Quercetin as a Therapeutic Product: Evaluation of Its Pharmacological Action and Clinical Applications-A Review

Exploring quercetin based nano formulation in combating human Metapneumovirus infections

Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a significant respiratory pathogen, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Despite its clinical impact, there are currently no approved vaccines or specific antiviral treatments for hMPV, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid with well-documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, has shown promising potential in combating hMPV infections. However, its poor bioavailability limits its therapeutic efficacy. Recent advancements in nanotechnology offer a solution through quercetin-based nanoformulations, which enhance its solubility, stability, and bioavailability, thereby improving its antiviral potency. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated strong interactions between quercetin and the hMPV matrix protein, suggesting its role in inhibiting viral replication. Additionally, quercetin modulates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses by suppressing key pathways such as NF-κB and IRF-3, reducing lung damage associated with hMPV infections. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that quercetin-loaded nanoparticles effectively decrease viral titers and inflammatory markers. Given its natural origin, safety profile, and therapeutic potential, quercetin-based nanoformulations emerge as a promising candidate for hMPV treatment. Further clinical trials are required to validate their efficacy and optimize formulations for potential clinical application.

Machine learning tools for the characterization of bioactive metabolites derived from different parts of Ochrosia elliptica Labill. for the management of Alzheimer's disease

Currently, natural products are one of the most valuable resources for discovering novel chemical medicinal entities. A total of 41 compounds were tentatively identified from the stems, barks, roots, and fruits of Ochrosia elliptica Labill. using UPLC-MS/MS analysis. The binding affinities of these biomarkers for the active sites of acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase enzymes were further validated using molecular docking studies, which showed good results with (-)C-Docker interaction energy ranges of 30.17-86.73 and 26.81-72.42 (kcal mol-1), respectively. The most active predicted compound was a quercetin derivative [quercetin-3-O-rhamnosyl-(1-3)-rhamnosyl-(1-6)-hexoside, E = -86.73, -72.42 kcal mol-1], which was subjected to dynamic simulation studies against the two enzymes to investigate the stability of the docked conformation. Root-mean-square fluctuations (RMSFs) showed values of 0.25-4.0 and 0.50-4.75 compared to free-state protein RMSF values of 0.25-4.5 and 0.5-7.5, revealing stable fluctuations over time after docking of this compound to AChE and BChE active pockets, respectively. AI in pharmacology can significantly improve patient outcomes and advance healthcare. Ligand binding or catalytic sites for AzrBmH21, AzrBmH22/3, and AzrBmH24/5 were predicted using a machine learning algorithm based on the Prank Web and DeepSite chemoinformatics tools. These findings will establish a scientific foundation for further investigations into the Ochrosia genus, particularly in relation to Alzheimer's disease.

How Does Cloning Change Phenolics, Minerals and Antioxidant Activity in Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (Clone A, Clone B)?

Tissue culture and cloning are valuable techniques in plant biology research as they enable the production of genetically identical plants, which may be utilized for many purposes, such as crop enhancement, plant breeding, and genetic manipulation. Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench, also known as immortelle or strawflower (Asteraceae), is a species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. In this study, the aerial part of two Clones (Clone A, Clone B) of H. arenarium were used to consider the effect of Clones on the phenolics, minerals, and antioxidant activities. The methanol extracts were analyzed and compared for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy is a widely used method for the determination of a wide range of elements in plant materials, including macro and microelements. Calcium and potassium are the major mineral elements. The phenolics were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry. The highest caffeic acid was determined in the methanolic extract, followed by protocatechuic aldehyde and protocatechuic acid.

Ferroptosis and hyperoxic lung injury: insights into pathophysiology and treatment approaches

Hyperoxia therapy is a critical clinical intervention for both acute and chronic illnesses. However, prolonged exposure to high-concentration oxygen can cause lung injury. The mechanisms of hyperoxic lung injury (HLI) remain incompletely understood, and current treatment options are limited. Improving the safety of hyperoxia therapy has thus become an urgent priority. Ferroptosis, a novel form of regulated cell death characterized by iron accumulation and excessive lipid peroxidation, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of HLI, including diffuse alveolar damage, vascular endothelial injury, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In this review, we analyze the latest findings on ferroptosis and therapeutic strategies for HLI. Our aim is to provide new insights for the treatment of HLI and to facilitate the translation of these findings from bench to bedside.

Dual ROS/Glucose-Responsive Quercetin-Loaded Supramolecular Hydrogel for Diabetic Wound Healing

Diabetic wound healing remains a significant challenge due to complex pathological mechanisms, including prolonged inflammation, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, angiogenesis dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. In this study, we developed a dual ROS/glucose-responsive quercetin-loaded supramolecular hydrogel (GPQ hydrogel) for treating diabetic wounds. The hydrogel was fabricated by incorporating quercetin (QUE) into a guanosine-phenylboronic acid (GP) hydrogel network through dynamic borate ester bonds. Structural characterization revealed the formation of a typical G-quadruplex structure in the GPQ hydrogel. The dual responsiveness to ROS and glucose enabled the controlled release of QUE, effectively addressing the abnormal wound microenvironment in diabetes. In vitro studies demonstrated the excellent antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-angiogenic properties of the GPQ hydrogel. Furthermore, the in vivo diabetic wound healing study using a full-thickness wound model in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats showed that the GPQ hydrogel significantly accelerated wound closure, enhanced re-epithelialization and collagen deposition, and promoted angiogenesis compared to the control and GP hydrogel groups. Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed the superior antioxidant and pro-angiogenic effects of the GPQ hydrogel in the wound microenvironment. This study presents a promising multifunctional biomaterial for effectively managing diabetic wounds.

