Formulation and Development of Oral Fast-Dissolving Films Loaded with Nanosuspension to Augment Paroxetine Bioavailability: In Vitro Characterization, Ex Vivo Permeation, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Healthy Human Volunteers

Formulation and evaluation of HPMC and pullulan-based rapidly dissolving films containing cilnidipine nanosuspension

Cilnidipine is used to treat hypertension. However, it has poor solubility and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, which leads to poor bioavailability. This work aimed to prepare rapidly dissolving films (RDFs) containing nanosuspension of CLD with HPMC and pullulan as film-formers. These RDFs deliver the drugs through the buccal mucosa and bypass the first-pass metabolism, thereby increasing bioavailability. The nanosuspension was prepared using the nanoprecipitation technique and was optimized using the CCD. The optimized formulation had an average size and zeta potential of 362.23 nm and -39.1 mV, respectively. FT-IR studies indicated no interaction between CLD and stabilizers. DSC and XRD studies confirmed reduced crystallinity of CLD. SEM revealed the capsular morphology of nanoparticles. The optimized RDFs had a 2.83 ± 0.24 N/mm2 tensile strength, 11.61 ± 2.87 % elongation, 17.21 ± 1.06 s disintegration time, and in-vitro release of 91.77 ± 6.22 % in 60 min. A more than two-fold increase in drug permeation was recorded from the CLD NS-RDF as compared to the CLD CS-RDF. The CLD NS-RDF exhibited a significant increase in AUC0-24h, Cmax, and a decrease in Tmax and MRT as compared to the CLD CS-RDF. The CLD NS-RDF also had a superior effect to control the blood pressure in rats as compared to the CLD CS-RDF.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Novel Pongamia pinnata Derived Herbal Mouth-Dissolving Film for Treating Oral Disorders and Evaluating Its Anticancer Properties

The present study aimed to optimize a mouth-dissolving film (MDF) made from Pongamia pinnata stem bark extract to increase patient compliance and accelerate oral disease therapy. Several stem bark extracts were prepared, and karanjin was used as an herbal marker for the extracts. The ethanolic extract showed the maximum yield (12.10% ± 0.09%) and cytotoxic activity against human oral cancer (KB 3-1) and embryonic kidney cell lines. The MDF formulation was focused on incorporating a fixed amount of the extract and varying concentrations of HPMC E5 polymer, along with evaluating the performance of plasticizers like PEG 400 and propylene glycol (PG). An optimized formulation was determined based on disintegration time, wetting time, and folding endurance. The formulation consisted of HPMC E5 as a film-forming polymer, PG as a superior plasticizer, ascorbic acid as an antioxidant, and other ingredients contributing to solubility, dispersion, sweetening, and appearance. High-performance thin-layer chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed higher levels of karanjin in the optimized formulation, ensuring its successful incorporation and stability. Taste masking evaluations indicate a favorable taste profile and a high potential for patient compliance. The stability study displayed no significant changes in the physical characteristics of the film, affirming its stability and quality. In conclusion, the developed herbal-based optimized MDF presents a promising drug delivery system, offering enhanced patient compliance, taste masking, and stability. The MDF holds great potential for effective treatment and management of oral diseases, providing convenience and improved therapeutic outcomes.

Nanosuspension Innovations: Expanding Horizons in Drug Delivery Techniques

Nanosuspensions (NS), with their submicron particle sizes and unique physicochemical properties, provide a versatile solution for enhancing the administration of medications that are not highly soluble in water or lipids. This review highlights recent advancements, future prospects, and challenges in NS-based drug delivery, particularly for oral, ocular, transdermal, pulmonary, and parenteral routes. The conversion of oral NS into powders, pellets, granules, tablets, and capsules, and their incorporation into film dosage forms to address stability concerns is thoroughly reviewed. This article summarizes key stabilizers, polymers, surfactants, and excipients used in NS formulations, along with ongoing clinical trials and recent patents. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of various methods for NS preparation is provided. This article also explores various in vitro and in vivo characterization techniques, as well as scale-down technologies and bottom-up methods for NS preparation. Selected examples of commercial NS drug products are discussed. Rapid advances in the field of NS could resolve issues related to permeability-limited absorption and hepatic first-pass metabolism, offering promise for medications based on proteins and peptides. The evolution of novel stabilizers is essential to overcome the current limitations in NS formulations, enhancing their stability, bioavailability, targeting ability, and safety profile, which ultimately accelerates their clinical application and commercialization.

Formulation and Evaluation of Triamcinolone Acetonide-Loaded Oral Disintegrated Film with Different Polymers via Solvent Casting Method

Objectives

The study aimed to investigate the effect of different polymers and plasticizers on oral disintegrating films (ODFs) containing triamcinolone acetonide (TA), a glucocorticosteroid indicated for the treatment of oral wounds.

