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Adedeji OS, Naing AH, Kang H, Xu J, Chung MY, Kim CK. Editing of the ethylene biosynthesis gene in carnation using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex. Plant Methods 2024; 20:20. [PMID: 38308305 PMCID: PMC10835871 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to edit ethylene (ET) biosynthesis genes [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthetase 1 (ACS1) and ACC oxidase 1 (ACO1)] in carnation using the CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex system. Initially, the conserved regions of the target genes (ACS1 and ACO1) were validated for the generation of different single guide RNAs (sgRNAs), followed by the use of an in vitro cleavage assay to confirm the ability of the sgRNAs to cleave the target genes specifically. The in vitro cleavage assay revealed that the sgRNAs were highly effective in cleaving their respective target regions. The complex of sgRNA: Cas9 was directly delivered into the carnation protoplast, and the target genes in the protoplast were deep-sequenced. The results revealed that the sgRNAs were applicable for editing the ET biosynthesis genes, as the mutation frequency ranged from 8.8 to 10.8% for ACO1 and 0.2-58.5% for ACS1. When sequencing the target genes in the callus derived from the protoplasts transformed with sgRNA: Cas9, different indel patterns (+ 1, - 1, and - 8 bp) in ACO1 and (- 1, + 1, and + 11) in ACS1 were identified. This study highlighted the potential application of CRISPR/Cas9 RNP complex system in facilitating precise gene editing for ET biosynthesis in carnation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
| | - Hyunhee Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Junping Xu
- Life Science and Technology School, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, 524048, China
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Naing AH, Baek S, Campol JR, Kang H, Kim CK. Loss of ACO4 in petunia improves abiotic stress tolerance by reducing the deleterious effects of stress-induced ethylene. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 203:107998. [PMID: 37678091 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of ethylene (ET) in abiotic stress tolerance in petunia cv. 'Mirage Rose', petunia plants in which the ET biosynthesis gene 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase 4 (ACO4) was knocked out (phaco4 mutants) and wild-type (WT) plants were exposed to heat and drought conditions. Loss of function of ACO4 significantly delayed leaf senescence and chlorosis under heat and drought stress by maintaining the SPAD values and the relative water content, indicating a greater stress tolerance of phaco4 mutants than that of WT plants. This tolerance was related to the lower ET and reactive oxygen species levels in the mutants than in WT plants. Furthermore, the stress-induced expression of genes related to ET signal transduction, antioxidant and proline activities, heat response, and biosynthesis of abscisic acid was higher in the mutants than in WT plants, indicating a greater stress tolerance in the former than in the latter. These results demonstrate the deleterious effects of stress-induced ET on plant growth and provide a better physiological and molecular understanding of the role of stress ET in the abiotic stress response of petunia. Because the loss of function of ACO4 in petunia improved stress tolerance, we suggest that ACO4 plays a vital role in stress-induced leaf senescence and acts as a negative regulator of abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Sangcheol Baek
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Jova Riza Campol
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kang
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Naing AH, Park DY, Park HC, Kim CK. Removal of heavy metals using Iris species: A potential approach for reclamation of heavy metal-polluted sites and environmental beautification. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27732-5. [PMID: 37303013 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27732-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, the number of heavy metal (HM)-polluted sites has increased rapidly in recent years, posing a serious threat to agricultural productivity, human health, and environmental safety. Hence, it is necessary to remediate HM-polluted sites to increase cultivatable lands for agricultural productivity, prevent hazardous effects to human health, and promote environmental safety. Removal of HMs using plants (phytoremediation) is a promising method as it is eco-friendly. Recently, ornamental plants have been widely used in phytoremediation programs as they can simultaneously eliminate HMs and are aesthetically pleasing. Among the ornamental plants, Iris species are frequently used; however, their role in HM remediation has not been reviewed yet. Here, the importance of Iris species in the ornamental industry and their different commercial aspects are briefly described. Additionally, the mechanisms of how the plant species absorb and transport the HMs to the above-ground tissues and tolerate HM stress are highlighted. The variation in HM remediation efficiency depending on the plant species, HM type and concentration, use of certain supplements, and experimental conditions are also discussed. Iris species are able to remove other hazards as well, such as pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds, and industrial wastes, from polluted soils or waste-water. Owing to the valuable information presented in this review, we expect more applications of the species in reclaiming polluted sites and beautifying the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Park
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Cheol Park
- Ecological Technology Research Team, Division of Ecological Applications Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon, 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Kang H, Naing AH, Park SK, Chung MY, Kim CK. Protoplast isolation and transient gene expression in different petunia cultivars. Protoplasma 2023; 260:271-280. [PMID: 35622155 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The protocol optimized for Petunia hybrida cv. Mirage Rose produced high protoplast yields in 3 out of other 11 cultivars (Damask White, Dreams White, and Opera Supreme White). Factors optimized in the protoplast transfection process showed that the best transfection efficiency (80%) was obtained using 2.5 × 105 protoplast density, 40% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration, 10 µg plasmid DNA, and 15 min of transfection time. Assessing the usability of the protocol for other cultivars (Damask White, Dreams White, and Opera Supreme White), a reasonable protoplast transfection efficiency (⁓50%) was observed in the cultivars