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Limenh LW, Tessema TA, Simegn W, Ayenew W, Bayleyegn ZW, Sendekie AK, Chanie GS, Fenta ET, Beyna AT, Kasahun AE. Patients' Preference for Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms: Does It Affect Medication Adherence? A Cross-Sectional Study in Community Pharmacies. Patient Prefer Adherence 2024; 18:753-766. [PMID: 38558832 PMCID: PMC10981379 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s456117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dosage forms (DF), which are primarily divided into solid, semisolid, liquid, and gaseous, are among the different factors that influence drug adherence. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate how patients' preferences for pharmaceutical DF affected their adherence to medication in community pharmacies in Gondar town. Methods A cross-sectional study on community pharmacies was carried out from June 25 to July 27, 2023. The statistical package for social sciences, version 26, was used for data analysis. Factors associated with patient medication discontinuation were found using both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions. Results According to our study, the majority of respondents (42.4%) preferred tablet DF. Most respondents (63.9%) DF preference was affected by the size of the medication, in which small-sized were most preferable (59.6%). The oral route of administration was the most preferable (71.2%). The majority of the respondents (59.9%) had a history of discontinuation of medicines. Being male (AOR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.79), living in rural areas (AOR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.83), types of DF (AOR=4.59, 95% CI: 1.28, 16.52), high frequency of administration (AOR=2.22, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.57), high cost of medication (AOR=3.09, 95% CI: 1.69, 5.68), getting some improvement from illness (AOR=3.29, 95% CI: 1.10, 9.87), and high number of drugs (AOR=3.29, 95% CI: 1.67, 13.85) were significantly associated with medication discontinuation. Conclusion Our findings showed that tablet dosage forms, oral routes of administration, and once-daily taking of medicines were the most preferred by our respondents. Being male, living in rural areas, types of DF, high frequency of administration, high cost of medication, getting some improvement from illness, and high number of drugs were significantly associated with medication discontinuation. This provides an insight into what to consider when prescribing medicine to enhance patients' adherence and overall therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liknaw Workie Limenh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Ayalew Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondim Ayenew
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zemenu Wube Bayleyegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Sisay Chanie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eneyew Talie Fenta
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Alemante Tafese Beyna
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Emagn Kasahun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Raeisi A, Farjadian F. Commercial hydrogel product for drug delivery based on route of administration. Front Chem 2024; 12:1336717. [PMID: 38476651 PMCID: PMC10927762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1336717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional, cross-linked polymers that absorb significant amounts of biological fluids or water. Hydrogels possess several favorable properties, including flexibility, stimulus-responsiveness, versatility, and structural composition. They can be categorized according to their sources, synthesis route, response to stimulus, and application. Controlling the cross-link density matrix and the hydrogels' attraction to water while they're swelling makes it easy to change their porous structure, which makes them ideal for drug delivery. Hydrogel in drug delivery can be achieved by various routes involving injectable, oral, buccal, vaginal, ocular, and transdermal administration routes. The hydrogel market is expected to grow from its 2019 valuation of USD 22.1 billion to USD 31.4 billion by 2027. Commercial hydrogels are helpful for various drug delivery applications, such as transdermal patches with controlled release characteristics, stimuli-responsive hydrogels for oral administration, and localized delivery via parenteral means. Here, we are mainly focused on the commercial hydrogel products used for drug delivery based on the described route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Raeisi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Waghmare S, Palekar R, Potey L, Khedekar P, Sabale P, Sabale V. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as an Innovative Lipidic Drug Delivery System. Pharm Nanotechnol 2024; 12:PNT-EPUB-137744. [PMID: 38317470 DOI: 10.2174/0122117385271393231117063750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
In order to overcome some of the drawbacks of traditional formulations, increasing emphasis has recently been paid to lipid-based drug delivery systems. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are among these delivery methods, and they hold promise because of their simplicity in production, capacity to scale up, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of formulation components. Other benefits could be connected to a particular route of administration or the makeup of the ingredients being placed into these delivery systems. This article aims to review the significance of solid lipid nanocarriers, their benefits and drawbacks, as well as their types, compositions, methods of preparation, mechanisms of drug release, characterization, routes of administration, and applications in a variety of delivery systems with a focus on their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchita Waghmare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Rohini Palekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Lata Potey