Regulation of adipokine and batokine secretion by dietary flavonoids, as a prospective therapeutic approach for obesity and its metabolic complications

Traditionally recognised as the energy reservoir and main site of adaptive thermogenesis, white and brown adipose tissues are complex endocrine organs regulating systemic energy metabolism via the secretion of bioactive molecules, termed "adipokines" and "batokines", respectively. Due to its significant role in regulating whole-body energy metabolism and other physiological processes, adipose tissue has been increasingly explored as a feasible therapeutic target for obesity. Flavonoids are one of the most significant plant polyphenolic compounds holding a great potential as therapeutic agents for combating obesity. However, understanding their mechanisms of action remains largely insufficient to formulate therapeutic theories. This review critically discusses scientific evidence highlighting the role of flavonoids in ameliorating obesity-related metabolic complications, including adipose tissue dysfunction, inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and cardiovascular comorbidities in part by modulating the release of adipokines and batokines. Further discussion advocates for the use of therapeutics targeting these bioactive molecules as a potential avenue for developing effective treatment for obesity and its adverse metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes.

Protective effects and mechanisms of quercetin in animal models of hyperuricemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Quercetin, a prevalent natural flavonoid found in various medicinal plants, including Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo, has garnered attention for its potential health benefits. However, foundational animal studies investigating the effects of quercetin on lowering uric acid levels remain insufficiently established, and the number of related clinical studies is limited. This scarcity hinders the practical application of quercetin in managing hyperuricemia. We systematically searched for preclinical studies published by December 2024 in nine databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The results of our meta-analysis showed that, compared with the model group, quercetin not only effectively alleviated the pathological injury of the kidney and liver and improved the renal function indexes in the animal model of hyperuricemia but also played a role in lowering uric acid by modulating multiple signaling pathways such as oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and transporter proteins. Quercetin showed a more substantial effect in decreasing serum creatinine levels (SMD = -4.29, 95 % CI [-6.48, -2.10], P = 0.0001), blood urea nitrogen levels (SMD = -3.08, 95 % CI [-4.80, -1.35], P = 0.0005), and Up-regulate organic anion transporter 1 mRNA expression levels (SMD = 2.72, 95 %CI [0.45, 4.99], P = 0.02) compared to the positive control group. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of the results, while the subgroup analysis indicates that the treatment course may be the main source of heterogeneity. The results of the Dose-efficacy analysis suggested that quercetin had a more substantial protective effect against hyperuricemia at a gavage dose of 100-200 mg/kg. However, to more accurately assess the effects of quercetin on hyperuricemia, it is essential to conduct additional high-quality, large-scale animal trials to validate our findings.

Phytochemical insights into flavonoids in cancer: Mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and the case of quercetin

Quercetin, a flavonoid known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has gained attention in cancer therapy due to its ability to modulate key molecular pathways involved in tumor progression and immune evasion. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of quercetin's effects on pathways such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT, which are central to cancer cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling, quercetin promotes apoptosis and reduces proliferation specifically in cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. Additionally, quercetin downregulates NF-κB activity and modulates JAK/STAT signaling, enhancing immune recognition of cancer cells and decreasing inflammation in the tumor microenvironment. Emerging nanoformulation strategies are also discussed, highlighting how nanotechnology can improve quercetin's bioavailability and targeting capabilities. Unlike other reviews, this work uniquely integrates molecular insights with cutting-edge nanoformulations, showcasing quercetin's dual potential as a therapeutic agent and an immune modulator in the evolving landscape of cancer treatment. This review underscores quercetin's multifaceted role in cancer treatment and suggests future directions to optimize its clinical efficacy, particularly in combination with conventional therapies.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) By-products in Food Processing and Health Promotion

The edible and nonedible parts of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) contain vitamins, phytocompounds, fiber, and fatty acids. This review highlights the uses of mango by-products in the food industry and their effects on human health. The literature offers many new possibilities for the usage of mango secondary products in the food industry, such as the production of functional foods and bakery products, in addition to the potential for extraction of antioxidants and enzymes. Furthermore, due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, the consumption of various mango by-products, in the form of peel and leaf (powder or extract), can improve glycemia, plasma lipid levels, satiety, and endothelial function, suggesting that these compounds can prevent or improve various risk factors for cardiovascular complications and metabolic syndrome. Clinical trials show that the discarded parts of mango fruits and leaves can be used to treat diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. Moreover, mango by-products can be utilized to improve the functional characteristics of foods, may be incorporated as fat replacers, and have the potential to leverage agribusiness and reduce environmental damage resulting from the disposal of discarded materials, in addition to reducing waste and the complex chain of environmental damage. Mango by-products also have the potential to produce nutraceutical food items. The use of new technologies can bring to light the production of numerous products made from by-products, contributing to the development of industrial functional foods. In addition, products for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries may also be developed. Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products could have lower prices and could, therefore, be used by low-income populations. The utilization of mango by-products meets the current trend and growing market for better and healthier products. However, more clinical trials are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of mango by-products on human health, and new technologies can improve industrial applications.