Materials and Methods

Thirteen different formulations with the same amount of polymer and plasticizer were prepared by solvent casting. Briefly, the solutions containing polymer, plasticizer, and other ingredients were poured into Petri dishes and kept at room temperature for 20 hours to obtain ODFs. Physical properties of ODFs such as visual appearance, weight and thickness uniformity, pH, mechanical durability (tensile strength, elongation at break and folded insurance), and disintegration time were assessed and drug content analysis was performed on ODFs.

Results

Suitable ODFs were produced with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose, gelatin, and pectin, while film integrity was not achieved with polyethyleneglycol 4000 (PEG 4000), chitosan and starch. Glycerin made ODFs more transparent, reduced their thickness, and improved their mechanical properties. On the other hand, PEG 400 reduced the weight variation. Regarding drug content, PEG-containing gelatin-based ODF (ODF10) and pectin-based ODF (ODF12) complied with pharmacopeial limits. In addition, all ODFs except HPMC-based ODFs had an appropriate pH range.

Conclusion

When all features were evaluated together in terms of the applicability of an ODF to the patient, the most convenient formulation was found to be gelatin-based with PEG 400 ODF (ODF10). In short, patients will benefit from ease of application and transportation and effective therapy with correct dosing with the development of ODF forms of TA for which there are no preparations except for cream, gel, and pomade forms for topical use in Türkiye.

Nanosuspension-Based Repaglinide Fast-Dissolving Buccal Film for Dissolution Enhancement

Drug solubility and dissolution remain a significant challenge in pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate repanglinide (RPG) nanosuspension-based buccal fast-dissolving films (BDFs) for dissolution enhancement. RPG nanosuspension was prepared by the antisolvent-precipitation method using multiple hydrophilic polymers, including soluplus®, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, poloxamers, and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose. The nanosuspension was then directly loaded into BDFs using the solvent casting technique. Twelve formulas were prepared with a particle size range of 81.6-1389 nm and PDI 0.002-1 for the different polymers. Nanosuspensions prepared with soluplus showed a favored mean particle size of 82.6 ± 3.2 nm. The particles were spherical and non-aggregating, as demonstrated by SEM imaging. FTIR showed no interaction between soluplus and RPG. Faster dissolution occurred for the nanosuspension in comparison with pure RPG (complete release vs 60% within 30 min). The nanosuspension was successfully incorporated into BDFs. The optimum film formula showed 28 s disintegration time, and 97.3% RPG released within 10 min. Ex-vivo permeation profiles revealed improved RPG nanosuspension permeation with the cumulative amount of RPG permeated is103.4% ± 10.1 and a flux of 0.00275 mg/cm2/min compared to 39.3% ± 9.57 and a flux of 0.001058 mg/cm2/min for pure RPG. RPG was successfully formulated into nanosuspension that boosted drug dissolution and permeation. The selection of the ultimate NP formula was driven by optimal particle size, distribution, and drug content. Soluplus NPs were shown to be the successful formulations, which were further incorporated into a buccal film. The film was evaluated for ex-vivo permeation, confirming successful RPG formulation with improved performance compared to pure drugs.

El-Gazar A, M. Ragab G, A. Essa M, M. Abdel-Haleem K, El-Dahmy RM. Transcending Traditional Treatment: The Therapeutical Potential of Nanovesicles for Transdermal Baclofen Delivery in Repeated Traumatic Brain Injury

Purpose

The repositioning of previously approved drugs is occupying the researchers' plans. Baclofen (Bac) was our candidate for its established neuroprotective capacity, with a proposal of efficient drug delivery as non-ionic surfactant-based nanovesicles (NISNV) formulae against mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mRTBI) in rats, thus reducing the number of orally or injected medications, especially in severely comatose patients or pediatrics.

Methods

A (23) factorial design was implemented for confining Bac-loaded NISNV formulae, where a bunch of variables were inspected. An in-vivo experiment was done to test the prepared formula's efficacy transdermally. The following parameters were measured: brain expression of gamma amino butyric acid B (GABAB), protein kinase C- α (PKC-α), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), TNF-α and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and histopathology.

Results

The particle size (PS) and entrapment efficiency percent (EE%) speckled from 60.40±0.28% to 88.02±0.01% for the former and 174.64±0.93 to 1174.50±3.54 nm for the latter. In vitro release% after 8 hours ranged from 63.25±5.47% to 84.79±3.75%. The optimized formula (F4) illustrated desirability=1, with 630.09±3.53 µg/cm2 of Bac permeated over 8 hours, which equates to 100% of Bac. Bac post-trauma treatment restored brain expression of GABAB and PKC-α, while decreasing FAK. Besides enhancing the histological findings, the anti-inflammatory effect was clear by decreasing TNF-α and NF-κB p65. Consequently, significant antioxidant sequelae were revealed herein by diminishing MDA levels and restoring SOD activity.

Conclusion

Transdermal delivery of Bac-loaded niosomes confirmed neuroprotection and succeeded in surpassing skin-to-brain barriers, which makes it a promising therapeutic option for repeated traumas.