- Shree Sainath College of Pharmacy Dawalameti, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440023, India
| | - Pramod Khedekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Prafulla Sabale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Vidya Sabale
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440037, India
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Severtson SG, Haanschoten EE, Iwanicki J, Dart RC. Differences in severity of poison centers exposures involving XTAMPZA ® ER versus other opioid analgesics. Pain Manag 2023; 13:519-527. [PMID: 37850331 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2022-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Xtampza® ER (Collegium Pharmaceutical, MA, USA) is an abuse-deterrent formulation (ADF) of oxycodone intended to deter tampering for use by unintended routes of administration. We assessed whether Xtampza ER exposures were less likely to result in severe medical outcomes relative to other opioid analgesic exposures. Materials & methods: Exposures reported to participating poison centers between 2016 and 2021 inclusive that were followed to a known medical outcome were analyzed. Xtampza ER was compared with other ADF opioids, non-ADF extended-release opioids, single-entity oxycodone immediate-release, unspecified oxycodone and unspecified morphine. Results & conclusion: No Xtampza ER exposures involved unintended routes of administration. Xtampza ER exposures were less likely to be abuse, misuse or suspected suicidal, and medical outcomes were less severe than comparators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily E Haanschoten
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Janetta Iwanicki
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Richard C Dart
- Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Safety, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO 80204, USA
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Philbin MM, Giovenco DP, Mauro PM. Commentary on Weinberger et al.: Tobacco and cannabis policies as drivers of nicotine and cannabis co-use - research and measurement implications to move the field forward. Addiction 2022; 117:1778-1780. [PMID: 35362234 DOI: 10.1111/add.15885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Philbin
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Giovenco
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pia M Mauro
- Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Abdel-Mageed HM, Abd El Aziz AE, Mohamed SA, AbuelEzz NZ. The Tiny Big World of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: An Updated Review. J Microencapsul 2021; 39:72-94. [PMID: 34958628 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2021.2021307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is currently a field of endeavor that has reached a maturation phase beyond the initial hypotheses with an undercurrent challenge to optimize the safety, and scalability for production and clinical trials. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LNP), namely solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid (NLC), carriers are presently among the most attractive and fast-growing areas of research. SLN and NLC are safe, biocompatible nanotechnology-enabled platforms with ubiquitous applications. This review presents a modern vision that starts with a brief description of characteristics, preparation strategies, and composition ingredients, benefits, and limitations. Next, a discussion of applications and functionalization approaches for the delivery of therapeutics via different routes of delivery. Additionally, the review presents a concise perspective into limitations and future advances. A brief recap on the prospects of molecular dynamics simulations in better understanding NP bio-interface interactions is provided. Finally, the alliance between 3D printing and nanomaterials is presented here as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amira E Abd El Aziz
- Centre of Excellence, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Mohamed
- Molecular Biology Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Z AbuelEzz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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Suphoronski SA, de Souza FP, Chideroli RT, Mantovani Favero L, Ferrari NA, Ziemniczak HM, Gonçalves DD, Lopera Barrero NM, Pereira UDP. Effect of Enterococcus faecium as a Water and/or Feed Additive on the Gut Microbiota, Hematologic and Immunological Parameters, and Resistance Against Francisellosis and Streptococcosis in Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743957. [PMID: 34659177 PMCID: PMC8519173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the effects of administering Enterococcus faecium in food and/or water on the hematological and immunological parameters, intestinal microbiota, resistance to bacterial diseases (streptococcosis and francisellosis) and growth of Nile tilapia. Before the in vivo experiment, probiotic bacteria isolated from Nile tilapia were selected via inhibition tests. Sequencing, annotation, and assembly of the complete genome of the selected bacteria as well as other tests were performed using bioinformatics tools. Three treatments were implemented: G1 (probiotic feeding), G2 (probiotic in water), and G3 (probiotic in food and water); and a negative control (NC) was also employed. Treatment lasted 38 days, and each group consisted of fish and two repetitions. The fish were divided and infected with Streptococcus agalactiae S13 (serotype Ib) and Francisella orientalis. The G1 group had a higher average final weight gain than the G2, G3, and NC groups. Further, a significant increase in the number of thrombocytes was observed in the groups administered probiotics in the diet (G1 and G3). A statistical difference was observed in the mortality of fish infected with S. agalactiae in the NC compared to the treated groups. Cetobacterium was the 43 most abundant genus in the intestinal microbiota of all groups, including the NC group. E. faecium increased the immunity of fish administered the treatment and decreased the mortality caused by S. agalactiae. As an autochtone probiotic, E. faecium does not interfere with the local ecosystem and thus has a great probiotic potential for Nile tilapia in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Aparecida Suphoronski