Integrative metabolomics and molecular networking reveal metabolic rewiring in Tartary buckwheat sprouts under moderate hydrostatic pressure

The effects of moderate hydrostatic pressure (MHP) pretreatment on bioactive metabolites in Tartary buckwheat sprouts remain insufficiently studied. In this work, a non-targeted metabolomics approach, combined with feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), identified 22 metabolites in sprouts treated with 0-30 MPa pressure, four of which were previously unreported, thus expanding the species' phytochemical diversity. MHP treatment activated phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), resulting in a 2.3-fold increase in total flavonoids, particularly glycosylated derivatives such as quercetin 3-rutinoside 7-glucoside (13.2-fold increase at 25 MPa). In contrast, condensed tannins, responsible for astringency, were reduced by 40-60 %. These findings suggest that MHP pretreatment may serve as a sustainable alternative to chemical elicitors, promoting biofortification and improving sensory attributes in sprout-based functional foods.

Toxicity studies of compound spermatogenic pill:Acute toxicity and subacute toxicity

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Spermatogenic Pill (SP) is a commonly used clinical preparation in the Third Clinical Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Has accumulated a good reputation for more than a decade. However, because SP is a hospital clinical agent, it has received little extensive attention from researchers, which has led to a systematic lack of basic research on it. Therefore, it is impossible to determine whether there are safety hazards that may limit its widespread clinical application, and an in-depth toxicological evaluation of SP is essential and urgent.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to assess the safety of SP by conducting acute and subacute toxicity examinations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Identify active compounds contained in SP by LC-MS, and determination of inorganic elements in SP using ICP-MS. The in vivo acute toxicity of SP was assessed over a duration of 14 days following administration at doses of 7.5, 15, or 30 g/kg. To evaluate subacute toxicity, mice were administered daily doses of SP (7.5, 15, or 30 g/kg) for a period of 28 days. After the treatment period, the animals were euthanized, and standard blood tests, liver and kidney function tests, as well as tests related to glycolipid metabolism, were performed. The principal organs of the mice were collected to calculate organ coefficients and undergo hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.

RESULTS

LC-MS analysis showed that the active components of SP include Quercetin, Kaempferol, Beta-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, Diosbulbin B, Schizandrin, Naringenin, 2,3-hydroxycinnamic acid, L-proline, Histidine and Pluviatolide. The total amount of detected inorganic elements accounted for 3.0919% of SP. During the SP acute toxicity experiment, the groups that received the drug exhibited no signs of adverse reactions or poisoning symptoms. In subacute toxicity experiments, drug-treated mice showed overall favorable status, but the effects of continuous administration of the 30 g/kg group on body weight and food intake were reduced. An increase in the white marrow of spleen tissue after long-term administration of the drug treatment was also observed, suggesting that the drug can increase the maturation process and the number of mature lymphocytes in the spleen, and improve the lymphocyte immunity and humoral immunity function of the organism. Suggests that possibly this should be taken into account in clinical application. The routine blood examinations, as well as the assessments of liver and kidney functions, and the tests for glucose and lipid metabolism, did not reveal any notable toxic effects.

CONCLUSION

SP contains more flavonoids, and terpenoid active ingredients, and is non-toxic in the body. This discovery not only strengthens the safety foundation of its clinical application, provides a solid scientific basis for the establishment of reasonable clinical dosage and the implementation of effective clinical toxicity monitoring, but also further lays a solid theoretical cornerstone for the subsequent clinical drug trials.

Therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of phytoconstituents: emphasizing on resveratol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin in ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a long-term inflammatory colon illness that significantly affects patients quality of life. Traditional medicines and therapies often come with challenges such as side effects, instability, unpredictability, and high costs. This has captured interest in natural products that have huge health benefits. Various natural compounds, including resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, berberine, and hesperidin demonstrate immunomodulatory and oxido-inflammatory properties inside the gut epithelium, showing potential in managing ulcerative colitis. These compounds attenuate inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, and TLR4 signaling leading to a reduction in the production of inflammation-related cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6. They also augment the activity of internal defense compounds, including superoxide radical dismutase enzyme and heme oxygenase-1, thereby alleviating oxidative damage. In addition, natural compounds have a profound effect on the endogenous microbiota and thus, support mucosal healing and intercellular barrier integrity. Both experimental and clinical analyses provide evidence that these bioactive compounds may help reduce clinical manifestations, induce and sustain remission, and improve the well-being of individuals suffering from ulcerative colitis. This review seeks to discuss various aspects of natural compounds in the management of ulcerative colitis, including mechanisms, therapeutic prospects, and hurdles, and hence the basis for future research and practice.