Dreams White and Opera Supreme White, with lower efficiency (⁓50%) observed in the cv. Damask White. The transient expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in the nucleus of the transfected protoplasts of all cultivars was confirmed using PCR. This system could be valuable for genome editing of unwanted genes in petunias using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9) technology. Furthermore, it could contribute to other studies on protein subcellular localization, protein-protein interactions, and functional gene expression in the petunias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-950, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Naing AH, Campol JR, Jeong HY, Chung MY, Kim WC, Kim CK. Overexpression of acdS gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase enzyme in petunia negatively affects seed germination. Plant Cell Rep 2022; 41:2201-2211. [PMID: 35988098 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of acdS in petunia negatively affects seed germination by suppression of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes and induction of abscisic acid biosynthesis genes in the seeds. The acdS gene, which encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, has been overexpressed in horticultural crops to improve their tolerance to abiotic stress. However, the role of acdS in the germination of crop seeds has not been investigated, despite its suppression of ethylene production. In this study, acdS overexpression significantly reduced seed weight and germination rate in transgenic petunia cv. Merage Rose (T5, T7, and T12) relative to wild type via the suppression of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes and induction of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes. The germination rate of T7 was significantly lower than those of T5 and T12, which was linked to higher expression of acdS in the former than the latter. The addition of exogenous ACC and gibberellic acid (GA3) to the germination medium improved the germination rate of T5 seeds and GA3 promoted the germination rate of T12 seeds. However, neither ACC nor GA3 promoted the germination rate of T7 seeds. The improved germination rates in T5 and T12 were associated with the transcriptional regulation of ethylene biosynthesis genes, particularly that of the ACO1 gene, signaling genes, and ABA biosynthesis genes. In this study, we discovered a negative role of acdS in seed germination in petunia. Thus, we highlight the need to consider the negative effect of acdS on seed germination when overexpressing the gene in horticultural crops to improve tolerance to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jova Riza Campol
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hui Yeong Jeong
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, NIFoS, Yeongju, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Naing AH, Campol JR, Kang H, Xu J, Chung MY, Kim CK. Role of Ethylene Biosynthesis Genes in the Regulation of Salt Stress and Drought Stress Tolerance in Petunia. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:844449. [PMID: 35283920 PMCID: PMC8906779 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays a critical signaling role in the abiotic stress tolerance mechanism. However, the role of ethylene in regulating abiotic stress tolerance in petunia has not been well-investigated, and the underlying molecular mechanism by which ethylene regulates abiotic stress tolerance is still unknown. Therefore, we examined the involvement of ethylene in salt and drought stress tolerance of petunia using the petunia wild type cv. "Merage Rose" and the ethylene biosynthesis genes (PhACO1 and PhACO3)-edited mutants (phaco1 and phaco3). Here, we discovered that editing PhACO1 and PhACO3 reduced ethylene production in the mutants, and mutants were more sensitive to salt and drought stress than the wild type (WT). This was proven by the better outcomes of plant growth and physiological parameters and ion homeostasis in WT over the mutants. Molecular analysis revealed that the expression levels of the genes associated with antioxidant, proline synthesis, ABA synthesis and signaling, and ethylene signaling differed significantly between the WT and mutants, indicating the role of ethylene in the transcriptional regulation of the genes associated with abiotic stress tolerance. This study highlights the involvement of ethylene in abiotic stress adaptation and provides a physiological and molecular understanding of the role of ethylene in abiotic stress response in petunia. Furthermore, the finding alerts researchers to consider the negative effects of ethylene reduction on abiotic stress tolerance when editing the ethylene biosynthesis genes to improve the postharvest quality of horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jova Riza Campol
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyunhee Kang
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Junping Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Soe MT, Naing AH, Kim SR, Kim CK. Characterizing the effects of different chemicals on stem bending of cut snapdragon flower. Plant Methods 2022; 18:4. [PMID: 35027070 PMCID: PMC8756731 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of ethylene release compounds (ethephon), ethylene-action inhibitors (silver thiosulfate: STS), and nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside: SNP) on stem bending of snapdragon flowers. Moreover, the effects of plant growth supplements [6-benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA3), and calcium chloride (CaCl2)] on the stem bending were also extensively investigated. RESULTS Ethephon completely prevented stem bending until 9 days after treatment (9 DAT). STS exhibited the highest bending rate, while SNP did not significantly affect the bending compared to the controls. The bending results were associated with the results of stem curvature, relative shoot elongation, ethylene production, and lignin content, that are involved in the stem bending mechanism. This was proven by the expression analysis of genes involved in ethylene and lignin biosynthetic pathways. The addition of plant growth supplements slightly or significantly delayed stem bending in the treatments (control, SNP, and STS) and significantly reduced petal senescence in ethephon at 9 DAT. CONCLUSION These results show the preventive role of ethephon in the stem bending of cut snapdragon. Moreover, the combination of ethephon with supplements also provided information that could guide the development of strategies to delay stem bending in other cut flowers that undergo serious bending during a short vase life.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Thu Soe
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Soo Rin Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.