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pinheiro de Souza
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Roberta Torres Chideroli
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Mantovani Favero
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Natália Amoroso Ferrari
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Henrique Momo Ziemniczak
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science With Emphasis on Bioactive Products, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Nelson Mauricio Lopera Barrero
- Laboratory of Center for Study and Research in Aquaculture and Genetics, Department of Animal Science, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Ulisses de Padua Pereira
- Fish Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Preventing Veterinary Medicine, State University of Londrina, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Lachowicz M, Stańczak A, Kołodziejczyk M. Characteristic of Cyclodextrins: Their Role and Use in the Pharmaceutical Technology. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1495-1510. [PMID: 32538725 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200615150039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
About 40% of newly-discovered entities are poorly soluble in water, and this may be an obstacle in the creation of new drugs. To address this problem, the present review article examines the structure and properties of cyclodextrins and the formation and potential uses of drug - cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides containing six or more D-(+)- glucopyranose units linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds, which are characterized by a favourable toxicological profile, low local toxicity and low mucous and eye irritability; they are virtually non-toxic when administered orally. They can be incorporated in the formulation of new drugs in their natural form (α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrin) or as chemically-modified derivatives. They may also be used as an excipient in drugs delivered by oral, ocular, dermal, nasal and rectal routes, as described in the present paper. Cyclodextrins are promising compounds with many beneficial properties, and their use may be increasingly profitable for pharmaceutical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Lachowicz
- Department of Technology of Drug Form, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stańczak
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Technology of Drug Form, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract
Dementia is a significant public health problem in the 21st century. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an essential factor in dementia. Currently, the drugs used for the treatment of AD are mainly acetylcholine inhibitors (AChEIs). As an AChEI, donepezil (DP) can improve patients' cognitive ability with low side effects and has been accepted by most patients and doctors. For AD patients, the dosage regimen is also crucial due to aging and diseases. Although there are DP oral tablets on the market, there are still many problems to be solved. At present, more and more research is conducted to optimize the route of administration of DP to improve the self-administration of patients. The research fields of DP administration include oral administration, injection administration, intranasal administration, and transdermal administration. This Review is to present the development of different DP administrations and evaluates the advantages and limitations of those works, hoping to optimize the DP dosage regimen for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qiang Zhao
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhi Chen
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Peng Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin Dong Guo
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Almohaish S, Sandler M, Brophy GM. Time Is Brain: Acute Control of Repetitive Seizures and Status Epilepticus Using Alternative Routes of Administration of Benzodiazepines. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081754. [PMID: 33920722 PMCID: PMC8073514 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Time plays a major role in seizure evaluation and treatment. Acute repetitive seizures and status epilepticus are medical emergencies that require immediate assessment and treatment for optimal therapeutic response. Benzodiazepines are considered the first-line agent for rapid seizure control. Thus, various routes of administration of benzodiazepines have been studied to facilitate a quick, effective, and easy therapy administration. Choosing the right agent may vary based on the drug and route properties, patient’s environment, caregiver’s skills, and drug accessibility. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of benzodiazepines are essential in the decision-making process. Ultimately, agents and routes that give the highest bioavailability, fastest absorption, and a modest duration are preferred. In the outpatient setting, intranasal and buccal routes appear to be equally effective and more rapidly administered than rectal diazepam. On the other hand, in the inpatient setting, if available, the IV route is ideal for benzodiazepine administration to avoid any potential absorption delay. In this article, we will provide an overview and comparison of the various routes of benzodiazepine administration for acute control of repetitive seizures and status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Almohaish
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.A.); (M.S.)
