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Singh B, Day CM, Abdella S, Garg S. Alzheimer's disease current therapies, novel drug delivery systems and future directions for better disease management. J Control Release 2024; 367:402-424. [PMID: 38286338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a neurodegenerative disorder that escalates with time, exerting a significant impact on physical and mental health and leading to death. The prevalence of AD is progressively rising along with its associated economic burden and necessitates effective therapeutic approaches in the near future. This review paper aims to offer an insightful overview of disease pathogenesis, current FDA-approved drugs, and drugs in different clinical phases. It also explores innovative formulations and drug delivery strategies, focusing on nanocarriers and long-acting medications (LAMs) to enhance treatment efficacy and patient adherence. The review also emphasizes preclinical evidence related to nanocarriers and their potential to improve drug bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics parameters, while also highlighting their ability to minimize systemic side effects. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this review furnishes valuable insights into different pathophysiological mechanisms for future drug development. It aims to inform the development of treatment strategies and innovative formulation approaches for delivering existing molecules in Alzheimer's disease, ultimately striving to improve patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Singh
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Candace M Day
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sadikalmahdi Abdella
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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2
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Ji YB, Lee S, Ju HJ, Kim HE, Noh JH, Choi S, Park K, Lee HB, Kim MS. Preparation and evaluation of injectable microsphere formulation for longer sustained release of donepezil. J Control Release 2023; 356:43-58. [PMID: 36841288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, donepezil-loaded PLGA and PLA microspheres (Dp-PLGA-M/Dp-PLA-M) and Dp-PLA-M wrapped in a polyethylene glycol-b-polycaprolactone (PC) hydrogel (Dp-PLA-M/PC) were prepared to reduce the dosing frequency of injections to treat Alzheimer's disease patients. Dp-PLGA-M and Dp-PLA-M with a uniform particle size distribution were repeatably fabricated in nearly quantitative yield and with high encapsulated Dp yields using an ultrasonic atomizer. The injectability and in vitro and in vivo Dp release, biodegradation, and inflammatory response elicited by the Dp-PLGA-M, Dp-PLA-M, and Dp-PLA-M/PC formulations were then compared. All injectable formulations showed good injectability with ease of injection, even flow, and no clogging using a syringe needle under 21-G. The injections required a force of <1 N. According to the biodegradation rate of micro-CT, GPC and NMR analyses, the biodegradation of Dp-PLA-M was slower than that of Dp-PLGA-M, and the biodegradation rate of Dp-PLA-M/PC was also slower. In the Dp release experiment, Dp-PLA-M sustained Dp for longer compared with Dp-PLGA-M. Dp-PLA-M/PC exhibited a longer sustained release pattern of two months. In vivo bioavailability of Dp-PLA-M/PC was almost 1.4 times higher than that of Dp-PLA-M and 1.9 times higher than that of Dp-PLGA-M. The variations in the Dp release patterns of Dp-PLGA-M and Dp-PLA-M were explained by differences in the degradation rates of PLGA and PLA. The sustained release of Dp by Dp-PLA-M/PC was attributed to the fact that the PC hydrogel served as a wrapping matrix for Dp-PLA-M, which could slow down the biodegradation of PLA-M, thus delaying the release of Dp from Dp-PLA-M. Dp-PLGA-M induced a higher inflammatory response compared to Dp-PLA-M/PC, suggesting that the rapid degradation of PLGA triggered a strong inflammatory response. In conclusion, Dp-PLA-M/PC is a promising injectable Dp formulation that could be used to reduce the dosing frequency of Dp injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bae Ji
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Ju
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Noh
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Kinam Park
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, 206 S. Intramural Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1791, United States of America
| | - Hai Bang Lee
- Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea; Research Institute, Medipolymers, Woncheon Dong 332-2, Suwon 16522, Republic of Korea.