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Naing AH, Xu J, Kim CK. Editing of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase genes negatively affects petunia seed germination. Plant Cell Rep 2022; 41:209-220. [PMID: 34665313 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Editing of ACO genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis pathway reduces ethylene production in petunia seeds and inhibits seed germination. Ethylene production in the seeds of Petunia hybrida cv. 'Mirage Rose' was associated with expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACO) genes (PhACO1, PhACO3, and PhACO4). Suppression of their expression by ethylene inhibitor silver thiosulphate (STS) significantly reduced ethylene production and inhibited seed germination. When it was combined with ethylene precursor ACC, ethylene production was re-promoted via activation of the genes and higher seed germination was restored. This was confirmed using the mutants editing the genes and WT. In the present study, compared with wild type plants, three different mutants (phaco1, phaco3, and phaco4) showed significantly decreased germination percentages as well as delayed germination time and seedling growth. These reductions were associated with lighter seed weight, lower ACO transcript levels, and lower ethylene production in mutants. Inhibited seed germination owing to reduced ethylene production was further verified by the supplementation of exogenous ACC and gibberellic acid (GA3) to growth medium, which restored high seed germination activity in all mutants via enhanced ethylene production. In this study, we reported a key regulatory role of ethylene in seed germination mechanisms in petunia. Further, we highlighted on need to consider the negative effects of ethylene reduction in seed germination and plant growth when editing genes in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway for the maintenance of postharvest fruit, vegetable, and flower quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
| | - Junping Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea
- Floriculture Research Division, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Wanju, 55365, Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Korea.
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Pande A, Mun BG, Rahim W, Khan M, Lee DS, Lee GM, Al Azzawi TNI, Hussain A, Kim CK, Yun BW. Phytohormonal Regulation Through Protein S-Nitrosylation Under Stress. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:865542. [PMID: 35401598 PMCID: PMC8988057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.865542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The liaison between Nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones regulates a myriad of physiological processes at the cellular level. The interaction between NO and phytohormones is mainly influenced by NO-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) under basal as well as induced conditions. Protein S-nitrosylation is the most prominent and widely studied PTM among others. It is the selective but reversible redox-based covalent addition of a NO moiety to the sulfhydryl group of cysteine (Cys) molecule(s) on a target protein to form S-nitrosothiols. This process may involve either direct S-nitrosylation or indirect S-nitrosylation followed by transfer of NO group from one thiol to another (transnitrosylation). During S-nitrosylation, NO can directly target Cys residue (s) of key genes involved in hormone signaling thereby regulating their function. The phytohormones regulated by NO in this manner includes abscisic acid, auxin, gibberellic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroid, and strigolactone during various metabolic and physiological conditions and environmental stress responses. S-nitrosylation of key proteins involved in the phytohormonal network occurs during their synthesis, degradation, or signaling roles depending upon the response required to maintain cellular homeostasis. This review presents the interaction between NO and phytohormones and the role of the canonical NO-mediated post-translational modification particularly, S-nitrosylation of key proteins involved in the phytohormonal networks under biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Pande
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bong Gyu Mun
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Waqas Rahim
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Murtaza Khan
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Da Sol Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Geun Mo Lee
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tiba Nazar Ibrahim Al Azzawi
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Adil Hussain
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang Kil Kim,
| | - Byung Wook Yun
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Pathology and Functional Genomics, Department of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Byung Wook Yun,
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Naing AH, Maung TT, Kim CK. The ACC deaminase-producing plant growth-promoting bacteria: Influences of bacterial strains and ACC deaminase activities in plant tolerance to abiotic stress. Physiol Plant 2021; 173:1992-2012. [PMID: 34487352 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change results in frequent occurrences and/or long durations of abiotic stress. Field grown plants are affected by abiotic stress, and they modulate ethylene in response to abiotic stress exposure and use it as a signaling molecule in stress tolerance mechanisms. However, frequent occurrences and/or long durations of stress conditions can cause plants to induce ethylene levels higher than their thresholds, resulting in a reduction of plant growth and crop productivity. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) that produce 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase has increased in various plant species to ameliorate the deleterious effects of stress-induced ethylene and promote plant growth despite abiotic stress conditions. Unfortunately, there are restrictions that limit the use of ACC deaminase-producing PGPB to protect plants from abiotic stresses. This review describes how abiotic stress induces ethylene and how stress-induced ethylene adversely affects plant growth. In addition, this review emphasizes the importance of the compatibility of PGPB strains and specific host plants and ACC deaminase activities in the reduction of stress ethylene and the promotion of plant growth, based on the research published in the last 10 years. Moreover, due to the restrictions in PGPB use, this review highlights the potential generation of transgenic plants expressing the AcdS gene that encodes the ACC deaminase enzyme as a substitute for PGPB in the future to support and uplift agricultural sustainability and food security globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - The-Thiri Maung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kongju National University, Yesan, Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Naing AH, Kim CK. Abiotic stress-induced anthocyanins in plants: Their role in tolerance to abiotic stresses. Physiol Plant 2021; 172:1711-1723. [PMID: 33605458 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, salinity, low temperature, and heavy metals, inhibit plant growth and reduce crop productivity. Abiotic stresses are becoming increasingly extreme worldwide due to the ongoing deterioration of the global climate and the increase in agrochemical utilization and industrialization. Plants grown in fields are affected by one or more abiotic stresses. The consequent stress response of plants induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are then used as signaling molecules to activate stress-tolerance mechanism. However, under extreme stress conditions, ROS are overproduced and cause oxidative damage to plants. In such conditions, plants produce anthocyanins after ROS signaling via the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. These anthocyanins are then utilized in antioxidant activities by scavenging excess ROS for their sustainability. In this review, we discuss the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying abiotic stress-induced anthocyanins in plants and their role in abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, we highlight the current progress in the development of anthocyanin-enriched transgenic plants and their ability to increase abiotic stress tolerance. Overall, this review provides valuable information that increases our understanding of the mechanisms by which anthocyanins respond to abiotic stress and protect plants against it. This review also provides practical guidance for plant biologists who are engineering stress-tolerant crops using anthocyanin biosynthesis or regulatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Naing AH, Jeong HY, Jung SK, Kim CK. Overexpression of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Deaminase ( acdS) Gene in Petunia hybrida Improves Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:737490. [PMID: 34795684 PMCID: PMC8594826 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress induces the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in plants, which consequently enhances ethylene production and inhibits plant growth. The bacterial ACC deaminase enzyme encoded by the acdS gene reduces stress-induced ethylene production and improves plant growth in response to stress. In this study, overexpression of acdS in Petunia hybrida ('Mirage Rose') significantly reduced expression of the ethylene biosynthesis gene ACC oxidase 1 (ACO1) and ethylene production relative to those in wild type (WT) under various abiotic stresses (cold, drought, and salt). The higher reduction of stress-induced ethylene in the transgenic plants, which was due to the overexpression of acdS, led to a greater tolerance to the stresses compared to that in the WT plants. The greater stress tolerances were proven based on better plant growth and physiological performance, which were linked to stress tolerance. Moreover, expression analysis of the genes involved in stress tolerance also supported the increased tolerance of transgenics relative to that with the WT. These results suggest the possibility that acdS is overexpressed in ornamental plants, particularly in bedding plants normally growing outside the environment, to overcome the deleterious effect of ethylene on plant growth under different abiotic stresses. The development of stress-tolerant plants will be helpful to advance the floricultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hui Yeong Jeong
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, NIFoS, Yeongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang Kil Kim,
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13
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Naing AH, Soe MT, Yeum JH, Kim CK. Ethylene Acts as a Negative Regulator of the Stem-Bending Mechanism of Different Cut Snapdragon Cultivars. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:745038. [PMID: 34721471 PMCID: PMC8552118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether ethylene is involved in the stem-bending mechanism of three different snapdragon cultivars 'Asrit Red', 'Asrit Yellow', and 'Merryred Pink', by treating their cut stems with an ethylene-releasing compound (ethephon), an ethylene-action inhibitor [silver thiosulfate (STS)], and distilled water (as the control). Ethephon completely prevented stem bending in all cultivars, whereas STS exhibited a higher bending rate compared with the control. The bending rates were influenced by several factors, such as the degree of stem curvature, relative shoot elongation, ethylene production, and lignin content, indicating their involvement in the stem-bending mechanism of the cultivars. The analysis of the expression of genes involved in the ethylene and lignin biosynthetic pathways also supported the importance of lignin and ethylene in the stem-bending mechanism. Taken together, as ethephon completely prevented stem bending of the three snapdragon cultivars, this study suggested that ethylene acts as a negative regulator of the stem-bending mechanism of snapdragon cultivars, and the information will be valuable for the prevention of stem bending in other commercially important ornamental flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - May Thu Soe
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Yeum