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 3198, Saudi Arabia
| | - Melissa Sandler
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Gretchen M. Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.A.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(804)-828-1201
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Balsamo D, Bajardi P, Salomone A, Schifanella R. Patterns of Routes of Administration and Drug Tampering for Nonmedical Opioid Consumption: Data Mining and Content Analysis of Reddit Discussions. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e21212. [PMID: 33393910 PMCID: PMC7813634 DOI: 10.2196/21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The complex unfolding of the US opioid epidemic in the last 20 years has been the subject of a large body of medical and pharmacological research, and it has sparked a multidisciplinary discussion on how to implement interventions and policies to effectively control its impact on public health. Objective This study leverages Reddit, a social media platform, as the primary data source to investigate the opioid crisis. We aimed to find a large cohort of Reddit users interested in discussing the use of opioids, trace the temporal evolution of their interest, and extensively characterize patterns of the nonmedical consumption of opioids, with a focus on routes of administration and drug tampering. Methods We used a semiautomatic information retrieval algorithm to identify subreddits discussing nonmedical opioid consumption and developed a methodology based on word embedding to find alternative colloquial and nonmedical terms referring to opioid substances, routes of administration, and drug-tampering methods. We modeled the preferences of adoption of substances and routes of administration, estimating their prevalence and temporal unfolding. Ultimately, through the evaluation of odds ratios based on co-mentions, we measured the strength of association between opioid substances, routes of administration, and drug tampering. Results We identified 32 subreddits discussing nonmedical opioid usage from 2014 to 2018 and observed the evolution of interest among over 86,000 Reddit users potentially involved in firsthand opioid usage. We learned the language model of opioid consumption and provided alternative vocabularies for opioid substances, routes of administration, and drug tampering. A data-driven taxonomy of nonmedical routes of administration was proposed. We modeled the temporal evolution of interest in opioid consumption by ranking the popularity of the adoption of opioid substances and routes of administration, observing relevant trends, such as the surge in synthetic opioids like fentanyl and an increasing interest in rectal administration. In addition, we measured the strength of association between drug tampering, routes of administration, and substance consumption, finding evidence of understudied abusive behaviors, like chewing fentanyl patches and dissolving buprenorphine sublingually. Conclusions This work investigated some important consumption-related aspects of the opioid epidemic using Reddit data. We believe that our approach may provide a novel perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of nonmedical abuse of opioids substances and inform the prevention, treatment, and control of the public health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duilio Balsamo
- Department of Mathematics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Rossano Schifanella
- ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy.,Department of Computer Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Scioli Montoto S, Muraca G, Ruiz ME. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Aspects. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:587997. [PMID: 33195435 PMCID: PMC7662460 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.587997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the golden age of pharmaceutical nanocarriers, we are witnessing a maturation stage of the original concepts and ideas. There is no doubt that nanoformulations are extremely valuable tools for drug delivery applications; the current challenge is how to optimize them to ensure that they are safe, effective and scalable, so that they can be manufactured at an industrial level and advance to clinical use. In this context, lipid nanoparticles have gained ground, since they are generally regarded as non-toxic, biocompatible and easy-to-produce formulations. Pharmaceutical applications of lipid nanocarriers are a burgeoning field for the transport and delivery of a diversity of therapeutic agents, from biotechnological products to small drug molecules. This review starts with a brief overview of the characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles and discusses the relevancy of performing systematic preformulation studies. The main applications, as well as the advantages that this type of nanovehicles offers in certain therapeutic scenarios are discussed. Next, pharmacokinetic aspects are described, such as routes of administration, absorption after oral administration, distribution in the organism (including brain penetration) and elimination processes. Safety and toxicity issues are also addressed. Our work presents an original point of view, addressing the biopharmaceutical aspects of these nanovehicles by means of descriptive statistics of the state-of-the-art of solid lipid nanoparticles research. All the presented results, trends, graphs and discussions are based in a systematic (and reproducible) bibliographic search that considered only original papers in the subject, covering a 7 years range (2013-today), a period that accounts for more than 60% of the total number of publications in the topic in the main bibliographic databases and search engines. Focus was placed on the therapeutic fields of application, absorption and distribution processes and current efforts for the translation into the clinical practice of lipid-based nanoparticles. For this, the currently active clinical trials on lipid nanoparticles were reviewed, with a brief discussion on what achievements or milestones are still to be reached, as a way of understanding the reasons for the scarce number of solid lipid nanoparticles undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Scioli Montoto
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giuliana Muraca