Antidiabetic Effects of Quercetin and Silk Sericin in Attenuating Dysregulation of Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Diabetic Rats Through Potential Modulation of PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 Signaling: In Vivo and In Silico Studies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an intricate disease correlated with many metabolic deregulations, including disordered glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular apoptosis due to hepatic gluconeogenesis aberrations. However, there is no radical therapy to inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis disturbances yet. We thus sought to probe the effectiveness and uncover the potential mechanism of quercetin (QCT) and silk sericin (SS) in mitigating hyperglycemia-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis disorder, which remains obscure. Administration of QCT and SS to diabetic male albino rats markedly restored the levels of glucose, insulin, advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), liver function enzymes, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), globulin, and glycogen, in addition to hepatic carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and gluconeogenesis in comparison with diabetic rats. Furthermore, treatment with QCT and SS modulated hepatic malondialdehyde (MD), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), in addition to serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), implying their effectiveness in safeguarding cells against oxidative impairment and inflammation. Remarkably, QCT and SS treatments led to the upregulation of expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K), phospho-Akt (p-Akt), and forkhead box-O1 (FOXO1) genes in hepatic tissues compared to diabetic rats, orchestrating these singling pathways for curtailing hyperglycemia and pernicious consequences in hepatic tissues. Importantly, immunohistochemical investigations exhibited downregulation of caspase-3 expression in rats treated with QCT and SS compared to diabetic animals. Beyond that, the histopathological results of hepatic tissues demonstrated notable correlations with biochemical findings. Interestingly, the in silico results supported the in vivo findings, showing notable binding affinities of QCT and SS to PI3K, GPx, and TNF-α proteins. These results imply that QCT and SS could mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation and regulate hepatic gluconeogenesis in diabetic rats. However, QCT revealed greater molecular interactions with the studied proteins than SS. Overall, our results emphasize that QCT and SS have significant therapeutic effects on attenuating hyperglycemia-induced hepatic gluconeogenesis, with QCT showing superior effectiveness.

Approaches based on natural products and miRNAs in pituitary adenomas: unveiling therapeutic intervention

Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are tumors originating in the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. They are the most common type of pituitary tumor, affecting approximately 1 in 10 people over their lifetime. Common symptoms include headaches, vision problems, hormonal imbalances, and weight changes. Treatment options depend on the type and size of the adenoma and may consist of medication, surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination. PAs are typically benign and slow-growing, but they can cause significant health issues if left untreated. Proper diagnosis and management by an experienced multidisciplinary team is important for achieving the best outcomes. Natural compounds like celastrol, curcumin, quercetin, apigenin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and genistein have shown the ability to inhibit cell growth, promote cell death, and suppress hormone activity in pituitary tumor cells, suggesting their potential as alternative or complementary treatments for PAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a kind of tiny RNA molecules that do not code for proteins and have a vital function in controlling gene expression. These 21-23 nucleotide-long molecules regulate gene expression by binding to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules, leading to mRNA degradation. miRNAs participate in a wide range of biological activities, including apoptosis, metastasis, differentiation, and proliferation. The research indicates that miRNAs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis, therapeutic approaches, diagnosis, and prognosis of PAs. This review article will provide a comprehensive analysis of the current understanding of the efficacy of naturally derived anti-cancer agents in the treatment of PAs. Furthermore, the study provides a comprehensive assessment of the miRNAs in PAs, their role in the development of PAs, and their potential application in the treatment of the condition.

A multifactorial lens on risk factors promoting the progression of Alzheimer's disease

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among adults has continued to increase over the last two decades, which has sparked a significant increase in research that focuses on the topic of "brain health." While AD is partially determined by a genetic predisposition, there are still numerous pathophysiological factors that require further research. This research requirement stems from the acknowledgment that AD is a multifactorial disease that to date, cannot be prevented. Therefore, addressing and understanding the potential AD risk factors is necessary to increase the quality of life of an aging population. To raise awareness of critical pathways that impact AD progression, this review manuscript describes AD etiologies, structural impairments, and biomolecular changes that can significantly increase the risk of AD. Among them, a special highlight is given to inflammasomes, which have been shown to bolster neuroinflammation. Alike, the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, an essential neuropeptide that promotes the preservation of cognition is presented. In addition, the functional role of neurovascular units to regulate brain health is highlighted and contrasted to inflammatory conditions, such as cellular senescence, vascular damage, and increased visceral adiposity, who all increase the risk of neuroinflammation. Altogether, a multifactorial interventional approach is warranted to reduce the risk of AD.

Applications and Advantages of Cellulose-Chitosan Biocomposites: Sustainable Alternatives for Reducing Plastic Dependency

This review presents a comprehensive review of cellulose-chitosan-based biocomposites that have high potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic polymers. These biocomposites, due to biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial properties, attract attention for wide application in various industries. This review includes modern methods for producing cellulose-chitosan composites aimed at improving their mechanical and chemical properties, such as strength, flexibility, and water resistance. Particular attention is paid to the use of composites in packaging materials, where they provide protection and durability of products, and help reduce the environmental footprint. In medicine, such composites are used for drug delivery and tissue engineering, providing controlled release of active substances and tissue regeneration. In addition, their advantages in wastewater treatment are discussed, where the composites effectively remove heavy metal ions and organic pollutants due to their high sorption capacity. This study focuses on the wide potential of cellulose-chitosan biocomposites and their role in solving environmental problems.

The Intersection of Epigenetics and Senolytics in Mechanisms of Aging and Therapeutic Approaches

The biological process of aging is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors. Recent advancements in the fields of epigenetics and senolytics offer promising avenues for understanding and addressing age-related diseases. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, with mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation playing critical roles in aging. Senolytics, a class of drugs targeting and eliminating senescent cells, address the accumulation of dysfunctional cells that contribute to tissue degradation and chronic inflammation through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. This scoping review examines the intersection of epigenetic mechanisms and senolytic therapies in aging, focusing on their combined potential for therapeutic interventions. Senescent cells display distinct epigenetic signatures, such as DNA hypermethylation and histone modifications, which can be targeted to enhance senolytic efficacy. Epigenetic reprogramming strategies, such as induced pluripotent stem cells, may further complement senolytics by rejuvenating aged cells. Integrating epigenetic modulation with senolytic therapy offers a dual approach to improving healthspan and mitigating age-related pathologies. This narrative review underscores the need for continued research into the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions and suggests future directions for therapeutic development, including clinical trials, biomarker discovery, and combination therapies that synergistically target aging processes.

