UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling and Healing Activity of Polyphenol-Rich Fraction of Alhagi maurorum against Oral Ulcer in Rats

A molybdenum sulfide based nitric oxide controlled release oral gel for rapid healing of oral mucosal ulcers

Oral mucosal ulcer is the most prevalent oral mucosal lesion, affecting over 25 % of general population. The current treatment regimens lack efficacy in addressing challenges such as wound bleeding, bacterial infection and inflammation on a continuous basis. Hence, a multi-functional oral gel (termed MPCST) with a long-acting duration is designed. It is based on a tannic acid-thioctic acid (TATA) supramolecular hydrogel which absorbs tissue exudate while exhibiting robust tissue adhesion properties. To form MPCST, TATA is loaded with MPCS, which are composed of polydopamine (PDA)-coated molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes (MoS2@PDA) with high photothermal conversion efficiency, nitric oxide (NO) precursor nitroprusside (SNP) and cerium oxide (CeO2) with high reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging rate. Upon exposure to 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, MPCS rapidly heats up and releases NO to promote angiogenesis, while exhibiting strong ROS scavenging, antibacterial (including oral common Streptococcus mutans), and anti-inflammatory properties. Animal experiments show that the MPCST oral gel, composed of MPCS and TATA hydrogel, exhibits superior therapeutic efficacy compared to the commonly used dexamethasone patch.

A comparative metabolomic investigation of different sections of Sicilian Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck, characterization of bioactive metabolites, and evaluation of in vivo toxicity on zebrafish embryo

Citrus fruits are a diverse and economically important group of fruit crops known for their distinctive flavors and high nutritional value. Their cultivation and consumption contribute significantly to the global agricultural economy and offer a wide range of health benefits. Among the genetic diversity of citrus species, Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck is particularly relevant due to its chemical composition and potential health benefits. Two cultivars from the Sicily region (southern Italy) were compared for their phenolic content and preliminary antioxidant activity to select the distinctive extract with potential biological activity. A detailed characterization revealed the occurrence of phenolics, coumarins, and flavonoids. The quantification of metabolites contained in the selected extract was performed by an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic method coupled with an ultraviolet detector. Different concentrations were tested in vivo through the fish embryo acute toxicity test, and the 50% lethal dose of 107,833 µg mL-1 was calculated. Finally, the effect of the extract on hatching was evaluated, and a dose-dependent relationship with the accelerated hatching rate was reported, suggesting a Femminello Zagara Bianca green peel upregulating effect on the hatching enzymes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Citrus fruits and their products continue to be one of the natural food sources with the highest waste output. In this study, we demonstrate how food industry waste, particularly lemon peel, is rich in bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that may be used in the nutraceuticals industry.

Biochemical and toxicity evaluation of Retama sphaerocarpa extracts and in-silico investigation of phenolic compounds as potential inhibitors against HPV16 E6 oncoprotein

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer which affects the cervix cells. The conventional treatments for cervical cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are only effective in premature stages and less effective in late stages of this tumor. Therefore, the therapeutic strategies based on biologically active substances from plants are needed to develop for the treatment of cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to assess in vivo toxicity, hematological and biochemical blood parameters in Wistar rats fed Retama sphaerocarpa aqueous leaf extract (RS-AE), as well as to perform in silico molecular docking studies and dynamic simulation of phenolic compounds against HPV16 oncoprotein E6 in order to identify potential inhibitors. RS-AE was found not to induce acute or sub-acute oral toxicity or significant alterations in hematological and biochemical blood parameters in Wistar rats. A total of 11 phenolic compounds were identified in RS-AE, including dihydrodaidzein glucuronide, chrysoperiol pentoside, genistin and vitexin, which turned out to have the highest binding affinity to HPV16 oncoprotein E6. Based on these results, these RS-AE phenolic compounds could be used as natural drugs against the HPV16 E6 oncoprotein.