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicamentos (INAME, ANMAT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Esperanza Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Gabapentin has received increased attention due to a growing number of reports of misuse and diversion. However, significant details about gabapentin misuse are scant. Data are drawn from a mixed-methods study examining gabapentin misuse in South Florida. The sample includes 49 respondents who were age 18 or over and reported past year use of illicit opioids and/or the misuse of prescription opioid medications, as well as, recent (past 90 days) gabapentin misuse. Respondents were female (40.8%), Hispanic (30.6%), Black (16.3%), white (49.0%), and other race/ethnicity (4.1%). Mean age was 37.6. Many respondents (43%) misused gabapentin without ever receiving a prescription and 14% misused prior to being prescribed. Mean frequency of recent misuse was 25.4 days and included a mean of 51.65 pills/doses. Prevalent routes of administration included swallowing (85.7%) and snorting (10.2%). Gabapentin misuse occurred concomitantly with any opioid (44.9%), benzodiazepines (38.8%), alcohol (24.5%), and powder cocaine (24.5), among others. Respondents' descriptions indicate that gabapentin produces feelings reminiscent of alcohol intoxication or opioid-induced euphoria, but for some it produces no noticeable effect or only alleviates pain. Greater understanding of gabapentin misuse, especially associated behaviors and concomitant use is needed to inform prevention and intervention efforts, and to guide policy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mance E Buttram
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Steven P Kurtz
- Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, Miami, FL, USA
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14
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a clinical need for pharmaceutical dosage forms devised to prolong the acting time of local anesthetic (LA) agents or to reduce their toxicity. Encapsulation of LA in drug delivery systems (DDSs) can provide long-term anesthesia for inpatients (e.g. in immediate postsurgical pain control, avoiding the side effects from systemic analgesia) and diminished systemic toxicity for outpatients (in ambulatory/dentistry procedures). The lipid-based formulations described here, such as liposomes, microemulsions, and lipid nanoparticles, have provided several nanotechnological advances and therapeutic alternatives despite some inherent limitations associated with the fabrication processes, costs, and preclinical evaluation models. AREAS COVERED A description of the currently promising lipid-based carriers, including liposomes, microemulsions, and nanostructured lipid carriers, followed by a systematic review of the existing lipid-based formulations proposed for LA. Trends in the research of these LA-in-DDS are then exposed, from the point of view of administration route and alternatives for non-traditionally administered LA molecules. EXPERT OPINION Considering the current state and potential future developments in the field, we discuss the reasons for why dozens of formulations published every year fail to reach clinical trials; only one lipid-based formulation for the delivery of local anesthetic (Exparel®) has been approved so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro
- b Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology , Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Campinas, São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- b Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology , Institute of Biology, University of Campinas - UNICAMP , Campinas, São Paulo , Brazil
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15
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Shu X, Jiang Y, Wen T, Lu S, Yao L, Meng F. Association of hormone replacement therapy with increased risk of meningioma in women: A hospital-based multicenter study with propensity score matching. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 15:e147-e153. [PMID: 30761745 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM There is no consensus regarding the association between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and risk of meningioma so far. We conducted the first study among Chinese female patients to investigate the influence of HRT use on the risk of meningioma. METHODS We retrospectively collected records of diagnosis of meningioma for women aged 50 years and above during 2011-2016 and dispense of HRT prior to meningioma diagnosis in three tertiary hospitals in China. Meningioma cases were matched with controls at a ratio of 1:2 by using nearest neighbor propensity scores matching in order to balance the baseline characteristics between groups, which generated a total of 629 cases with 1258 controls. RESULTS We observed prior use of HRT associated with increased risk of meningioma (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.4) and the association was more prominent among women having multiple HRT dispenses and longer term exposure (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.6), among those with combination therapy of estrogens and progestogens (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7) than monotherapy, and among progestogen users than estrogen users as for monotherapy. Furthermore, vaginal, subcutaneous implant seems to be associated with a higher risk of meningioma compared with oral administration although no significance had been reached. CONCLUSION This case-control study provides evidence that hormone use for an HRT purpose might constitute the development and growth of meningioma as an independent risk factor, especially for combination therapy and/or long-term users, which supports that meningioma might be a hormone-sensitive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Shu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Medical Research Centre, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital/Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Yao
- Department of Forth Cadre, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Meng
- Centre of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
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16
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Gupta D, Bhatia D, Dave V, Sutariya V, Varghese Gupta S. Salts of Therapeutic Agents: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Considerations. Molecules 2018; 23:E1719. [PMID: 30011904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical and biological properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are greatly affected by their salt forms. The choice of a particular salt formulation is based on numerous factors such as API chemistry, intended dosage form, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The appropriate salt can improve the overall therapeutic and pharmaceutical effects of an API. However, the incorrect salt form can have the opposite effect, and can be quite detrimental for overall drug development. This review summarizes several criteria for choosing the appropriate salt forms, along with the effects of salt forms on the pharmaceutical properties of APIs. In addition to a comprehensive review of the selection criteria, this review also gives a brief historic perspective of the salt selection processes.
