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Yang P, Sun Y, Sun X, Li Y, Wang L. Optimization of preparation and transformation of protoplasts from Populus simonii × P. nigra leaves and subcellular localization of the major latex protein 328 (MLP328). PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:3. [PMID: 38178205 PMCID: PMC10765669 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populus simonii × P. nigra is an ideal material for studying the molecular mechanisms of woody plants. In recent years, research on Populus simonii × P. nigra has increasingly focused on the application of transgenic technology to improve salt tolerance. However, the rapid characterization of gene functions has been hampered by the long growth cycle and exceedingly poor transformation efficiency. Protoplasts are an important tool for plant gene engineering, which can assist with challenging genetic transformation and the protracted growth cycle of Populus simonii × P. nigra. This study established an optimized system for the preparation and transformation of protoplasts from Populus simonii × P. nigra leaves, making genetic research on Populus simonii × P. nigra faster and more convenient. Major Latex Protein (MLP) family genes play a crucial role in plant salt stress response. In the previous study, we discovered that PsnMLP328 can be induced by salt treatment, which suggested that this gene may be involved in response to salt stress. Protein localization is a suggestion for its function. Therefore, we conducted subcellular localization analysis using protoplasts of Populus simonii × P. nigra to study the function of the PsnMLP328 gene preliminarily. RESULTS This study established an optimized system for the preparation and transformation of Populus simonii × P. nigra protoplasts. The research results indicate that the optimal separation scheme for the protoplasts of Populus simonii × P. nigra leaves included 2.5% cellulase R-10, 0.6% macerozyme R-10, 0.3% pectolyase Y-23, and 0.8 M mannitol. After enzymatic digestion for 5 h, the yield of obtained protoplasts could reach up to 2 × 107 protoplasts/gFW, with a high viability of 98%. We carried out the subcellular localization analysis based on the optimized transient transformation system, and the results indicated that the MLP328 protein is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm; thereby proving the effectiveness of the transformation system. CONCLUSION In summary, this study successfully established an efficient system for preparing and transforming leaf protoplasts of Populus simonii × P. nigra, laying the foundation for future research on gene function and expression of Populus simonii × P. nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Chen K, Chen J, Pi X, Huang LJ, Li N. Isolation, Purification, and Application of Protoplasts and Transient Expression Systems in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16892. [PMID: 38069215 PMCID: PMC10706244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protoplasts, derived from plant cells, exhibit remarkable totipotency and hold significant value across a wide spectrum of biological and biotechnological applications. These versatile applications encompass protein subcellular localization and interaction analysis, gene expression regulation, functional characterization, gene editing techniques, and single-cell sequencing. Protoplasts' usability stems from their inherent accessibility and their ability to efficiently incorporate exogenous genes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview, including details on isolation procedures and influencing factors, purification and viability assessment methodologies, and the utilization of the protoplast transient expression system. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of current applications and offer valuable insights into protoplast isolation and the establishment of transient expression systems in a diverse range of plant species, thereby serving as a valuable resource for the plant science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiali Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xin Pi
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-Resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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Huang W, Zheng A, Huang H, Chen Z, Ma J, Li X, Liang Q, Li L, Liu R, Huang Z, Qin Y, Tang Y, Li H, Zhang F, Wang Q, Sun B. Effects of sgRNAs, Promoters, and Explants on the Gene Editing Efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 System in Chinese Kale. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13241. [PMID: 37686051 PMCID: PMC10487834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system is extensively used for plant gene editing. This study developed an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 system for Chinese kale using multiple sgRNAs and two promoters to create various CRISPR/Cas9 vectors. These vectors targeted BoaZDS and BoaCRTISO in Chinese kale protoplasts and cotyledons. Transient transformation of Chinese kale protoplasts was assessed for editing efficiency at three BoaZDS sites. Notably, sgRNA: Z2 achieved the highest efficiency (90%). Efficiency reached 100% when two sgRNAs targeted BoaZDS with a deletion of a large fragment (576 bp) between them. However, simultaneous targeting of BoaZDS and BoaCRTISO yielded lower efficiency. Transformation of cotyledons led to Chinese kale mutants with albino phenotypes for boazds mutants and orange-mottled phenotypes for boacrtiso mutants. The mutation efficiency of 35S-CRISPR/Cas9 (92.59%) exceeded YAO-CRISPR/Cas9 (70.97%) in protoplasts, and YAO-CRISPR/Cas9 (96.49%) surpassed 35S-CRISPR/Cas9 (58%) in cotyledons. These findings introduce a strategy for enhancing CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiency in Chinese kale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Aihong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi 563006, China;
| | - Jie Ma
- Bijie lnstitute of Agricultural Science, Bijie 551700, China;
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qiannan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ling Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ruobin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Zhi Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yaoguo Qin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Huanxiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (W.H.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (X.L.); (Q.L.); (L.L.); (R.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.Q.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (F.Z.)