Role of Nutraceuticals in Obesity Management: A Mechanism and Prospective Supported by Molecular Docking Studies

Obesity and its comorbidities represent a major health problem worldwide. Treatment by reducing food intake and physical activity interventions has limited success especially with elderly people with chronic diseases. Nutraceuticals are naturally originated and successfully used for their physiological and nutritional benefit in health care. They might be alternative means to help lose weight and reduce obesity-associated metabolic disorders with the improvement of health, delay the aging process, prevention of chronic diseases, increase of life expectancy, or support to the structure or function of the body. The current study enumerates the inherent role of nutraceuticals in the management of obesity and its related comorbidities. The study is supported with the molecular docking studies discussing the mechanism of action. An attempt to optimize the role of nutraceuticals is made in this article in addition to widen the scope of its use in this chronic worldwide disease.

Antimalarial and Antileishmanial Flavonoids from Calendula officinalis Flowers

Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as English or pot marigold, is an herbaceous plant with edible flowers. In this study, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was used for tentative identification of compounds in marigold flower methanol extract (MFE). In addition, RP-HPLC-DAD analysis was used to quantify the flavonoids hesperidin and rutin in MFE. The antileishmanial potentials of the crude extract and compounds were evaluated against Leishmania major promastigotes and amastigotes. Further, in vivo 4-day antimalarial testing of the extract and compounds was carried out at doses of 25 mg kg−1 per day using mice infected with ANKA strain of Plasmodium berghei, following standard procedure. Molecular docking studies were carried out to assess the binding mode of flavonoids against the vital targets of L. major, including pteridine reductase 1 and farnesyl diphosphate synthase enzymes. The in silico antimalarial potentials of flavonoids were evaluated against wild-type Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase and phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase enzymes. Twenty compounds were tentatively identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of MFE, of which, seven flavonoids, six saponins, three phenolic acids, three fatty acids, and a triterpene glycoside were identified. MFE phytochemical analysis revealed that hesperidin content was 36.17 mg g−1 extract, that is, 9.9-fold their content of rutin (3.65 mg g−1 extract). The method was validated to ensure reproducibility of the results. The tested samples exhibited antileishmanial potentials against L. major promastigotes, with IC50 values of 98.62, 118.86, and 104.74 ng µL−1 for hesperidin, rutin, and MFE, respectively. Likewise, hesperidin showed inhibitory potentials against L. major amastigote with an IC50 value of 108.44 ± 11.2 µM, as compared to miltefosine. The mean survival time, parasitemia, and suppression percentages showed similar results for the three samples against ANKA strain of P. berghei. The docking studies showed good binding affinities of rutin and hesperidin with numerous H-bonding and van der Waals interactions. Marigold flowers are nutraceuticals, presenting important sources of bioactive flavonoids with potential against neglected tropical diseases.

Phytochemical profiling and neuroprotective activity of Callistemon subulatus leaves against cyclophosphamide-induced chemobrain

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a chemotherapeutic drug used for various types of cancers. However, patients receiving CPA for long periods suffer cognitive impairment associated with difficulties in learning, decreased concentration, and impaired memory. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment, known as chemobrain, has been attributed to enhanced oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The current study aimed to identify the phytoconstituents of Callistemon subulatus extract (CSE) using HPLC-ESI/MS-MS analysis and evaluate its neuroprotective activity against CPA-induced chemobrain in rats. Fourteen compounds were identified following HPLC analysis including, five phlorglucinols, four flavonol glycosides, a triterpene, and a phenolic acid. Forty rats were divided into five groups treated for ten days as follows; group I (control group), group II received CPA (200 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 7th day, groups III and IV received CSE (200 and 400 mg/kg respectively, orally) for ten days and CPA (200 mg/kg, i.p.) on the 7th day, and group V received only CSE (400 mg/kg, orally) for ten days. The administration of CSE effectively ameliorated the deleterious effects of CPA on spatial and short-term memories, as evidenced by behavioral tests, Y-maze and passive avoidance. Such findings were further confirmed by histological examination. In addition, CSE counteracted the effect of CPA on hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity enhancing the level of acetylcholine. Owing to the CSE antioxidant properties, it hindered the CPA-induced redox imbalance, which is represented by decreased catalase and reduced glutathione levels, as well as enhanced lipid peroxidation. Therefore, CSE may be a promising natural candidate for protection against CPA-induced chemobrain in cancer patients.