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17
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Freeman TP, Wilson J, Mackie C. Commentary on Salloum et al. (2018): Rethinking adolescent cannabis use and risk perception. Addiction 2018; 113:1086-1087. [PMID: 29732700 DOI: 10.1111/add.14212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom P Freeman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.,Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, UK
| | - Jack Wilson
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Clare Mackie
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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18
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Choudhury H, Gorain B, Chatterjee B, Mandal UK, Sengupta P, Tekade RK. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Features of Nanoemulsion Following Oral, Intravenous, Topical and Nasal Route. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 23:2504-2531. [PMID: 27908273 DOI: 10.2174/1381612822666161201143600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients discovered recently in pharmaceutical field exhibits poor aqueous solubility that pose major problem in their oral administration. The oral administration of these drugs gets further complicated due to their short bioavailability, inconsistent absorption and inter/intra subject variability. METHODS Pharmaceutical emulsion holds a significant place as a primary choice of oral drug delivery system for lipophilic drugs used in pediatric and geriatric patients. Pharmacokinetic studies on nanoemulsion mediated drugs delivery approach indicates practical feasibility in regards to their clinical translation and commercialization. RESULTS This review article is to provide an updated understanding on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of nanoemulsion delivered via oral, intravenous, topical and nasal route. CONCLUSION The article is of huge interest to formulation scientists working on range of lipophilic drug molecules intended to be administered through oral, intravenous, topical and nasal routes for vivid medical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Choudhury
- International Medical University, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lincoln University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Uttam K Mandal
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh K Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceutics, Opposite Air Force Station Palaj-Basan Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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19
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Shakya AK, Nandakumar KS. Antigen-Specific Tolerization and Targeted Delivery as Therapeutic Strategies for Autoimmune Diseases. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:686-699. [PMID: 29588069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune disorders is increasing steadily and there is no permanent cure available. Immunomodulation through repeated exposure of antigens, known as antigen-specific immune tolerance or antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI), is a promising approach to treat or prevent autoimmune disorders. Different optimization protocols (immunization routes, delivery systems, and approaches) are being developed to implement ASI against self-proteins. Including appropriate adjuvants, altered peptide ligand, and using multipeptides are approaches that can be used to specifically target autoimmunity. This review explores various ASI application methods, including different routes of antigen-specific sensitization, delivery systems, immunomodulators containing specific antigens, and other targeted approaches that have been successfully demonstrated to have therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev M Berstein
- a Laboratory of Oncoendocrinology , N.N.Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology , St.Petersburg , Russia
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21
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Bernelin-Cottet C, Deloizy C, Stanek O, Barc C, Bouguyon E, Urien C, Boulesteix O, Pezant J, Richard CA, Moudjou M, Costa BD, Jouneau L, Chevalier C, Leclerc C, Sebo P, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. Corrigendum: A Universal Influenza Vaccine Can Lead to Disease Exacerbation or Viral Control Depending on Delivery Strategies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:831. [PMID: 28740498 PMCID: PMC5513945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article on p. 641 in vol. 7, PMID: 28082980.].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Céline Barc
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Céline Urien
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale PFIE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | | | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Claude Leclerc