Molecular pathways involved in the control of contractile and metabolic properties of skeletal muscle fibers as potential therapeutic targets for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding dystrophin, a subsarcolemmal protein whose absence results in increased susceptibility of the muscle fiber membrane to contraction-induced injury. This results in increased calcium influx, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to chronic inflammation, myofiber degeneration, and reduced muscle regenerative capacity. Fast glycolytic muscle fibers have been shown to be more vulnerable to mechanical stress than slow oxidative fibers in both DMD patients and DMD mouse models. Therefore, remodeling skeletal muscle toward a slower, more oxidative phenotype may represent a relevant therapeutic approach to protect dystrophic muscles from deterioration and improve the effectiveness of gene and cell-based therapies. The resistance of slow, oxidative myofibers to DMD pathology is attributed, in part, to their higher expression of Utrophin; there are, however, other characteristics of slow, oxidative fibers that might contribute to their enhanced resistance to injury, including reduced contractile speed, resistance to fatigue, increased capillary density, higher mitochondrial activity, decreased cellular energy requirements. This review focuses on signaling pathways and regulatory factors whose genetic or pharmacologic modulation has been shown to ameliorate the dystrophic pathology in preclinical models of DMD while promoting skeletal muscle fiber transition towards a slower more oxidative phenotype.

Quercetin and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Metabolism: A Comparative Analysis of Young and Senescent States

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid renowned for its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antibacterial properties, making it a highly promising candidate for the treatment of various medical conditions. Our current study investigates the influence of quercetin on energy metabolism, fatty acid composition, oxidative stress gene expression, and sirtuin expression in early- and late-stage passages of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs). Mitochondrial respiration was analyzed by measuring oxygen consumption following a 24 h quercetin treatment, while fatty acid profiles were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to assess the expression of oxidative stress genes and sirtuins. In younger SHEDs, quercetin enhances metabolic activity and mitochondrial respiration, although higher doses may decrease mitochondrial activity. Conversely, in older, senescent SHEDs, quercetin supports mitochondrial function at lower concentrations but appears to inhibit respiration at higher doses. These results suggest that quercetin may hold therapeutic potential for maintaining SHED viability and function, especially at lower doses in older cells. Further research is essential to fully elucidate a dose-dependent effect of quercetin and optimize its applications in regenerative medicine.

Insights into grape-derived health benefits: a comprehensive overview

Grapes, renowned for their diverse phytochemical composition, have long been recognized for their health-promoting properties. This narrative review aims to synthesize the current research on grapes, with a particular emphasis on their role in disease prevention and health enhancement through bioactive compounds.

A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, was conducted to elucidate the relationship between grape consumption and health outcomes. The review highlights the positive association of grape intake with a decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. Notable bioactive components like resveratrol are emphasized for their neuroprotective and antioxidative capabilities. Additionally, the review explores emerging research on the impact of grapes on gut microbiota and its implications for metabolic health and immune function.

This updated review underscores the importance of future research to fully leverage and understand the therapeutic potential of grape-derived compounds, aiming to refine dietary guidelines and functional food formulations. Further translational studies are expected to clarify the specific bioactive interactions and their impacts on health.

Graphical Abstract

Novelties on Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease-Focus on Gut and Oral Microbiota Involvement

Recent studies underscore the role of gut and oral microbiota in influencing neuroinflammation through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, including in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of recent findings on the involvement of gut and oral microbiota in the neuroinflammatory processes associated with AD, emphasizing novel insights and therapeutic implications. This review reveals that dysbiosis in AD patients' gut and oral microbiota is linked to heightened peripheral and central inflammatory responses. Specific bacterial taxa, such as Bacteroides and Firmicutes in the gut, as well as Porphyromonas gingivalis in the oral cavity, are notably altered in AD, leading to significant changes in microglial activation and cytokine production. Gut microbiota alterations are associated with increased intestinal permeability, facilitating the translocation of endotoxins like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) into the bloodstream and exacerbating neuroinflammation by activating the brain's toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathways. Furthermore, microbiota-derived metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and amyloid peptides, can cross the blood-brain barrier and modulate neuroinflammatory responses. While microbial amyloids may contribute to amyloid-beta aggregation in the brain, certain SCFAs like butyrate exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue to mitigate neuroinflammation. This review not only highlights the critical role of microbiota in AD pathology but also offers a ray of hope by suggesting that modulating gut and oral microbiota could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing neuroinflammation and slowing disease progression.

Drug Combination Studies of Isoquinolinone AM12 with Curcumin or Quercetin: A New Combination Strategy to Synergistically Inhibit 20S Proteasome

In the eukaryotic cells, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in the intracellular protein turnover. It is involved in several cellular functions such as the control of the regular cell cycle progression, the immune surveillance, and the homeostasis. Within the 20S proteasome barrel-like structure, the catalytic subunits, β1, β2 and β5, are responsible for different proteolytic activities: caspase-like (C-L), trypsin-like (T-L) and chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L), respectively. The β5 subunit is particularly targeted for its role in antitumor activity: the synthesis of β5 subunit inhibitors could be a promising strategy for the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors. In the present work, we performed two combination studies of AM12, a recently developed synthetic proteasome inhibitor, with curcumin and quercetin, two nutraceuticals endowed of many pharmacological properties. We measured the combination index (CI), applying the Chou and Talalay method, comparing the two studies, from 50% to 90% of proteasome inhibition. In the case of the combination AM12 + curcumin, an increasing synergism was observed from 50% to 90% of proteasome inhibition, while in the case of the combination AM12 + quercetin an additive effect was observed only from 50% to 70% of β5 subunit inhibition. These results suggest that combining AM12 with curcumin is a more promising strategy than combining it with quercetin for potential therapeutic applications, especially in treating tumors.