Thymus satureioides Coss. combats oral ulcer via inhibition of inflammation, proteolysis, and apoptosis

Oral ulcer is a frequent condition that commonly affects the tongue and in which 75% of the patients experience pain, and 25% report taste changes. The available therapies are not sufficiently effective for rapid and complete healing of tongue ulcers. We previously annotated the metabolites of Thymus satureioides (TS) aerial parts and reported their antioxidant, dermacosmeceutical and hepatoprotective properties. In this study, we performed in silico analysis, by applying network pharmacology and molecular docking, followed by experimental validation of the effect of local application of T. satureioides (TS) gel at two different concentrations on the healing of acetic-acid-induced tongue ulcer in rats. Salvianolic acid A, phloretic acid caffeate, rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and luteolin were the top bioactive ingredients of TS extract. Network pharmacology showed that the most relevant targets of these active constituents were TLR4, COX-2, MMP-9, TNF-α, and Caspase-3. Molecular docking showed that rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid had a relatively strong binding affinity, compared to the other compounds, toward all the target proteins. Experimental validation in tongue ulcer model in rats and immunohistochemistry experiments showed that application of a gel containing TS extract (5 and 10%) was effective in healing the tongue ulcer via downregulation of COX-2, TNF-α, MMP-9, and Caspase-3. This study suggests that T. satureioides extract could act as a topical treatment for tongue ulcers by combating inflammation, apoptosis, and proteolysis. The possible treatment potential of some constituents including rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid in oral ulcerations awaits further investigations to confirm their potency.

A Relook into the Flavonoid Chemical Space of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves through a Combination of LC-MS and Molecular Networking

Moringa oleifera Lam. is a functional tree that is known to produce a variety of metabolites with purported pharmacological activities. It is frequently called the "miracle tree" due to its utilization in numerous nutraceutical and pharmacological contexts. This study was aimed at studying the chemical space of M. oleifera leaf extracts through molecular networking (MN), a tool that identifies metabolites by classifying them based on their MS-based fragmentation pattern similarities and signals. In this case, a special emphasis was placed on the flavonoid composition. The MN unraveled different molecular families such as flavonoids, carboxylic acids and derivatives, lignin glycosides, fatty acyls, and macrolactams that are found within the plant. In silico annotation tools such as network annotation propagation (NAP) and DEREPLICATOR, an unsupervised substructure identification tool (MS2LDA), and MolNet enhancer were also explored to further compliment the classic molecular networking output within the Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) site. In this study, common flavonoids found within Moringa oleifera were further annotated using MS2LDA. Utilizing computational tools allowed for the discovery of a wide range of structurally diverse flavonoid molecules within M. oleifera leaf extracts. The expansion of the flavonoid chemical repertoire in this plant arises from intricate glycosylation modifications, leading to the creation of structural isomers that manifest as isobaric ions during mass spectrometry (MS) analyses.

Antimicrobial activities of metabolites isolated from endophytic Aspergillus flavus of Sarcophyton ehrenbergi supported by in-silico study and NMR spectroscopy

BACKGROUND

Endophytic Aspergillus species produce countless valuable bioactive secondary metabolites. In the current study, Aspergillus flavus an endophyte from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi was chemically explored and the extracted phytoconstituents were subsequently evaluated for antimicrobial activity. This is accomplished by employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and computational techniques. Additionally, An in vitro anticancer analysis of A. flavus total extract against breast cancer cells (MCF-7) was investigated.

RESULT

Six compounds were separated from the crude alcohol extract of the endophytic Aspergillus flavus out of which anhydro-mevalonolactone was reported for the first time. The anti-fungal and anti-Helicobacter pylori properties of two distinct compounds (Scopularides A and B) were assessed. Additionally, computational research was done to identify the binding mechanisms for all compounds. Both the compounds were found to be active against H. pylori with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 7.81 to 15.63 µg/ mL as compared with clarithromycin 1.95 µg/ mL. Scopularides A was potent against both Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 31.25 µg/ mL, while scopularides B only inhibits Candida albicans with MIC value of 15.63 µg/ mL and weak inhibitory activity against A. niger (MIC = 125 µg/ mL). Furthermore, cytotoxic activity showed a significant effect (IC50: 30.46 mg/mL) against MCF-7 cells.