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,INSERM U1041, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Département Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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Bernelin-Cottet C, Deloizy C, Stanek O, Barc C, Bouguyon E, Urien C, Boulesteix O, Pezant J, Richard CA, Moudjou M, Da Costa B, Jouneau L, Chevalier C, Leclerc C, Sebo P, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. A Universal Influenza Vaccine Can Lead to Disease Exacerbation or Viral Control Depending on Delivery Strategies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:641. [PMID: 28082980 PMCID: PMC5183740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines, which elicits cross-strain immunity against seasonal and pandemic viruses is a major public health goal. As pigs are susceptible to human, avian, and swine-adapted IAV, they would be key targets of so called universal IAV vaccines, for reducing both the zoonotic risk and the economic burden in the swine industry. They also are relevant preclinical models. However, vaccination with conserved IAV antigens (AGs) in pigs was reported to elicit disease exacerbation. In this study, we assessed whether delivery strategies, i.e., dendritic cell (DC) targeting by the intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) routes, impact on the outcome of the vaccination with three conserved IAV AGs (M2e, NP, and HA2) in pigs. The AGs were addressed to CD11c by non-covalent binding to biotinylated anti-CD11c monoclonal antibody. The CD11c-targeted AGs given by the ID route exacerbated disease. Conversely, CD11c-targeted NP injected by the IM route promoted T cell response compared to non-targeted NP. Furthermore, the conserved IAV AGs injected by the IM route, independently of DC targeting, induced both a reduction of viral shedding and a broader IgG response as compared to the ID route. Our findings highlight in a relevant animal species that the route of vaccine delivery impacts on the protection induced by conserved IAV AGs and on vaccine adverse effects. Finally, our results indicate that HA2 stands as the most promising conserved IAV AG for universal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Céline Barc
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE , Nouzilly , France
| | | | - Céline Urien
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE , Nouzilly , France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE , Nouzilly , France
| | | | | | - Bruno Da Costa
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | | | - Claude Leclerc
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Département Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
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23
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Finessi V, Nicoli F, Gallerani E, Sforza F, Sicurella M, Cafaro A, Caputo A, Ensoli B, Gavioli R. Effects of different routes of administration on the immunogenicity of the Tat protein and a Tat-derived peptide. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1489-93. [PMID: 25875962 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the Tat protein of HIV in vaccines against AIDS showed promising results in primate and human studies. To characterize the impact of the administration route on the induction of humoral responses at systemic and mucosal levels, we compared intradermal, intramuscular and mucosal immunizations with Tat and a Tat-derived peptide. Mice were immunized with the Tat protein by different routes and the titer and isotype of anti-Tat antibodies were assessed in serum and mucosal lavages. Intramuscular and intradermal administrations showed comparable immunogenicity, while the mucosal administration was unable to induce IgM in serum and IgG at mucosal sites but showed superior immunogenicity in terms of IgA induction. Anti-Tat antibodies were also obtained upon vaccination with the immunodominant Tat 1-20 peptide which was, however, less immunogenic than the whole Tat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Finessi
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; University of Ferrara ; Ferrara , Italy
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24
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Hindocha C, Freeman TP, Ferris JA, Lynskey MT, Winstock AR. No Smoke without Tobacco: A Global Overview of Cannabis and Tobacco Routes of Administration and Their Association with Intention to Quit. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:104. [PMID: 27458388 PMCID: PMC4933835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis and tobacco are common drugs of abuse worldwide and are often used in combination through various routes of administration (ROAs). Here, we aimed to provide an overview of how cannabis and tobacco routes varied across countries and assess the impact of tobacco-based ROAs on motivation to use less cannabis, and less tobacco, in different models. A cross-sectional online survey (Global Drugs Survey 2014) was completed by 33,687 respondents (mean age = 27.9; % female = 25.9) who smoked cannabis at least once in the last 12 months. Most common ROA, frequency of cannabis/tobacco use, and questions about motivation to use less cannabis/tobacco were recorded. Tobacco-based ROA were used by 65.6% of respondents. These were most common in Europe (77.2-90.9%) and Australasia (20.7-51.6%) and uncommon in the Americas (4.4-16.0%). Vaporizer use was most common in Canada (13.2%) and the United States (11.2%). Using a non-tobacco ROA was associated with a 10.7% increase in odds for "desire to use less" tobacco (OR: 1.107, 95% CI: 1.003, 1.221), 80.6% increase in odds for "like help to use less tobacco" (OR: 1.806, 95% CI: 1.556, 2.095), and a 103.9% increase in the odds for "planning to seek help to use less tobacco" (OR: 2.039, 95% CI: 1.638, 2.539), in comparison to using a tobacco-based ROA. Associations between ROA and intentions to use less cannabis were inconsistent. Results support considerable global variation in cannabis and tobacco ROA. Tobacco routes are common, especially "joints with tobacco," especially in Europe, but not in the Americas. Non-tobacco-based routes are associated with increased motivation to change tobacco use. Interventions addressing tobacco and cannabis need to accommodate this finding and encourage non-tobacco routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandni Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London , London , UK