Pegylated polymeric micelles of boswellic acid-selenium mitigates repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: Regulation of miR-155 and miR-146a/BDNF/ Klotho/Foxo3a cue

This study aims to explore the protective machinery of pegylated polymeric micelles of boswellic acid-selenium (PMBS) against secondary neuronal damage triggered by mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (RTBI). After PMBS characterization in terms of particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and transmission electronic microscopy, the selected formula was used to investigate its potency against experimental RTBI. Five groups of rats were used; group 1 (control) and the other four groups were subjected to RTBI. Groups 2 was RTBI positive control, while 3, 4, and 5 received boswellic acid (BSA), selenium (SEL), and PMBS, respectively. The open-field behavioral test was used for behavioral assessment. Subsequently, brain tissues were utilized for hematoxylin and eosin staining, Nissl staining, Western blotting, and ELISA in addition to evaluating microRNA expression (miR-155 and miR-146a). The behavioral changes, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation triggered by RTBI were all improved by PMBS. Moreover, PMBS mitigated excessive glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and the dysregulation in miR-155 and miR-146a expression. Besides, connexin43 (Cx43) expression as well as klotho and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were upregulated with diminished neuronal cell death and apoptosis because of reduced Forkhead Box class O3a(Foxo3a) expression in the PMBS-treated group. The current study has provided evidence of the benefits produced by incorporating BSA and SEL in PEGylated polymeric micelles formula. PMBS is a promising therapy for RTBI. Its beneficial effects are attributed to the manipulation of many pathways, including the regulation of miR-155 and miR-146a expression, as well as the BDNF /Klotho/Foxo3a signaling pathway.

Challenges in Optimizing Nanoplatforms Used for Local and Systemic Delivery in the Oral Cavity

In this study, we focused on innovative approaches to improve drug administration in oral pathology, especially by transmucosal and transdermal pathways. These improvements refer to the type of microneedles used (proposing needles in the saw), to the use of certain enhancers such as essential oils (which, besides the amplifier action, also have intrinsic actions on oral health), to associations of active substances with synergistic action, as well as the use of copolymeric membranes, cemented directly on the tooth. We also propose a review of the principles of release at the level of the oral mucosa and of the main release systems used in oral pathology. Controlled failure systems applicable in oral pathology include the following: fast dissolving films, mucoadhesive tablets, hydrogels, intraoral mucoadhesive films, composite wafers, and smart drugs. The novelty elements brought by this paper refer to the possibilities of optimizing the localized drug delivery system in osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint, neuropathic pain, oral cancer, periodontitis, and pericoronitis, as well as in maintaining oral health. We would like to mention the possibility of incorporating natural products into the controlled failure systems used in oral pathology, paying special attention to essential oils.

Fabrication, optimization, and evaluation of lyophilized lacidipine-loaded fatty-based nanovesicles as orally fast disintegrating sponge delivery system

Lacidipine (LCD) is a potent antihypertensive agent. Fatty-based nanovesicles (FNVs) were designed to improve LCD low solubility and bioavailability. LCD-FNVs were formulated according to different proportions of cetyl alcohol, cremophor®RH40, and oleic acid adopting Box-Behnken Design. The optimized LCD-FNVs, composed of cetyl alcohol 48.4 mg, cremophor®RH40 120 mg, and oleic acid 40 mg, showed minimum vesicle size (124.8 nm), maximum entrapment efficiency % (91.04 %) and zeta potential (-36.3 mV). The optimized FNVs were then used to formulate the lyophilized orally fast-disintegrating sponge (LY-OFDS). The LY-OFDS had a very short disintegration time (58 sec), remarkably high % drug release (100 % after 15 mins), and increased the drug transbuccal permeation by over 9.5-fold compared to the drug suspension. In-vivo evaluation of antihypertensive activity in rats showed that the LY-OFDS reduced blood pressure immediately after 5 min and reached normal blood pressure 4.5-fold faster than the marketed oral tablets. In the In-vivo pharmacokinetic study in rabbits, the LY-OFDS showed 4.7-fold higher bioavailability compared with the marketed oral tablet. In conclusion, the LY-OFDS loaded with LCD-FNVs is a safe, and non-invasive approach that can deliver LCD effectively to the blood circulation via the buccal mucosa giving superior immediate capabilities of lowering high blood pressure and increasing the drug bioavailability.

Mechanical strength affecting the penetration in microneedles and PLGA nanoparticle-assisted drug delivery: Importance of preparation and formulation