- School of Biofibers and Biomaterials Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Chang Kil Kim,
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14
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Olawuyi IF, Akbarovich SA, Kim CK, Lee WY. Effect of combined ultrasound‐enzyme treatment on recovery of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and quality of plum (
Prunus salicina
L.) juice. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
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15
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Thu HTM, Naing AH, Jeong HY, Kim CK. Regeneration of Genetically Stable Plants from in Vitro Vitrified Leaves of Different Carnation Cultivars. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9080950. [PMID: 32731438 PMCID: PMC7465169 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of shoot regeneration from different leaf types (normal leaves and vitrified leaves) from three different carnation cultivars ‘Kumbuyl’, ‘Denev’, and ‘Jinju’ using different combinations of 3-indole butyric acid (IBA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) concentrations. The shoot tips cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media (Type 1 media) produced normal leaves, while those cultured-on media supplemented with plant growth regulators and/or vitamin (Type 2 media and Type 3 media) produced vitrified leaves for all cultivars. Culture of normal leaf segments on MS medium containing different combinations of IBA and TDZ concentrations induced callus in all treatments; however, the callus was unable to induce shoots and finally became necrotic. In contrast, no callus induction was observed in the control (hormone-free treatment). When vitrified leaf segments underwent the same treatments, shoots were induced from the vitrified leaves (derived from Type 2 media) but were unhealthy and gradually died, whereas those induced from Type 3 media were vitrified and healthy. The optimal combination for the best shoot regeneration and number of shoots per explants varied depending on the genotypes used. The vitrified shoots induced from the leaves of Type 3 media transformed into normal shoots and survived well under greenhouse conditions. According to the results of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, the banding patterns of twelve primers that were detected in vitrified leaf-induced normalized shoots were identical to those of normal in vitro grown plants, indicating that no genetic variation had occurred during the procedure. Taken together, this study indicates that vitrified leaves can be used for shoot regeneration of recalcitrant carnation cultivars, regardless of the genotypes and types of vitrified leaves. However, as the number of shoots per explants was still low, further investigation is warranted to obtain a more efficient shoot regeneration protocol for genetic transformation of the cultivars.
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16
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Chung MY, Nath UK, Vrebalov J, Gapper N, Lee JM, Lee DJ, Kim CK, Giovannoni J. Ectopic expression of miRNA172 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) reveals novel function in fruit development through regulation of an AP2 transcription factor. BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:283. [PMID: 32560687 PMCID: PMC7304166 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that can influence gene expression via diverse mechanisms. Tomato is a fruit widely consumed for its flavor, culinary attributes, and high nutritional quality. Tomato fruit are climacteric and fleshy, and their ripening is regulated by endogenous and exogenous signals operating through a coordinated genetic network. Much research has been conducted on mechanisms of tomato fruit ripening, but the roles of miRNA-regulated repression/expression of specific regulatory genes are not well documented. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that miR172 specifically targets four SlAP2 transcription factor genes in tomato. Among them, SlAP2a was repressed by the overexpression of SlmiR172, manifesting in altered flower morphology, development and accelerated ripening. miR172 over-expression lines specifically repressed SlAP2a, enhancing ethylene biosynthesis, fruit color and additional ripening characteristics. Most previously described ripening-regulatory genes, including RIN-MADS, NR, TAGL1 and LeHB-1 were not influenced by miR172 while CNR showed altered expression. CONCLUSIONS Tomato fruit ripening is directly influenced by miR172 targeting of the APETALA2 transcription factor, SlAP2a, with minimal influence over additional known ripening-regulatory genes. miR172a-guided SlAP2a expression provides insight into another layer of genetic control of ripening and a target for modifying the quality and nutritional value of tomato and possibly other fleshy fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Julia Vrebalov
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nigel Gapper
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Do-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticulture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
| | - James Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
- US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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17