CONCLUSION

Our findings report that cytotoxic activity and molecular docking support the antimicrobial activity of Aspergillus flavus, which could be a promising alternative source as a potential antimicrobial agent.

Evaluating the habitat suitability modeling of Aceria alhagi and Alhagi maurorum in their native range using machine learning techniques.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2441475/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Spatial locational modeling techniques are increasingly used in species distribution modeling. However, the implemented techniques differ in their modeling performance. In this study, we tested the predictive accuracy of three algorithms, namely "random forest (RF)," "support vector machine (SVM)," and "boosted regression trees (BRT)" to prepare habitat suitability mapping of an invasive species, Alhagi maurorum, and its potential biological control agent, Aceria alhagi. Location of this study was in Fars Province, southwest of Iran. The spatial distributions of the species were forecasted using GPS devices and GIS software. The probability values of occurrence were then checked using three algorithms. The predictive accuracy of the machine learning (ML) techniques was assessed by computing the “area under the curve (AUC)” of the “receiver-operating characteristic” plot. When the Aceria alhagi was modeled, the AUC values of RF, BRT and SVM were 0.89, 0.81, and 0.79, respectively. However, in habitat suitability models (HSMs) of Alhagi maurorum the AUC values of RF, BRT and SVM were 0.89, 0.80, and 0.73, respectively. The RF model provided significantly more accurate predictions than other algorithms. The importance of factors on the growth and development of Alhagi maurorum and Aceria alhagi was also determined using the partial least squares (PLS) algorithm, and the most crucial factors were the road and slope. Habitat suitability modeling based on algorithms may significantly increase the accuracy of species distribution forecasts, and thus it shows considerable promise for different conservation biological and biogeographical applications.

Phytoecdysteroids and Anabolic Effect of Atriplex dimorphostegia: UPLC-PDA-MS/MS Profiling, In Silico and In Vivo Models

Atriplex dimorphostegia (Saltbush) is an annual halophytic shrub that is widely distributed across various parts of Asia. The current study is the first to report the metabolites profile of the total ethanol extract of the aerial parts of A. dimorphostegia (TEAD), and its anabolic activity together with the isolated 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) in orchidectomized male rats. TEAD was analyzed and standardized utilizing UPLC-PDA-ESI−MS/MS and UPLC-PDA-UV techniques, resulting in tentative identification of fifty compounds including polyphenols, steroids and triterpenoids. In addition, 20-HE was quantified, representing 26.79 μg/mg of the extract. Phytochemical investigation of TEAD resulted in the isolation of 20-HE from the ethyl acetate fraction (EFAD) and was identified by conventional spectroscopic methods of analysis. Furthermore, the anabolic effect of the isolated 20-HE and TEAD was then evaluated using in silico and in vivo models. Molecular docking experiments revealed in vitro selectivity of 20-HE towards estrogen receptors (ERs), specifically ERβ over ERα and androgenic receptor (AR). The anabolic efficacy of TEAD and 20-HE was studied in orchidectomized immature male Wistar rats using the weight of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The weights of ventral prostate and seminal vesicles were used as indicators for androgenic activity. Rats administered 20-HE and TEAD showed a significant increase (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001) in the net muscle mass compared to the negative control, while the group receiving TEAD showed the highest percentage among all groups at p < 0.0001. Histopathological investigation of skeletal muscle fibers showed normal morphological structures, and the group administered 20-HE showed an increase in cross sectional area of muscle fibers comparable to methandienone and testosterone groups at p > 0.99. A. dimorphostegia exhibited promising anabolic activity with minimal androgenic side effects.