Microneedles (MNs) prepared from polymeric materials are painless and minimally invasive, safe and efficient, but they hindered by low mechanical strength and single diverse drug release pattern. Due to the distinctive mechanical strength and dimensions of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), the integration of nano-technology with microneedles can effectively improve penetration and delivery efficiency through the stratum corneum. We herein designed a simple paroxetine (PAX)-loaded PLGA nanoparticles-integrated dissolving microneedles system (PAX-NPs-DMNs), aiming to improve the bioavailability of PAX through the synergistic permeation-enhancing effect of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) and NPs. PAX-NPs-DMNs had a complete tips molding rate (Neff) of (94.06 ± 2.16) %, a 15×15 quadrangular-conical microneedle array and an overall fracture force of 301.10 N, which were improved nearly 0.50 times compared with the blank microneedles (HA-DMNs) and PAX microneedles (PAX-DMNs). PAX-NPs-DMNs could extend the release duration of PAX from 1 h to 24 h and the cumulative permeability per unit area (Qn) was 47.66 times and 7.37 times higher than the PAX and the PAX-DMNs groups. PAX-NPs-DMNs could be rapidly dissolved within 10 min without hindering skin healing or causing adverse reactions. This study confirmed that PAX-NPs-DMNs can effectively improve the bioavailability of PAX and the mechanical strength of DMNs, which can easily penetrate the skin to provide sustained and painless delivery without causing adverse effects, thus offering a more convenient and effective method for central nervous diseases.

Enhancing Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Rosuvastatin Calcium through the Development and Optimization of Fast-Dissolving Films

Rosuvastatin (RSV) is a widely used cholesterol-lowering medication, but its limited bioavailability due to its susceptibility to stomach pH and extensive first-pass metabolism poses a significant challenge. A fast-dissolving film (FDF) formulation of RSV was developed, characterized, and compared to the conventional marketed tablet to address this issue. The formulation process involved optimizing the thickness, disintegration time, and folding durability. All formulations were assessed for in vitro disintegration, thickness, folding endurance, in vitro dissolution, weight, and content uniformity. The study's results revealed that the optimized RSV-FDF displayed a significantly faster time to maximum plasma concentration (tmax) of 2 h, compared to 4 h for the marketed tablet. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) for the RSV-FDF (1.540 µg/mL ± 0.044) was notably higher than that of the marketed tablet (0.940 µg/mL ± 0.017). Additionally, the pharmacodynamic assessment in male Wistar rats demonstrated that the optimized RSV-FDF exhibited an improved lipid profile, including reduced levels of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), elevated high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), decreased triglycerides (TGs), and lower very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) compared to the conventional tablet. These findings underscore the potential of RSV-FDFs as a promising alternative to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of rosuvastatin in treating dyslipidemia. The faster onset of action and improved lipid-lowering effects make RSV-FDFs an attractive option for patients requiring efficient cholesterol management.

Nanoemulsion-Based Orodispersible Film Formulation of Guava Leaf Oil for Inhibition of Oral Cancer Cells

Among natural sources, guava leaf oil (GLO) has emerged as a potential anticancer agent. However, its limited water solubility poses a significant challenge for its use. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions are used to address the limitation of water solubility of GLO prior to its incorporation into orodipersible films. Nanoemulsions containing GLO:virgin coconut oil (VCO) at a ratio of 50:50 to 70:30 presented a small droplet size of approximately 50 nm and a relatively low zeta potential. GLO:VCO at a ratio of 70:30 was selected for incorporation into sodium alginate film at various concentrations ranging from 1% to 30% w/w. Tensile strength and elongation at break relied on the concentration of nanoemulsions as well as the internal structure of films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that GLO was compatible with sodium alginate. Film containing 2% w/w of nanoemulsions (2G_ODF) exhibited effective in vitro antioral cancer activity, with an IC50 of 62.49 ± 6.22 mg/mL; furthermore, its anticancer activity showed no significant difference after storage at 25 °C for 1 year. Moreover, 2G_ODF at IC60 arrested colony formation and cell invasion. There is also evidence that cell death occurred via apoptosis, as indicated by nuclear fragmentation and positive Annexin-V staining. These findings highlight the potential of orodispersible films containing GLO nanoemulsions as a prospective oral anticancer agent.

The Potential of Films as Transmucosal Drug Delivery Systems

Pharmaceutical films are polymeric formulations used as a delivery platform for administration of small and macromolecular drugs for local or systemic action. They can be produced by using synthetic, semi-synthetic, or natural polymers through solvent casting, electrospinning, hot-melt extrusion, and 3D printing methods, and depending on the components and the manufacturing methods used, the films allow the modulation of drug release. Moreover, they have advantages that have drawn interest in the development and evaluation of film application on the buccal, nasal, vaginal, and ocular mucosa. This review aims to provide an overview of and critically discuss the use of films as transmucosal drug delivery systems. For this, aspects such as the composition of these formulations, the theories of mucoadhesion, and the methods of production were deeply considered, and an analysis of the main transmucosal pathways for which there are examples of developed films was conducted. All of this allowed us to point out the most relevant characteristics and opportunities that deserve to be taken into account in the use of films as transmucosal drug delivery systems.

Overview about Oral Films in Mental Disorders

Mental disorders are increasing worldwide, and efforts have been developed by multidisciplinary research groups to combine knowledge from different areas such as psychology, neuroscience, medicine, and biotechnology to develop strategies and products to promote the prevention of mental disorders. Excessive antipsychotic consumption is a public health problem, and innovative strategies must be devised. The development of innovative and, if possible, natural products is one of the strategies to combat this public health problem. Oral films are recent delivery systems that have been developed with several advantages that should be applied in this area. This review intends to draw attention to these new dosage forms of drugs and bioactive molecules pertinent to the field of mental health prevention and therapy and to the need for regulatory guidelines to ensure their quality and safety. This is a critical overview about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to oral film implementation in mental disorder treatment.