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Kim JM, Park KY, Yu IW, Song TJ, Kim YJ, Kim BJ, Heo SH, Jung JM, Oh KM, Kim CK, Yu S, Park JH, Choi JC, Park MS, Kim JT, Choi KH, Hwang YH, Chung JW, Bang OY, Kim GM, Seo WK. Incidence of oral anticoagulant interruption among stroke patients with atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:900-902. [PMID: 32064742 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We analyzed the incidence and causes of oral anticoagulant (OAC) cessation and subsequent stroke after OAC withdrawal in a cohort of Korean stroke patients with atrial fibrillation. METHODS The Korean Atrial Fibrillation Evaluation Registry in Ischemic Stroke patients (K-ATTENTION) is a multicenter cohort study, merging stroke registries from 11 tertiary centers in Korea. The number of OAC interruption episodes and the reasons were reviewed from hospital records. Stroke after OAC withdrawal was defined when a patient experienced ischaemic stroke within 31 days after OAC withdrawal. Clinical variables were compared between patients who experienced stroke recurrence during OAC interruption and those who did not experience recurrence. RESULTS Among 3213 stroke patients with atrial fibrillation, a total of 329 episodes of OAC interruption were detected in 229 patients after index stroke (mean age 72.9 ± 8.3 years, 113 female patients). The most frequent reason for OAC withdrawal was poor compliance [103 episodes (31.3%)] followed by extracranial bleeding [96 episodes (29.2%)]. Stroke after OAC withdrawal was noted in 13 patients. Mean age, vascular risk factor profile and mean CHA2 DS2 -VASc score were not significantly different between patients with and without recurrent stroke. CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of stroke patients with atrial fibrillation experienced temporary interruption of OAC after index stroke, which was associated with stroke recurrence of 4.0 cases per 100 interruption episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-M Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-Y Park
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I-W Yu
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - T-J Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y-J Kim
- Department of Neurology, Eunpyeong St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - B J Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S H Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-M Jung
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Kyungki-Do, Korea
| | - K-M Oh
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - C K Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Yu
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Park
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, South Korea
| | - J C Choi
- Department of Neurology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - M-S Park
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - J-T Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - K-H Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Y-H Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - J-W Chung
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - O Y Bang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - G-M Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - W-K Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Xu J, Kang B, Naing AH, Bae S, Kim J, Kim H, Kim CK. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase1 enhances Petunia flower longevity. Plant Biotechnol J 2020; 18:287-297. [PMID: 31222853 PMCID: PMC6920161 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The genes that encode the ethylene biosynthesis enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) are thought to be involved in flower senescence. Hence, we investigated whether the transcript levels of PhACO genes (PhACO1, PhACO3 and PhACO4) in Petunia cv. Mirage Rose are associated with ethylene production at different flowering stages. High transcript levels were detected in the late flowering stage and linked to high ethylene levels. PhACO1 was subsequently edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and its role in ethylene production was investigated. PhACO1-edited T0 mutant lines, regardless of mutant type (homozygous or monoallelic), exhibited significantly reduced ethylene production and enhanced flower longevity compared with wild-type. Flower longevity and the reduction in ethylene production were observed to be stronger in homozygous plants than in their monoallelic counterparts. Additionally, the transmission of the edited gene to the T1 (lines 6 and 36) generation was also confirmed, with the results for flower longevity and ethylene production proving to be identical to those of the T0 mutant lines. Overall, this study increases the understanding of the role of PhACO1 in petunia flower longevity and also points to the CRISPR/Cas9 system being a powerful tool in the improvement of floricultural quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Xu
- Department of Horticultural ScienceKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Beum‐Chang Kang
- Center for Genome EngineeringInstitute for Basic ScienceDaejeonKorea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural ScienceKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
| | - Su‐Ji Bae
- Center for Genome EngineeringInstitute for Basic ScienceDaejeonKorea
| | - Jin‐Soo Kim
- Center for Genome EngineeringInstitute for Basic ScienceDaejeonKorea
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKangwon National UniversityChuncheonKorea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural ScienceKyungpook National UniversityDaeguKorea
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Bilal S, Shahzad R, Khan AL, Al-Harrasi A, Kim CK, Lee IJ. Phytohormones enabled endophytic Penicillium funiculosum LHL06 protects Glycine max L. from synergistic toxicity of heavy metals by hormonal and stress-responsive proteins modulation. J Hazard Mater 2019; 379:120824. [PMID: 31271935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the stress-mitigating effects of endophytic Penicillium funiculosum LHL06 on soybean roots via modulation of physio-biochemical, molecular, and proteomic responses to combined heavy metal (Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Al) toxicity. Preliminary screening revealed that LHL06 can tolerate and remediate combined heavy metal contamination in its media and upregulate gibberellins (GA1, GA3, GA4, GA7 and GA9) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. Inoculation of LHL06 resulted in marked reduction of metals uptake in roots and shoots by downregulating heavy metal ATPase genes (GmHMA13, GmHMA14, GmHMA19) and GmMATE1 compared to non-inoculated plants; in turn, this decreased abscisic acid and jasmonic acid levels. Moreover, triggering of free amino acid metabolism in LHL06-inoculated roots significantly upregulated expression of stress-related proteins (glutathione S-transferase L3, isoflavone reductase-like, chalcone isomerase A, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone), FQR1-like 1 isoform X2, and Peroxidase 3) to combat metals toxicity. Compared to non-inoculated-plants, LHL06-inoculated-plants exhibited higher antioxidant activity and transcript accumulation of glutathione S-transferase (GmGST8 and GmGST3), G6PDH, and GmSOD1[Cu-Zn], which decreased metal-induced reactive oxygen species. Therefore, LHL06-inoculation remediate combined metal contamination in soil, activate signaling network of stress-responsive hormones and antioxidant systems for promoting growth and tolerance, and reduce metal-accumulation, thereby making plants safer for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Bilal
