-to-cell communication and are involved in tumorigenesis. There are two fractions of blood circulating exosomes: free and cell-surface-associated. Here, we compared the effect of total blood exosomes (contain plasma exosomes and blood cell-surface-associated exosomes) and plasma exosomes from breast cancer patients (BCPs, n = 43) and healthy females (HFs, n = 35) on crucial steps of tumor progression. Exosomes were isolated by ultrafiltration, followed by ultracentrifugation, and characterized by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and flow cytometry. Cryo-EM revealed a wider spectrum of exosome morphology with lipid bilayers and vesicular internal structures in the HF total blood in comparison with plasma. No differences in the morphology of both exosomes fractions were detected in BCP blood. The plasma exosomes and total blood exosomes of BCPs had different expression levels of tumor-associated miR-92a and miR-25-3p, induced angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and increased the number of migrating pseudo-normal breast cells and the total migration path length of cancer cells. The multidirectional effects of HF total blood exosomes on tumor dissemination were revealed; they suppress the angiogenesis and total migration path length of MCF10A, but stimulate EMT and increase the number of migrating MCF10A and the total path length of SKBR3 cells. In addition, HF plasma exosomes enhance the metastasis-promoting properties of SKBR3 cells and stimulate angiogenesis. Both cell-free and blood cell-surface-associated exosomes are involved in the crucial stages of carcinogenesis: the initiation of EMT and the stimulation of proliferation, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Thus, for the estimation of the diagnostic/prognostic significance of circulating exosomes in the blood of cancer patients more correctly, the total blood exosomes, which consist of plasma exosomes and blood cell-surface-associated exosomes should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Konoshenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.K.); (K.P.)
| | - Georgy Sagaradze
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (G.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Evgeniya Orlova
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Tatiana Shtam
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia;
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ksenia Proskura
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.K.); (K.P.)
- Novosibirsk Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary, 630108 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman Kamyshinsky
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre, “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Yunusova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Science, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Antonina Alexandrova
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.O.); (A.A.)
| | - Anastasia Efimenko
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (G.S.); (A.E.)
| | - Svetlana Tamkovich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.K.); (K.P.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Nisticò N, Maisano D, Iaccino E, Vecchio E, Fiume G, Rotundo S, Quinto I, Mimmi S. Role of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)-Derived Exosomes in Tumor Progression and Survival. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090244. [PMID: 32937811 PMCID: PMC7557731 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-lymphoproliferative disease, which consists of the abnormal proliferation of CD19/CD5/CD20/CD23 positive lymphocytes in blood and lymphoid organs, such as bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. The neoplastic transformation and expansion of tumor B cells are commonly recognized as antigen-driven processes, mediated by the interaction of antigens with the B cell receptor (BCR) expressed on the surface of B-lymphocytes. The survival and progression of CLL cells largely depend on the direct interaction of CLL cells with receptors of accessory cells of tumor microenvironment. Recently, much interest has been focused on the role of tumor release of small extracellular vesicles (EVs), named exosomes, which incorporate a wide range of biologically active molecules, particularly microRNAs and proteins, which sustain the tumor growth. Here, we will review the role of CLL-derived exosomes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Nisticò
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Domenico Maisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
- Correspondence: (E.I.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Salvatore Rotundo
- Department of Health Sciences–University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine – University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (N.N.); (D.M.); (E.V.); (G.F.); (I.Q.)
- Correspondence: (E.I.); (S.M.)
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Manna I, De Benedittis S, Quattrone A, Maisano D, Iaccino E, Quattrone A. Exosomal miRNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090243. [PMID: 32932746 PMCID: PMC7559720 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is linked to a variety of internal and external factors present from the early stages of the disease. There are several risk factors related to the pathogenesis of AD, among these exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) are of particular importance. Exosomes are nanocarriers released from many different cell types, including neuronal cells. Through the transfer of bioactive molecules, they play an important role both in the maintenance of physiological and in pathological conditions. Exosomes could be carriers of potential biomarkers useful for the assessment of disease progression and for therapeutic applications. miRNAs are small noncoding endogenous RNA sequences active in the regulation of protein expression, and alteration of miRNA expression can result in a dysregulation of key genes and pathways that contribute to disease development. Indeed, the involvement of exosomal miRNAs has been highlighted in various neurodegenerative diseases, and this opens the possibility that dysregulated exosomal miRNA profiles may influence AD disease. The advances in exosome-related biomarker detection in AD are summarized. Finally, in this review, we highlight the use of exosomal miRNAs as essential biomarkers in preclinical and clinical studies in Alzheimer’s disease, also taking a look at their potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Manna
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Selene De Benedittis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia,” Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Institute of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia,” Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Domenico Maisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (E.I.)
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Section of Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
- Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Graecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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