Formulation Strategies of Nanosuspensions for Various Administration Routes

Nanosuspensions (NSs), which are nanosized colloidal particle systems, have recently become one of the most interesting substances in nanopharmaceuticals. NSs have high commercial potential because they provide the enhanced solubility and dissolution of low-water-soluble drugs by means of their small particle sizes and large surface areas. In addition, they can alter the pharmacokinetics of the drug and, thus, improve its efficacy and safety. These advantages can be used to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs in oral, dermal, parenteral, pulmonary, ocular, or nasal routes for systemic or local effects. Although NSs often consist mainly of pure drugs in aqueous media, they can also contain stabilizers, organic solvents, surfactants, co-surfactants, cryoprotectants, osmogents, and other components. The selection of stabilizer types, such as surfactants or/and polymers, and their ratio are the most critical factors in NS formulations. NSs can be prepared both with top-down methods (wet milling, dry milling, high-pressure homogenization, and co-grinding) and with bottom-up methods (anti-solvent precipitation, liquid emulsion, and sono-precipitation) by research laboratories and pharmaceutical professionals. Nowadays, techniques combining these two technologies are also frequently encountered. NSs can be presented to patients in liquid dosage forms, or post-production processes (freeze drying, spray drying, or spray freezing) can also be applied to transform the liquid state into the solid state for the preparation of different dosage forms such as powders, pellets, tablets, capsules, films, or gels. Thus, in the development of NS formulations, the components/amounts, preparation methods, process parameters/levels, administration routes, and dosage forms must be defined. Moreover, those factors that are the most effective for the intended use should be determined and optimized. This review discusses the effect of the formulation and process parameters on the properties of NSs and highlights the recent advances, novel strategies, and practical considerations relevant to the application of NSs to various administration routes.

Development of Transdermal Oleogel Containing Olmesartan Medoxomil: Statistical Optimization and Pharmacological Evaluation

Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a first-line antihypertensive drug with low oral bioavailability (28.6%). This study aimed to develop oleogel formulations to decrease OLM side effects and boost its therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. OLM oleogel formulations were composed of Tween 20, Aerosil 200, and lavender oil. A central composite response surface design chose the optimized formulation, containing Oil/Surfactant (SAA) ratio of 1:1 and Aerosil % of 10.55%, after showing the lowest firmness and compressibility, and the highest viscosity, adhesiveness, and bioadhesive properties (Fmax and Wad). The optimized oleogel increased OLM release by 4.21 and 4.97 folds than the drug suspension and gel, respectively. The optimized oleogel formulation increased OLM permeation by 5.62 and 7.23 folds than the drug suspension and gel, respectively. The pharmacodynamic study revealed the superiority of the optimized formulation in maintaining normal blood pressure and heart rate for 24 h. The biochemical analysis revealed that the optimized oleogel achieved the best serum electrolyte balance profile, preventing OLM-induced tachycardia. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the optimized oleogel increased OLM's bioavailability by more than 4.5- and 2.5-folds compared to the standard gel and the oral market tablet, respectively. These results confirmed the success of oleogel formulations in the transdermal delivery of OLM.

Application of Box-Behnken Design in the Preparation, Optimization, and In-Vivo Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Oral Tadalafil-Loaded Niosomal Film

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects about 90% of men whose ages are over 65. Tadalafil, a selective PDE-5 inhibitor, was approved by FDA for BPH, however, its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability are considered major drawbacks. This work intended to develop and evaluate oral fast dissolving film containing tadalafil-loaded niosomes for those who cannot receive the oral dosage form. Niosomes were statistically optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design and loaded into a polymeric oral film. Niosomes were assessed for their vesicular size, uniformity, and zeta potential. The thickness, content uniformity, folding endurance, tensile strength, disintegration time, and surface morphology were evaluated for the prepared polymeric film. The optimized niosomes revealed high entrapment efficiency (99.78 ± 2.132%) and the film was smooth with good flexibility and convenient thickness (110 ± 10 µm). A fast release of tadalafil was achieved within 5 min significantly faster than the niosomes-free drug film. The in-vivo bioavailability in rats established that the optimized niosomal film enhanced tadalafil systemic absorption, with higher peak concentration (Cmax = 0.63 ± 0.03 µg/mL), shorter Tmax value (0.66-fold), and relative bioavailability of 118.4% compared to the marketed tablet. These results propose that the oral film of tadalafil-loaded niosomes is a suitable therapeutic application that can be passed with ease to geriatric patients who suffer from BPH.