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Raheem Shahzad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Kyu SY, Naing AH, Pe PPW, Park KI, Kim CK. Tomato seeds pretreated with Antifreeze protein type I (AFP I) promotes the germination under cold stress by regulating the genes involved in germination process. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:1682796. [PMID: 31647356 PMCID: PMC6866697 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1682796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the involvement of antifreeze proteins (AFPs; type I and III) in the germination mechanism of tomato seeds under low temperature stress. Germination of the seeds grown at a room temperature (25°C) was observed on 5 days after sowing (DAS), while all seeds exposed to a low temperature started to germinate at 16 days after sowing (DAS). However, in comparison with control seeds (0 µg/l), seeds treated with AFP I (100, 300, or 500 µg/l) germinated earlier and at a higher percentage until 20 DAS, and seeds treated with 100 µg/l AFP I showed the highest percentage of germination. Surprisingly, AFP III did not significantly increase germination, and the rate was lower among 500 µg/l AFP III-treated seeds compared with control seeds (0 µg/l). The transcription levels of the plasma membrane-associated H+-ATPase gene and antioxidant-related superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase 1 (CAT1) genes were analyzed, and the transcription levels of the genes in the seeds grown at 25°C were relatively low. For low temperature-treated seeds, H+-ATPase in control seeds (0 µg/l) was higher compared with that in AFP I-treated seeds and was lower compared with that in AFP III-treated seeds. The expression levels of the antioxidant-related genes (SOD and CAT1) were lower in AFP I-treated seeds than in control seeds (0 µg/l); however, they were higher in AFP III-treated seeds than in control seeds (0 µg/l). Overall, compared with AFP III, AFP I may potentially function as a cold-protective agent by modulating the genes associated with seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swum Yi Kyu
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Phyo Phyo Win Pe
- Department of Horticulture and Life science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Kyeung Il Park
- Department of Horticulture and Life science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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21
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Naing AH, Kyu SY, Pe PPW, Park KI, Lee JM, Lim KB, Kim CK. Silencing of the phytoene desaturase ( PDS) gene affects the expression of fruit-ripening genes in tomatoes. Plant Methods 2019; 15:110. [PMID: 31592162 PMCID: PMC6777038 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research has shown that virus-induced phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene silencing via agroinjection in the attached and detached fruit of tomato plants results in a pale-yellow fruit phenotype. Although the PDS gene is often used as a marker for gene silencing in tomatoes, little is known about the role of PDS in fruit ripening. In this study, we investigated whether the pepper PDS gene silenced endogenous PDS genes in the fruit of two tomato cultivars, Dotaerang Plus and Legend Summer. RESULTS We found that the pepper PDS gene successfully silenced endogenous PDS in tomato fruit at a silencing frequency of 100% for both cultivars. A pale-yellow silenced area was observed over virtually the entire surface of individual fruit due to the transcriptional reduction in phytoene desaturase (PDS), zeta-carotene (ZDS), prolycopene isomerase (CrtlSO), and beta-carotene hydroxylase (CrtR-b2), which are the carotenoid biosynthesis genes responsible for the red coloration in tomatoes. PDS silencing also affected the expression levels of the fruit-ripening genes Tomato AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (TAGL1), RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), pectin esterase gene (PE), lipoxygenase (LOX), FRUITFULL1/FRUITFUL2 (FUL1/FUL2), and the ethylene biosynthesis and response genes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 1 and 3 (ACO1 and ACO3) and ethylene-responsive genes (E4 and E8). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PDS is a positive regulator of ripening in tomato fruit, which must be considered when using it as a marker for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments in order to avoid fruit-ripening side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Swum Yi Kyu
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Phyo Phyo Win Pe
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Kyeung Il Park
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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22
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Kang DO, Kim CK, Park Y, Jang WY, Kim W, Choi JY, Choi CU, Na JO. P3715Impact of sleep-disordered breathing on short-term functional outcomes in ischemic stroke patients: a cardiopulmonary coupling analysis using holter-monitoring. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz745.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) assessed by conventional polysomnography is reported to have close association with worsened clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke. The cardiopulmonary coupling (CPC) analysis using Holter-monitoring is an easily assessable method to evaluate SDB. However, its prognostic impact needs to be investigated.
Purpose
The present study investigated the prognostic impact of SDB defined by CPC analysis using Holter-monitoring at early stage of ischemic stroke on the functional disability at 3-month follow-up.