Quercetin and Thyroid

Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables. For its antiproliferative, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidants activities, it is an active ingredient of several herbal remedies and is available as a nutraceutical. Experimental studies performed in vitro have demonstrated that quercetin inhibits growth and function in normal thyroid cells and may act as a thyroid disruptor. These effects have also been confirmed in vivo using rodent models. Some studies have reported the ability of quercetin to interfere with the metabolism of thyroid hormones, since it inhibits the 5'-deiodinase type 1 (D1) activity in the thyroid, as well as in the liver. Besides the effects on normal thyroid cells, several experiments performed in vitro have shown a potential therapeutic role of quercetin in thyroid cancer. Indeed, quercetin inhibits the growth, the adhesion and the migration of thyroid cancer cells, and it also has redifferentiation properties in some thyroid cancer cell lines. In conclusion, these data suggest that, although its effects can be of benefit in hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer, caution is required in the use of high doses of quercetin due to its anti-thyroid properties. Further in vivo studies are certainly needed to confirm these hypotheses.

Quercetin inhibits ferroptosis through the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviates asthma disease

Background

Quercetin (QCT) is a bioflavonoid derived from vegetables and fruits that has anti-inflammatory and anti-ferroptosis effects against various diseases. Previous studies have shown that QCT modulates the production of cellular inflammatory factors in asthma models and delays the development of chronic airway inflammation. However, the regulatory mechanism of QCT, a traditional Chinese medicine, in the treatment of asthma has not been elucidated. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether QCT can inhibit ferroptosis via the SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway and play a therapeutic role in asthma.

Methods

An ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model was established, and its function was verified by hematoxylin eosin staining, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ferric ion assay, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase assays, dihydroethidium staining, immunohistochemical staining, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Our results indicated that an ovalbumin-induced asthma mouse model had been successfully established and that QCT inhibited inflammation, reduced serum levels of inflammatory factors IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, increased superoxide dismutase levels in lung tissue homogenates, and reduced malondialdehyde and ferric ion production in asthmatic mice. In addition, we found that QCT was able to reverse the expression of SIRT1, Nrf2 and HO-1 in an in vivo asthma mouse model.

Conclusions

The data from this study indicate that QCT can alleviate asthma, and its mechanism is related to the regulation of ferroptosis, oxidative stress, and the expression of SIRT1 protein.

Antibiotic adjuvants against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: important component of future antimicrobial therapy

The swift emergence and propagation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens constitute a tremendous global health crisis. Among these pathogens, the challenge of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is particularly pressing due to their distinctive structure, such as highly impermeable outer membrane, overexpressed efflux pumps, and mutations. Several strategies have been documented to combat MDR Gram-negative bacteria, including the structural modification of existing antibiotics, the development of antimicrobial adjuvants, and research on novel targets that MDR bacteria are sensitive to. Drugs functioning as adjuvants to mitigate resistance to existing antibiotics may play a pivotal role in future antibacterial therapy strategies. In this review, we provide a brief overview of potential antibacterial adjuvants against Gram-negative bacteria and their mechanisms of action, and discuss the application prospects and potential for bacterial resistance to these adjuvants, along with strategies to reduce this risk.

Natural Autophagy Activators to Fight Age-Related Diseases

The constant increase in the elderly population presents significant challenges in addressing new social, economic, and health problems concerning this population. With respect to health, aging is a primary risk factor for age-related diseases, which are driven by interconnected molecular hallmarks that influence the development of these diseases. One of the main mechanisms that has attracted more attention to aging is autophagy, a catabolic process that removes and recycles damaged or dysfunctional cell components to preserve cell viability. The autophagy process can be induced or deregulated in response to a wide range of internal or external stimuli, such as starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, damaged organelles, infectious pathogens, and aging. Natural compounds that promote the stimulation of autophagy regulatory pathways, such as mTOR, FoxO1/3, AMPK, and Sirt1, lead to increased levels of essential proteins such as Beclin-1 and LC3, as well as a decrease in p62. These changes indicate the activation of autophagic flux, which is known to be decreased in cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cataracts. The regulated administration of natural compounds offers an adjuvant therapeutic alternative in age-related diseases; however, more experimental evidence is needed to support and confirm these health benefits. Hence, this review aims to highlight the potential benefits of natural compounds in regulating autophagy pathways as an alternative approach to combating age-related diseases.