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Development of L-Lysine-Loaded PLGA Microparticles as a Controlled Release System for Angiogenesis Enhancement. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020479. [PMID: 36839801 PMCID: PMC9961840 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization is a highly conserved and considerably complex and precise process that is finely driven by endogenous regulatory processes at the tissue and systemic levels. However, it can reveal itself to be slow and inadequate for tissue repair and regeneration consequent to severe lesions/damages. Several biomaterial-based strategies were developed to support and enhance vasculogenesis by supplying pro-angiogenic agents. Several approaches were adopted to develop effective drug delivery systems for the controlled release of a huge variety of compounds. In this work, a microparticulate system was chosen to be loaded with the essential amino acid L-lysine, a molecule that has recently gained interest due to its involvement in pro-angiogenic, pro-regenerative, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), the most widely used FDA-approved biodegradable synthetic polymer for the development of drug delivery systems, was chosen due to its versatility and ability to promote neovascularization and wound healing. This study dealt with the development and the effectiveness evaluation of a PLGA-based microparticulate system for the controlled release of L-lysine. Therefore, in order to maximize L-lysine encapsulation efficiency and tune its release kinetics, the microparticle synthesis protocol was optimized by varying some processing parameters. All developed formulations were characterized from a morphological and physicochemical point of view. The optimized formulation was further characterized via the evaluation of its preliminary biological efficacy in vitro. The cellular and molecular studies revealed that the L-lysine-loaded PLGA microparticles were non-toxic, biocompatible, and supported cell proliferation and angiogenesis well by stimulating the expression of pro-angiogenic genes such as metalloproteinase-9, focal adhesion kinases, and different growth factors. Thus, this work showed the potential of delivering L-lysine encapsulated in PLGA microparticles as a cost-effective promoter system for angiogenesis enhancement and rapid healing.
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Chang A, Tam J, Agrawal DK, Liu HH, Varadarajan P, Pai R, Thankam FG. Synthetic Fibroblasts: Terra Incognita in Cardiac Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1235-1241. [PMID: 35535856 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease, a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (MI), occurs when the blood vessels supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart become partially or fully occluded by lipid-rich plaques, resulting in myocardial cell death, remodeling, and scarring. In addition, MI occurs as result of lipid-rich plaque rupture, resulting in thrombosis and vessel occlusion. Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and CF-derived growth factors are crucial post-MI in myocardial remodeling. Information regarding the regenerative phenotypes of CFs is scarce; however, regenerative CFs are translationally relevant in myocardial regeneration following MI. The emerging technologies in regenerative cardiology offer cutting-edge translational opportunities, including synthetic cells. In this review, we critically reviewed the current knowledge and the ongoing research efforts on application of synthetic cells for improving cardiac regeneration post-MI. Impact statement Synthetic cells offer tremendous regenerative potential in otherwise deleterious cardiac remodeling postmyocardial infarction. Understanding the role of fibroblasts in cardiac healing and the therapeutic applications of synthetic cells would open a multitude of novel cardiac regenerative approaches. The novel concept of synthetic fibroblasts that emulate native cardiac fibroblasts can provide an effective solution in cardiac healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chang
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Tam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Huinan Hannah Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Padmini Varadarajan
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Ramdas Pai
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Spoerk M, Koutsamanis I, Kottlan A, Makert C, Piller M, Rajkovaca M, Paudel A, Khinast J. Continuous Processing of Micropellets via Hot-Melt Extrusion. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:264. [PMID: 36163535 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticulate drug delivery systems, e.g., micropellets (MPs), are used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations such as suspensions, injectable systems, and capsules. MPs are currently manufactured mainly via batch, solvent-based processes, e.g., spray-drying and solvent evaporation-extraction. In this paper, we present a novel, solvent-free, continuous hot-melt extrusion-based approach with an inline cold pelletization step and the potential of unprecedented on-the-fly formulation changes, aiming at producing the smallest particles usable for injectable applications. A biodegradable, crystalline dispersion consisting of poly(DL-lactic acid) (PLA) filled with metformin as the model drug was chosen on purpose to elucidate the broad applicability of the process also to formulations with limited stretchability and complex pelletizability. Next to optical/statistical particle analyses and in-line high-speed camera investigations providing insights into the pelletization process, the injectability of the most promising micropellets was compared to that of one marketed formulation. Fast extrudate haul-off speeds and high numbers of pelletizer knives resulted in particles with a narrow and small particle size distribution with a d50 below 270 µm and aspect ratios close to 1. To omit protruding drug particles to ensure sufficient extrudate stretchability and allow for the smallest MPs, it was found that the d90 of the embedded drug must be significantly below the extrudate diameter. Upon adapting the syringe diameter, the produced micropellets revealed similar injectability parameters to the marketed formulation, showcasing the potential that the proposed setup has for the manufacturing of novel microparticulate formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Spoerk
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ioannis Koutsamanis
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Kottlan
- Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Michael Piller
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Rajkovaca
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Khinast
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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6
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Practical quality attributes of polymeric microparticles with current understanding and future perspectives. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Dementia is a significant public health problem in the 21st century. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an essential factor in dementia. Currently, the drugs used for the treatment of AD are mainly acetylcholine inhibitors (AChEIs). As an AChEI, donepezil (DP) can improve patients' cognitive ability with low side effects and has been accepted by most patients and doctors. For AD patients, the dosage regimen is also crucial due to aging and diseases. Although there are DP oral tablets on the market, there are still many problems to be solved. At present, more and more research is conducted to optimize the route of administration of DP to improve the self-administration of patients. The research fields of DP administration include oral administration, injection administration, intranasal administration, and transdermal administration. This Review is to present the development of different DP administrations and evaluates the advantages and limitations of those works, hoping to optimize the DP dosage regimen for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qiang Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhi Chen
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Peng Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin Dong Guo
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Kumar SR, Mehta CH, Nayak UY. Long-Acting Formulations: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:876-889. [PMID: 32634073 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200707122012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medication and patient adherence are the two main aspects of any successful treatment of chronic disease. Even though diseases and its treatment existed for several hundred years, the treatment optimization for a given patient is still a researcher question for scientists. There are differences in treatment duration, prognostic signs and symptoms between patient to patient. Hence, designing ideal formulation to suit individual patient is a challenging task. The conventional formulations like oral solids and liquids gives a partial or incomplete treatment because the patient needs to follow the daily pills for a longer time. In such cases, the long-acting formulations will have better patient compliances as drug will be released for a longer duration. Many such approaches are under the clinical investigation. The favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, will be promising option for the treatment of chronic diseases. In this review, we have highlighted the importance of long-acting formulations in the treatment of chronic diseases and the advent of newer formulation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaraju R Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Chetan H Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Kim Y, Sah H. Protein Loading into Spongelike PLGA Microspheres. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:137. [PMID: 33494293 PMCID: PMC7909807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A self-healing microencapsulation process involves mixing preformed porous microspheres in an aqueous solution containing the desired protein and converting them into closed-pore microspheres. Spongelike poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres are expected to be advantageous to protein loading through self-healing. This study aimed to identify and assess relevant critical parameters, using lysozyme as a model protein. Several parameters governed lysozyme loading. The pore characteristics (open-pore, closed-pore, and porosity) of the preformed microspheres substantially affected lysozyme loading efficiency. The type of surfactant present in the aqueous medium also influenced lysozyme loading efficiency. For instance, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide showing a superior wetting functionality increased the extent of lysozyme loading more than twice as compared to Tween 80. Dried preformed microspheres were commonly used before, but our study found that wet microspheres obtained at the end of the microsphere manufacturing process displayed significant advantages in lysozyme loading. Not only could an incubation time for hydrating the microspheres be shortened dramatically, but also a much more considerable amount of lysozyme was encapsulated. Interestingly, the degree of microsphere hydration determined the microstructure and morphology of closed-pore microspheres after self-healing. Understanding these critical process parameters would help tailor protein loading into spongelike PLGA microspheres in a bespoke manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodaegil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Pharmaceutical Product Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST R&D Center, 21, Geumhwa-ro 105beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17073, Korea
| | - Hongkee Sah
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodaegil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea;
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Engineering microenvironment of biodegradable polyester systems for drug stability and release control. Ther Deliv 2021; 12:37-54. [PMID: 33397135 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric systems made of poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) are widely used for long-term delivery of small and large molecules. The advantages of poly(lactic acid)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) systems include biodegradability, safety and a long history of use in US FDA-approved products. However, as drugs delivered by the polymeric systems and their applications become more diverse, the significance of microenvironment change of degrading systems on long-term drug stability and release kinetics has gained renewed attention. In this review, we discuss various issues experienced with acidifying microenvironment of biodegradable polymer systems and approaches to overcome the detrimental effects of polymer degradation on drug stability and release control.
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