| | - Tom P Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London , London , UK
| | - Jason A Ferris
- Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland , QLD , Australia
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Department of Addiction, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Adam R Winstock
- Department of Addiction, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; South London and the Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK; Global Drugs Survey Ltd., London, UK
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25
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Azizi G, Abolhassani H, Asgardoon MH, Shaghaghi S, Negahdari B, Mohammadi J, Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A. Managing patients with side effects and adverse events to immunoglobulin therapy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 9:91-102. [PMID: 26496172 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin therapy has not only served as a lifesaving approach for the prevention and treatment of infections in primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases, but has also been used as an immunomodulatory agent for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and to provide passive immunity for some infectious diseases. Most of the adverse effects associated with immunoglobulin therapy are mild, transient and self-limiting. However, serious side effects also occur. Therefore, to minimize the adverse events of immunoglobulin therapy, specialist review of patient clinical status and immunoglobulin products, in addition to selection of appropriate treatment strategy for the management of patients with associated side effects and adverse events, are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Azizi
- a Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shiva Shaghaghi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Faculty of Medicine , Guilan University of Medical Sciences , Rasht , Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- e School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Javad Mohammadi
- f Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Abstract
Research examining the demographic and substance use characteristics of illicit drug use in the United States has typically failed to consider differences in routes of administration or has exclusively focused on a single route of administration?injection drug use. Data from National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used to compare past-year injection drug users and non-injection drug users' routes of administration of those who use the three drugs most commonly injected in the United States: heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine. Injection drug users were more likely than those using drugs via other routes to be older (aged 35 and older), unemployed, possess less than a high school education, and reside in rural areas. IDUs also exhibited higher rates of abuse/dependence, perceived need for substance abuse treatment, and co-occurring physical and psychological problems. Fewer differences between IDUs and non-IDUs were observed for heroin users compared with methamphetamine or cocaine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Novak
- RTI International, Behavioral Health Epidemiology, Post Office Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194 USA
| | - Alex H. Kral
- RTI International, Urban Health Program, 114 Sansome Street, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94104-38122 USA
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27
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Tyl RW. Basic exploratory research versus guideline-compliant studies used for hazard evaluation and risk assessment: bisphenol A as a case study. Environ Health Perspect 2009; 117:1644-51. [PMID: 20049112 PMCID: PMC2801172 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myers et al. [Environ Health Perspect 117:309-315 (2009)] argued that Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) cannot be used as a criterion for selecting data for risk assessment, using bisphenol A (BPA) as a case study. They did not discuss the role(s) of guideline-compliant studies versus basic/exploratory research studies, and they criticized both GLPs and guideline-compliant studies and their roles in formal hazard evaluation and risk assessment. They also specifically criticized our published guideline-compliant dietary studies on BPA in rats and mice and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in mice. OBJECTIVES As the study director/first author of the criticized E(2) and BPA studies, I discuss the uses of basic research versus guideline-compliant studies, how testing guidelines are developed and revised, how new end points are validated, and the role of GLPs. I also provide an overview of the BPA guideline-compliant and exploratory research animal studies and describe BPA pharmacokinetics in rats and humans. I present responses to specific criticisms by Myers et al. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Weight-of-evidence evaluations have consistently concluded that low-level BPA oral exposures do not adversely affect human developmental or reproductive health, and I encourage increased validation efforts for "new" end points for inclusion in guideline studies, as well as performance of robust long-term studies to follow early effects (observed in small exploratory studies) to any adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle W Tyl
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, USA.
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