Quercetin, the Potential Powerful Flavonoid for Human and Food: A Review

Flavonoids occur naturally in different types of fruits and vegetables, including tea, cabbage, cauliflower, elderberries, cranberries, red apples, lettuce, pears, spinach, green hot peppers, white and red onions, kale, blueberries, and nuts. Among these flavonoids is quercetin, a potent natural antioxidant and cytotoxic substance with a number of therapeutic functions. Nowadays, quercetin is a common ingredient in many nutraceutical and cosmeceutical products due to its antioxidant properties. Its antibacterial effects and possible action mechanisms have been explored in many studies. From these, it has been established that quercetin stops the activity of numerous Gram-negative and -positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review clarifies the plant sources and extraction methods of quercetin, as well as its medicinal applications as an antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant agent, with a particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms of its biological activity. The mechanism of its antimicrobial effect involves damaging the cell membrane-e.g., by changing its permeability, preventing biofilm formation, reducing the mitochondrial expression of virulence factors, and inhibiting protein and nucleic-acid synthesis. Moreover, quercetin has been shown to impede the activity of a variety of drug-resistant bacterial strains, pointing to the possibility of using it as a strong antimicrobial substance against such strains. In addition, it has occasionally been demonstrated that specific structural alterations to quercetin can increase its antibacterial action in comparison to the parent molecule. Overall, this review synthesizes our understanding of the mode of action of quercetin and its prospects for use as a therapeutic material.

Harnessing the nutriceutics in early-stage breast cancer: mechanisms, combinational therapy, and drug delivery

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) is a significant health challenge, ranking as the second leading cause of cancer-related death and the primary cause of mortality among women aged 45 to 55. Early detection is crucial for optimal prognosis. Among various treatment options available for cancer, chemotherapy remains the predominant approach. However, its patient-friendliness is hindered by cytotoxicity, adverse effects, multi-drug resistance, potential for recurrence, and high costs. This review explores extensively studied phytomolecules, elucidating their molecular mechanisms. It also emphasizes the importance of combination therapy, highlighting recent advancements in the exploration of diverse drug delivery systems and novel routes of administration. The regulatory considerations are crucial in translating these approaches into clinical practices.

RESULTS

Consequently, there is growing interest in exploring the relationship between diet, cancer, and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in cancer chemotherapy. Phytochemicals like berberine, curcumin, quercetin, lycopene, sulforaphane, resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, genistein, thymoquinone have emerged as promising candidates due to their pleiotropic actions on target cells through multiple mechanisms with minimal toxicity effects. This review focuses on extensively studied phytomolecules, elucidating their molecular mechanisms. It also emphasizes the importance of combination therapy, highlighting recent advancements in the exploration of diverse drug delivery systems and novel routes of administration. The regulatory considerations are crucial in translating these approaches into clinical practices.

CONCLUSION

The present review provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms, coupled with well-designed clinical trials and adherence to regulatory guidelines, which pave the way for nutrition-based combination therapies to become a frontline approach in early-stage BC treatment.

Plant Phenolics in the Prevention and Therapy of Acne: A Comprehensive Review

Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites, among which phenolics are the most abundant. To date, over 8000 various polyphenolic compounds have been identified in plant species, among which phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, stilbenes and lignans are the most important ones. Acne is one of the most commonly treated dermatological diseases, among which acne vulgaris and rosacea are the most frequently diagnosed. In the scientific literature, there is a lack of a detailed scientific presentation and discussion on the importance of plant phenolics in the treatment of the most common specific skin diseases, e.g., acne. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gather, present and discuss the current state of knowledge on the activity of various plant phenolics towards the prevention and treatment of acne, including in vitro, in vivo and human studies. It was revealed that because of their significant antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, phenolic compounds may be used in the treatment of various types of acne, individually as well as in combination with commonly used drugs like clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. Among the various phenolics that have been tested, EGCG, quercetin and nobiletin seem to be the most promising ones; however, more studies, especially clinical trials, are needed to fully evaluate their efficacy in treating acne.

In vivo screening of flavonoid compounds revealed quercetin as a potential drug to improve recovery of angiostrongyliasis after albendazole treatment

Human angiostrongyliasis, caused by consuming the larva stage of Angiostrongylus cantonensis, is an infectious disease involving the central nervous system (CNS) and ophthalmic system. Current treatment of angiostrongyliasis involves albendazole accompanied by analgesics and corticosteroids. However, long-term use of corticosteroids may lead to significant adverse effects. In the current study, we screened through different potentially effective flavonoid compounds and identified quercetin as an effective anti-inflammatory agent in an angiostrongyliasis mouse model. Our results identified that quercetin may reverse the neurological defects in mice with angiostrongyliasis. The brain pathology and inflammatory status were also improved by albendazole-quercetin co-therapy. Further analysis showed that albendazole-quercetin co-therapy had a better therapeutic effect than albendazole or quercetin monotherapy. This therapeutic effect was achieved by inhibiting the brain inflammasome activation and apoptosis. Albendazole-quercetin co-therapy also leads to the inhibition of brain IL-5, possibly leading to improved pathology. Our results here proved that quercetin may serve as a potential adjuvant drug in treating human angiostrongyliasis.

Mitigating Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Quercetin Intervention: An Experimental Study in Rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective anticancer drug, but its use is limited by dose-dependent heart toxicity. Quercetin is a natural antioxidant frequently studied for its beneficial properties. Moreover, a wide range of dietary supplements are available for human use. This in vivo study aimed to explore the potential cardioprotective effects of quercetin in chronic DOX treatment. A total of 32 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, DOX, DOX/Q-50, and DOX/Q-100, treated with saline, 2.5 mg/kg body-weight DOX, 2.5 mg/kg body-weight DOX + 50 mg quercetin, and 2.5 mg/kg body-weight DOX + 100 mg quercetin, respectively, for two weeks. Rats were monitored using cardiac ultrasound (US) and markers for cardiac injury. Oxidative damage and ultrastructural changes in the heart were investigated. Chronic DOX treatment led to a decline in cardiac function and elevated values of NT pro-BNP, troponin I, and CK-MB. Quercetin treatment slightly improved certain US parameters, and normalized serum NT pro-BNP levels. Furthermore, DOX-induced SOD1 depletion with consequent Nrf2 activation and DNA damage as shown by an increase in γH2AX and 8HOdG. Quercetin treatment alleviated these alterations. Oral administration of quercetin alleviated serum markers associated with DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Furthermore, it exhibited a favorable impact on the cardiac US parameters. This suggests that quercetin may have potential cardioprotective properties.