Polymeric Biomaterials for Topical Drug Delivery in the Oral Cavity: Advances on Devices and Manufacturing Technologies

There are several routes of drug administration, and each one has advantages and limitations. In the case of the topical application in the oral cavity, comprising the buccal, sublingual, palatal, and gingival regions, the advantage is that it is painless, non-invasive, allows easy application of the formulation, and it is capable of avoiding the need of drug swallowing by the patient, a matter of relevance for children and the elderly. Another advantage is the high permeability of the oral mucosa, which may deliver very high amounts of medication rapidly to the bloodstream without significant damage to the stomach. This route also allows the local treatment of lesions that affect the oral cavity, as an alternative to systemic approaches involving injection-based methods and oral medications that require drug swallowing. Thus, this drug delivery route has been arousing great interest in the pharmaceutical industry. This review aims to condense information on the types of biomaterials and polymers used for this functionality, as well as on production methods and market perspectives of this topical drug delivery route.

Rizatriptan-Loaded Oral Fast Dissolving Films: Design and Characterizations

Rizatriptan (RZT) is an efficient anti-migraine drug which belongs to the class of selective 5 HT (1B/1D) serotonin receptor agonists. Nevertheless, RZT elicits several adverse effects and RZT nasal sprays have a limited half-life, requiring repeated doses that could cause patient noncompliance or harm to the nasopharynx and cilia. The current research aimed to develop orally disintegrating films (ODFs) of RZT employing maltodextrin (MTX) and pullulan (PUL) as film-forming polymers, as well as propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer. The ODFs were prepared by solvent casting method (SCM). The technique was optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD), contemplating the ratios of PUL: MTX and different levels of PG (%) as factor variables. The influence of these factors was systematically analyzed on the selected dependent variables, including film thickness, disintegration time (D-time), folding endurance (FE), tensile strength (TS), percent elongation (%E), moisture content (%), and water uptake (%). In addition, the surface morphology, solid state analysis, drug content uniformity (%), drug release (%), and pH of the RZT-ODFs were also studied. The results demonstrated a satisfactory stable RZT-ODFs formulation that exhibited surface homogeneity and amorphous RZT in films with no discernible interactions between the model drug and polymeric materials. The optimized film showed a rapid D-time of 16 s and remarkable mechanical features. The in vitro dissolution kinetics showed that 100% RZT was released from optimized film compared to 61% RZT released from conventional RZT formulation in the initial 5 min. An animal pharmacokinetic (PK) investigation revealed that RZT-ODFs had a shorter time to achieve peak plasma concentration (T_max), a higher maximum plasma concentration (C_max), and area under the curve (AUC_0-t) than traditional oral mini capsules. These findings proposed a progressive approach for developing anti-migraine drugs that could be useful in reducing the complications of dysphagia in geriatric and pediatric sufferers.

Repurposing levocetirizine hydrochloride loaded into cationic ceramide/phospholipid composite (CCPCs) for management of alopecia: central composite design optimization, in- silico and in-vivo studies

Levocetirizine hydrochloride (LVC) is an antihistaminic drug that is repurposed for the treatment of alopecia. This investigation is targeted for formulating LVC into cationic ceramide/phospholipid composite (CCPCs) for the management of alopecia. CCPCs were fabricated by ethanol-injection approach, through a central composite experiment. CCPCs were evaluated by inspecting their entrapment efficiency (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), particle size (PS), and zeta potential (ZP). The optimum CCPCs were additionally studied by in-vitro, ex-vivo, in-silico, and in-vivo studies. The fabricated CCPCs had acceptable EE%, PS, PDI, and ZP values. The statistical optimization elected optimum CCPCs composed of 5 mg hyaluronic acid, 10 mg ceramide III, and 5 mg dimethyldidodecylammonium bromide employing phytantriol as a permeation enhancer. The optimum CCPCs had EE%, PS, PDI, and ZP of 88.36 ± 0.34%, 479.00 ± 50.34 nm, 0.377 ± 0.0035, and 20.20 ± 1.13 mV, respectively. The optimum CCPC maintained its stability for up to 90 days. It also viewed vesicles of tube shape via transmission electron microscope. The in-silico assessment resulted in better interaction and stability between LVC and vesicle components in water. The ex-vivo and in-vivo assessments showed satisfactory skin retention of LVC from optimum CCPCs. The histopathological assessment verified the safety of optimum CCPCs to be topically applied. Overall, the optimum CCPCs could be utilized as a potential system for the topical management of alopecia, with a prolonged period of activity, coupled with reduced LVC shortcomings.

Palatable Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride Solid Dispersed Fast-Dissolving Films: Formulation and In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization

One of the most important issues for bitter-tasting drugs such as levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LCD) is the production of palatable dosage forms. LCD also has a delayed onset of action following oral administration. In this study, solid dispersed fast-dissolving films (FDFs) of LCD using the solvent casting method for oral application were prepared and evaluated. The FDF is composed of HPMC as the film forming polymer and different types of superdisintegrants (sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, or crospovidone). FDF containing crospovidone showed the highest percentage release of the drug (100.54% ± 1.47 within 3 min.) and was chosen for fabricating into palatable solid dispersed FDFs using different ratios of gelatine. The results of Raman and FTIR revealed that the drug's crystalline structure has been disrupted, and the drug has intermolecular hydrogen bonds with gelatine. The solid dispersed FDF (LF-7), which contained the drug in the form of a 1 : 1 solid dispersion with gelatine, showed a rapid in vitro disintegration (25 seconds) and a burst release of the drug (99.22% ± 2.22 within one min). The in vivo studies were conducted on human participants and showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in disintegration time (9.43 ± 2.16 sec.) and higher taste masking ability of the solid dispersed FDF (LF-7) compared to the nonsolid dispersed FDF (LF-4). The stability studies indicated that the prepared FDF remained stable over three months. Overall, FDFs of levocetirizine dihydrochloride with a palatable and rapid onset of action were developed to relieve allergic symptoms.