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Kang H, Naing AH, Park SK, Chung MY, Kim CK. Protoplast isolation and transient gene expression in different petunia cultivars. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:271-280. [PMID: 35622155 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The protocol optimized for Petunia hybrida cv. Mirage Rose produced high protoplast yields in 3 out of other 11 cultivars (Damask White, Dreams White, and Opera Supreme White). Factors optimized in the protoplast transfection process showed that the best transfection efficiency (80%) was obtained using 2.5 × 105 protoplast density, 40% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, 10 µg plasmid DNA, and 15 min of transfection time. Assessing the usability of the protocol for other cultivars (Damask White, Dreams White, and Opera Supreme White), a reasonable protoplast transfection efficiency (⁓50%) was observed in the cultivars Dreams White and Opera Supreme White, with lower efficiency (⁓50%) observed in the cv. Damask White. The transient expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the nucleus of the transfected protoplasts of all cultivars was confirmed using PCR. This system could be valuable for genome editing of unwanted genes in petunias using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) technology. Furthermore, it could contribute to other studies on protein subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and functional gene expression in the petunias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Yang D, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Han F, Li Z. A high-efficiency PEG-Ca 2+-mediated transient transformation system for broccoli protoplasts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081321. [PMID: 36578340 PMCID: PMC9790990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transient transformation of plant protoplasts is an important method for studying gene function, subcellular localization and plant morphological development. In this study, an efficient transient transformation system was established by optimizing the plasmid concentration, PEG4000 mass concentration and genotype selection, key factors that affect transformation efficiency. Meanwhile, an efficient and universal broccoli protoplast isolation system was established. Using 0.5% (w/v) cellulase R-10 and 0.1% (w/v) pectolyase Y-23 to hydrolyze broccoli cotyledons of three different genotypes for 3 h, the yield was more than 5×106/mL/g, and the viability was more than 95%, sufficient to meet the high standards for protoplasts to be used in various experiments. The average transformation efficiency of the two plasmid vectors PHG-eGFP and CP507-YFP in broccoli B1 protoplasts were 61.4% and 41.7%, respectively. Using this system, we successfully performed subcellular localization of the products of three target genes (the clubroot resistance gene CRa and two key genes regulated by glucosinolates, Bol029100 and Bol031350).The results showed that the products of all three genes were localized in the nucleus. The high-efficiency transient transformation system for broccoli protoplasts constructed in this study makes it possible to reliably acquire high-viability protoplasts in high yield. This research provides important technical support for international frontier research fields such as single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, plant somatic hybridization, gene function analysis and subcellular localization.
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Pavese V, Moglia A, Abbà S, Milani AM, Torello Marinoni D, Corredoira E, Martínez MT, Botta R. First Report on Genome Editing via Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) in Castanea sativa Mill. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5762. [PMID: 35628572 PMCID: PMC9145500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Castanea sativa is an important tree nut species worldwide, highly appreciated for its multifunctional role, in particular for timber and nut production. Nowadays, new strategies are needed to achieve plant resilience to diseases, climate change, higher yields, and nutritional quality. Among the new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a powerful tool to improve plant breeding in a short time and inexpensive way. In addition, the CRISPR/Cas9 construct can be delivered into the cells in the form of ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), avoiding the integration of exogenous DNA (GMO-free) through protoplast technology that represents an interesting material for gene editing thanks to the highly permeable membrane to DNA. In the present study, we developed the first protoplast isolation protocol starting from European chestnut somatic embryos. The enzyme solution optimized for cell wall digestion contained 1% cellulase Onozuka R-10 and 0.5% macerozyme R-10. After incubation for 4 h at 25 °C in dark conditions, a yield of 4,500,000 protoplasts/mL was obtained (91% viable). The transfection capacity was evaluated using the GFP marker gene, and the percentage of transfected protoplasts was 51%, 72 h after the transfection event. The direct delivery of the purified RNP was then performed targeting the phytoene desaturase gene. Results revealed the expected target modification by the CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and the efficient protoplast editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pavese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Silvia Abbà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Daniela Torello Marinoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Martínez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede de Santiago, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avd. Vigo, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.C.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Roberto Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari-DISAFA, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.P.); (S.A.); (A.M.M.); (D.T.M.); (R.B.)
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Sivanandhan G, Bae S, Sung C, Choi SR, Lee GJ, Lim YP. Optimization of Protoplast Isolation from Leaf Mesophylls of Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) and Subsequent Transfection with a Binary Vector. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122636. [PMID: 34961107 PMCID: PMC8708831 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chinese cabbage is an important dietary source of numerous phytochemicals, including glucosinolates and anthocyanins. The selection and development of elite Chinese cabbage cultivars with favorable traits is hindered by a long breeding cycle, a complex genome structure, and the lack of an efficient plant transformation protocol. Thus, a protoplast transfection-based transformation method may be useful for cell-based breeding and functional studies involving Chinese cabbage plants. In this study, we established an effective method for isolating Chinese cabbage protoplasts, which were then transfected with the pCAMBIA1303 binary vector according to an optimized PEG-based method. More specifically, protoplasts were isolated following a 4 h incubation in a solution comprising 1.5% (v/v) cellulase, 0.25% (v/v) macerozyme, 0.25% (v/v) pectinase, 0.5 M mannitol, 15 mM CaCl2, 25 mM KCl, 0.1% BSA, and 20 mM MES buffer, pH 5.7. This method generated 7.1 × 106 protoplasts, 78% of which were viable. The gfp reporter gene in pCAMBIA1303 was used to determine the transfection efficiency. The Chinese cabbage protoplast transfection rate was highest (68%) when protoplasts were transfected with the 40 μg binary vector for 30 min in a solution containing 40% PEG. The presence of gusA and hptII in the protoplasts was confirmed by PCR. The methods developed in this study would be useful for DNA-free genome editing as well as functional and molecular investigations of Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshan Sivanandhan
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.S.); (S.B.); (C.S.); (S.-R.C.)
| | - Solhee Bae
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.S.); (S.B.); (C.S.); (S.-R.C.)
| | - Chaemin Sung
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.S.); (S.B.); (C.S.); (S.-R.C.)
| | - Su-Ryun Choi
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.S.); (S.B.); (C.S.); (S.-R.C.)
| | - Geung-Joo Lee
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yong-Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.S.); (S.B.); (C.S.); (S.-R.C.)
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