Ubiquitination Insight from Spinal Muscular Atrophy-From Pathogenesis to Therapy: A Muscle Perspective

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the most frequent causes of death in childhood. The disease's molecular basis is deletion or mutations in the SMN1 gene, which produces reduced survival motor neuron protein (SMN) levels. As a result, there is spinal motor neuron degeneration and a large increase in muscle atrophy, in which the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a significant role. In humans, a paralogue of SMN1, SMN2 encodes the truncated protein SMNΔ7. Structural differences between SMN and SMNΔ7 affect the interaction of the proteins with UPS and decrease the stability of the truncated protein. SMN loss affects the general ubiquitination process by lowering the levels of UBA1, one of the main enzymes in the ubiquitination process. We discuss how SMN loss affects both SMN stability and the general ubiquitination process, and how the proteins involved in ubiquitination could be used as future targets for SMA treatment.

Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin as an Antioxidant for Bone-Muscle-Tendon Regeneration and Aging

Quercetin (QC), a naturally occurring bioflavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, possesses many potential health benefits, primarily attributed to its robust antioxidant properties. The generation of oxidative stress in bone cells is a key modulator of their physiological behavior. Moreover, oxidative stress status influences the pathophysiology of mineralized tissues. Increasing scientific evidence demonstrates that manipulating the redox balance in bone cells might be an effective technique for developing bone disease therapies. The QC antioxidant abilities in skeletal muscle significantly enhance muscle regeneration and reduce muscle atrophy. In addition, QC has been shown to have protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and matrix degradation in tendons, helping to maintain the structural integrity and functionality of tendons. Thus, the antioxidant properties of QC might be crucial for addressing age-related musculoskeletal disorders like osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and tendon-related inflammatory conditions. Understanding how QC influences redox signaling pathways involved in musculoskeletal disorders, including their effect on bone, muscle, and tendon differentiation, might provide insights into the diverse advantages of QC in promoting tissue regeneration and preventing cellular damage. Therefore, this study reviewed the intricate relationship among oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue repair, affected by the antioxidative abilities of QC, in age-related musculoskeletal tissues to improve the overall health of bones, muscles, and tendons of the skeletal system. Also, reviewing the ongoing clinical trials of QC for musculoskeletal systems is encouraging. Given the positive effect of QC on musculoskeletal health, further scientific investigations and controlled human intervention studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic potential to its optimum strength.

Therapeutic Potential of Plant-Derived Compounds and Plant Extracts in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Comprehensive Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a persistent autoimmune disorder that is characterized by joint inflammation, discomfort, and impairment. Despite the existence of several therapeutic approaches, their effectiveness is often restricted and may be linked to unfavorable side effects. Consequently, there has been growing interest in investigating naturally derived compounds as plausible therapeutic agents for RA disease. The objective of this review is to summarize the existing preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of naturally extracted compounds and plant extracts in the treatment of RA, focusing on their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and immunomodulatory properties. Some of the problems with using natural chemicals are the uneven quality of commercially available preparations and the poor bioavailability of these compounds. Future investigations should focus on improving the formulations, conducting thorough clinical trials, and exploring different techniques to fully utilize the intrinsic potential of naturally derived chemicals in treating RA.

An Overview of the Spices Used for the Prevention and Potential Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) ranks third in terms of cancer-related deaths and is the fifth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Its risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, the consumption of broiled and charbroiled animal meats, salt-preserved and smoke-enhanced foods, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, exposure to ionizing radiation, and positive family history. The limited effectiveness of conventional therapies and the widespread risk factors of GC encourage the search for new methods of treatment and prevention. In the quest for cheap and commonly available medications, numerous studies focus on herbal medicine, traditional brews, and spices. In this review, we outline the potential use of spices, including turmeric, ginger, garlic, black cumin, chili pepper, saffron, black pepper, rosemary, galangal, coriander, wasabi, cinnamon, oregano, cardamom, fenugreek, caraway, clove, dill, thyme, Piper sarmentosum, basil, as well as the compounds they contain, in the prevention and treatment of GC. We present the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the effectivity of a given seasoning substance and their impact on GC cells. We discuss their potential effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. For most of the spices discussed, we also outline the unavailability and side effects of their use.

Lipid-based nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of plant-derived bioactive molecules: a comprehensive review

Bioactive compounds derived from plants have been investigated for treating various pathological conditions. However, the utilization of these compounds has challenges such as instability, low solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these challenges, the encapsulation of bioactive molecules with in a novel nano carrier system enabling effective delivery and clinical translation has become essential. Lipid-based nanocarriers provide versatile platforms for encapsulating and delivering bioactive compounds and overcome the challenges. These novel carriers can improve solubility, stability, improved drug retention and therapeutic efficacy of plant derived bioactive compounds. The current review evaluates the challenges in delivery of plant bioactives and highlights the potential of various lipid-based nano carriers designed to improve its therapeutic efficacy.