Design, Characterization, and Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Mucoadhesive Oral Patches Loaded with Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Ethanol Extract F-UBE-HPMC

The oral cavity's common pathologies are tooth decay, periodontal disease, and oral cancer; oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequent oral malignancy, with a high mortality rate. Our study aims to formulate, develop, characterize, and pharmacologically investigate the oral mucoadhesive patches (F-UBE-HPMC) loaded with Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg dry ethanol extract (UBE), using HPMC K100 as a film-forming polymer. Each patch contains 312 µg UBE, with a total phenolic content (TPC) of 178.849 µg and 33.924 µg usnic acid. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were performed for their morphological characterization, followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Pharmacotechnical evaluation involved the measurement of the specific parameters for mucoadhesive oral patches as follows: weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, elongation, moisture content, pH, disintegration time, swelling rate, and ex vivo mucoadhesion time. Thus, each F-UBE-HPMC has 104 ± 4.31 mg, a pH = 7.05 ± 0.04, a disintegration time of 130 ± 4.14 s, a swelling ratio of 272 ± 6.31% after 6 h, and a mucoadhesion time of 102 ± 3.22 min. Then, F-UBE-HPMCs pharmacological effects were investigated using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSL assay) as a cytotoxicity prescreening test, followed by complex flow cytometry analyses on blood cell cultures and oral epithelial squamous cell carcinoma CLS-354 cell line. The results revealed significant anticancer effects by considerably increasing oxidative stress and blocking DNA synthesis in CLS-354 cancer cells. The antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27353, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 was assessed by a Resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method. The patches moderately inhibited both bacteria strains growing and displayed a significant antifungal effect, higher on C. albicans than on C. parapsilosis. All these properties lead to considering F-UBE-HPMC suitable for oral disease prevention and therapy.

Evaluation of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg Extract in Canola Oil Loaded in Bioadhesive Oral Films for Potential Applications in Oral Cavity Infections and Malignancy

Usnea lichens are known for their beneficial pharmacological effects with potential applications in oral medicine. This study aims to investigate the extract of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg from the Călimani Mountains in canola oil as an oral pharmaceutical formulation. In the present work, bioadhesive oral films (F-UBO) with U. barbata extract in canola oil (UBO) were formulated, characterized, and evaluated, evidencing their pharmacological potential. The UBO-loaded films were analyzed using standard methods regarding physicochemical and pharmacotechnical characteristics to verify their suitability for topical administration on the oral mucosa. F-UBO suitability confirmation allowed for the investigation of antimicrobial and anticancer potential. The antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27353, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 were evaluated by a resazurin-based 96-well plate microdilution method. The brine shrimp lethality assay (BSL assay) was the animal model cytotoxicity prescreen, followed by flow cytometry analyses on normal blood cells and oral epithelial squamous cell carcinoma CLS-354 cell line, determining cellular apoptosis, caspase-3/7 activity, nuclear condensation and lysosomal activity, oxidative stress, cell cycle, and cell proliferation. The results indicate that a UBO-loaded bioadhesive film’s weight is 63 ± 1.79 mg. It contains 315 µg UBO, has a pH = 6.97 ± 0.01, a disintegration time of 124 ± 3.67 s, and a bioadhesion time of 86 ± 4.12 min, being suitable for topical administration on the oral mucosa. F-UBO showed moderate dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the growth of both bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, in CLS-354 tumor cells, F-UBO increased oxidative stress, diminished DNA synthesis, and induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1. All these properties led to considering UBO-loaded bioadhesive oral films as a suitable phytotherapeutic formulation with potential application in oral infections and neoplasia.