In Silico Docking, Resistance Modulation and Biofilm Gene Expression in Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii via Cinnamic and Gallic Acids

Despite the mounting global burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the generation of new classes of effective antimicrobials still lags far behind. The interplay between multidrug resistance and biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii has drastically narrowed the available therapeutic choices. The use of natural compounds holds promise as an alternate option for restoring the activity of existing antibiotics and attenuating virulence traits through reduced biofilm formation. This study aimed to evaluate the modulatory effect of combining cinnamic and gallic acids at ½MIC with various antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii clinical isolates as well as study the effect on the expression of the biofilm-associated genes (bap, csuE, ompA) via quantitative, real-time PCR. Combining cinnamic or gallic acid with imipenem, amikacin or doxycycline resulted in significant reduction of resistance (p < 0.05). On the contrary, no effect was recorded when both acids were combined with levofloxacin, and only cinnamic acid had a synergistic effect with colistin. The transcriptomic changes of biofilm-related genes in the presence of gallic acid at ½MIC were compared with untreated control samples. The fold expression values proved that gallic acid substantially down-regulated the respective genes in all five strong biofilm formers. Molecular docking studies of gallic and cinnamic acids on target genes revealed good binding affinities and verified the proposed mechanism of action. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of gallic acid on the expression of bap, csuE and ompA genes in A. baumannii, which may permit its use as an adjunct anti-virulence therapeutic strategy.

GC/MS analysis and potential synergistic effect of mandarin and marjoram oils on Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric carcinoma. This study compares chemical composition and anti-H. pylori activity of mandarin leaves and marjoram herb essential oils, and their combined oil. GC/MS analysis of mandarin oil revealed six compounds (100% identified), mainly methyl-N-methyl anthranilate (89.93%), and 13 compounds (93.52% identified) of marjoram oil, mainly trans-sabinene hydrate (36.11%), terpinen-4-ol (17.97%), linalyl acetate (9.18%), and caryophyllene oxide (8.25%)). Marjoram oil (MIC = 11.40 µg/mL) demonstrated higher activity than mandarin oil (MIC = 31.25 µg/mL). The combined oil showed a synergistic effect at MIC of 1.95 µg/mL (same as clarithromycin). In-silico molecular docking on H. pylori urease, CagA, pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies were performed on major compounds from both oils. The best scores were for caryophyllene oxide then linalyl acetate and methyl-N-methyl anthranilate. Compounds revealed high safety and desirable properties. The combined oil can be an excellent candidate to manage H. pylori.

Cyclodepsipeptides: Isolation from Endophytic Fungi of Sarcophyton ehrenbergi and Verification of Their Larvicidal Activity via In-Vitro and In-Silico Studies

Culex pipiens mosquitoes are vectors to many viruses and can transmit diseases such as filariasis and avian malaria. The present study evaluated the larvicidal activity of marine-derived endophytic fungi Aspergillus nomius and Aspergillus flavus from the soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi along with two known cyclodepsipeptide compounds, scopularide A (1) and B (2), isolated from A. flavus extract, against third-instar larvae of C. pipiens, using distilled water as a negative control and toosenedanin as a positive control. The structures of the isolated compounds were confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀ and LC₉₀) were calculated by probit analysis. Scopularide A was the most potent after 96 h treatment, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 58.96 and 994.31 ppm, respectively, and with 82.66% mortality at a concentration of 300 ppm. To unravel the biochemical mechanism of the tested extracts and compounds, their effects against protease, chitinase, phenoloxidases and lipase enzymes from the whole-body tissue of C. pipiens were evaluated after 72 h treatment at LC₅₀ dose. Superior activity was observed for A. flavus extract against all tested enzymes. A molecular docking study was conducted for scopularide A and B on the four tested enzymes, to further verify the observed activity. Results revealed good binding affinities for both compounds as compared to the docked ligands, mainly via a number of hydrogen bonds. This was the first study to report the isolation of endophytic fungi A. flavus and A. nomius from the marine soft coral S. ehrenbergi. The endophytic fungal extract of A. flavus was found to be a promising source for a natural larvicidal agent against C. pipiens populations.