Development and Characterizations of Pullulan and Maltodextrin-Based Oral Fast-Dissolving Films Employing a Box-Behnken Experimental Design

Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches, visual aversions, auditory, and olfactory disorders, accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Zolmitriptan (ZMT^®) is a potent 5HT1B/1D serotonin receptor agonist frequently used for the treatment of migraine. It has erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), but its oral bioavailability is low (40-45%) due to the hepatic metabolism. This makes it an ideal candidate for oral fast dissolving formulations. Hence, the current study was undertaken to design and develop oral fast-dissolving films (OFDFs) containing ZMT for migraine treatment. The OFDFs were formulated by the solvent casting method (SCM) using Pullulan (PU) and maltodextrin (MDX) as film-forming agents and propylene glycol (PG) as a plasticizer. The strategy was designed using Box-Behnken experimental design considering the proportion of PU:MDX and percentage of PG as independent variables. The effectiveness of the OFDF's was measured based on the following responses: drug release at five min, disintegration time (D-time), and tensile strength (TS). The influence of formulation factors, including percent elongation (%E), thickness, water content, moisture absorption, and folding endurance on ZMT-OFDFs, were also studied. The results showed a successful fabrication of stable ZMT-OFDFs, with surface uniformity and amorphous shape of ZMT in fabricated films. The optimized formulation showed a remarkable rapid dissolution, over 90% within the first 5 min, a fast D-time of 18 s, and excellent mechanical characteristics. Improved maximum plasma concentration (C max) and area under the curve (AUC 0-t) in animals (rats) treated with ZMT-OFDFs compared to those treated with an intra-gastric (i-g) suspension of ZMT were also observed. Copolymer OFDFs with ZMT is an exciting proposition with great potential for the treatment of migraine headache. This study offers a promising strategy for developing ZMT-OFDFs using SCM. ZMT-OFDFs showed remarkable rapid dissolution and fast D-time, which might endeavor ZMT-OFDFs as an auspicious alternative approach to improve patient compliance and shorten the onset time of ZMT in migraine treatment.

Formulation and Characterization of Nicotine Microemulsion-Loaded Fast-Dissolving Films for Smoking Cessation

The present study aimed to develop a nicotine microemulsion (NCT-ME) and incorporate it into a fast-dissolving film. The NCT-ME was prepared by mixing the specified proportions of nicotine (NCT), surfactant, co-solvent, and water. The NCT-ME was measured by its average droplet size, size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology. NCT-ME fast-dissolving films were prepared by the solvent casting technique. The films were characterized by morphology, weight, thickness, disintegration time, and mechanical strength properties and the determined NCT loading efficiency and in vitro drug release. The results showed that almost all NCT-MEs presented droplet sizes of less than 100 nm with a spherical form, narrow size distribution, and zeta potentials of −10.6 to −73.7 mV. There was no difference in weight and thickness between all NCT-ME films, but significant changes in the disintegration times were noticed in NCT40-Smix[PEG-40H(2:1)]10 film. The mechanical properties of films varied with changes in type of surfactant. About 80% of the drug release was observed to be between 3 and 30 min. The drug release kinetics were fitted with the Higuchi matrix model. The NCT40-Smix[P-80(1:1)]10 film showed the highest dissolution rate. It was concluded that the developed ME-loaded fast-dissolving film can increase drug release to a greater extent than the films without ME.

Superiority of Microemulsion-based Hydrogel for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Transdermal Delivery: A Comparative Safety and Anti-nociceptive Efficacy Study

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent the foundation of pain management caused by inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, their oral administration induces several side effects exemplified by gastric ulceration, thus, delivering NSAIDs via the skin has become an attractive alternative. Herein, microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH), proliposomal, and cubosomal gels were fabricated, loaded with diclofenac, and physicochemically characterized. The sizes, charges, surface morphologies, and the state of diclofenac within the reconstituted gels were also addressed. The release pattern and ex-vivo permeation studies using Franz cells were performed via the rat abdominal skin. The formulations were assessed in-vivo on mice skin for their irritation effect and their anti-nociceptive efficacy through the tail-flick test. Biosafety study of the optimal gel was also pointed out. The gels and their dispersion forms displayed accepted physicochemical properties. Diclofenac released in a prolonged manner from the prepared gels. MBH revealed a significantly higher skin permeation and the foremost results regarding in-vivo assessment where no skin irritation or altered histopathological features were observed. MBH further induced a significant anti-nociceptive effect during the tail-flick test with a lower tendency to evoke systemic toxicity. Therefore, limonene-containing microemulsion hydrogel is a promising lipid-based vehicle to treat pain with superior safety and therapeutic efficacy.

Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Breviscapine Nanosuspension and Its Freeze-Dried Powder

As a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug, breviscapine (Bre) has low solubility in water, poor chemical stability, a short biological half-life and rapid removal from plasma. This paper prepared a Bre nanosuspension (Bre-NS) by an ultrasound-assisted anti-solvent precipitation method. Characterization of Bre-NS was studied using a Box–Behnken design concerning drug concentration in DMSO, an anti-solvent-to-solvent ratio, and sonication time. Under the optimized conditions of 170 mg/mL for the drug concentration, a 1:60 solvent-to-anti-solvent ratio, and a 9 min sonication time, the particle size of Bre-NS was 303.7 ± 7.3 nm, the polydispersity index was 0.178 ± 0.015, and the zeta potential was −31.10 ± 0.26 mV. Combined with the results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the findings indicated that the crystal form and chemical structure of Bre-NS did not change during the entire process. The optimized formulation displayed good stability, increased solubility, and better in vitro release. Therefore, the results of this study can be a reference for the delivery system design of insoluble active components and effective parts in traditional Chinese medicine.