Methods
Total 692 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent Holter-monitoring were enrolled. The CPC analysis was conducted and SDB was defined as the presence of narrow-band (NB) coupling during sleep time. We investigated the association between SDB and functional disability at 3-month measured by modified Rankin scale (mRS).
Result
The NB coupling was present in 216 (31.2%) of 692 patients with mean age of 64.2±12.8 years. The NB group showed significantly higher proportion of severe functional disability (mRS ≥3; 45.3% vs. 12.3%, p<0.001) and persistent disability (ΔmRS≤0; 42.6% vs. 56.4%, p<0.001) after 3-month. In multivariate analysis, the presence of NB coupling was an independent predictor of higher risk of both severe and persistent functional disability (HR: 3.97; 95% CI: 2.37–6.64; p<0.001; and HR 1.92; 95% CI: 1.34–2.77; p<0.001, respectively). The results were consistent after propensity-score matched analysis with 175 patient pairs (C-statistics=0.759).
Parameters of functional disability Overall population (n=692) PSM population (n=350) no NB (n=476) NB (n=216) OR (95% CI) p-value no NB (n=175) NB (n=175) OR (95% CI) p-value Initial NIHSS ≥5 89 (18.6) 81 (37.5) <0.001 52 (29.7) 52 (29.7) >0.999 Discharge mRS ≥3 146 (30.6) 126 (58.3) <0.001 90 (51.4) 89 (50.8) 0.915 3-month mRS ≥3 59 (12.3) 98 (45.3) 5.86 (4.00–8.60) <0.001 38 (21.7) 72 (41.1) 2.52 (1.57–4.02) <0.001 3-month ΔmRS ≤0 (persisent disability) 203 (42.6) 122 (56.4) 1.74 (1.26–2.41) 0.001 77 (44.0) 100 (57.1) 1.69 (1.11–2.58) 0.014 Data are expressed as n (%). mRS = modified Rankin's scale; NB = narrow-band; NIHSS = National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; OR = odds ratio; PSM = propensity-score matched.
Functional disabilities after 3-month
Conclusion
SDB assessed by CPC analysis at early phase of ischemic stroke was able to predict both greater and persistent functional disability at 3-month. The CPC analysis using Holter-monitoring is a useful modality for predicting functional disabilities in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Kang
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - C K Kim
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Department of Neurology, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - Y Park
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - W Y Jang
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - W Kim
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - J Y Choi
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - C U Choi
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - J O Na
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
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Kang DO, Kim CK, Park Y, Jang WY, Kim W, Choi JY, Choi CU, Na JO. P5744Sleep-disordered breathing assessed by holter-monitoring is associated to worsened one-year clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients: a cardiopulmonary coupling analysis. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Sleep-disorder breathing (SDB) using polysomnography is closely associated to poor functional and clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients. The cardiopulmonary coupling analysis using Holter-monitoring (CPC-Holter analysis) is an emerging feasible modality to investigate SDB.
Purpose
We investigated the association between SDB defined by CPC-Holter analysis and one-year clinical outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Methods
Total 666 patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent Holter-monitoring were enrolled. The CPC-Holter analysis was conducted and SDB was defined as the presence of narrow-band (NB) coupling during sleep time. Primary outcome was recurrent ischemic stroke, and secondary outcome was major adverse cerebrovascular event (MACE), a composite of recurrent ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, and all-cause mortality within one year since discharge.
Result
The NB coupling was present in 205 (30.8%) of 666 patients with mean age of 64.1±12.8 years. The NB group showed significantly higher incidence of both recurrent ischemic stroke (8.3% vs. 1.4%, p<0.001) and MACE (14.9% vs. 3.0%, p<0.001) within one-year. In multivariate analysis, presence of NB coupling remained as an independent predictor of both recurrent ischemic stroke and MACE (HR: 4.81; 95% CI: 1.73–13.4; p=0.003; and HR 4.17; 95% CI: 1.74–10.0; p<0.001, respectively). The results were consistent after propensity-score matched analysis with 164 patient pairs (C-statistics=0.757).
One-year clinical outcomes Overall population (n=666) PSM population (n=328) no NB (=461) NB (n=205) Log-rank p-value OR (95% CI) no NB (n=164) NB (n=164) Log-rank p-value OR (95% CI) Recurrent ischemic stroke 6 (1.4) 14 (8.3) <0.001 5.73 (2.20–14.9) 3 (2.0) 11 (8.1) 0.026 3.85 (1.07–13.8) Transient ischemic attack 3 (0.7) 3 (1.7) 0.275 2 (1.3) 3 (2.1) 0.633 Hemorrhagic stroke 0 (0.0) 2 (1.2) 0.027 0 (0.0) 2 (1.5) 0.148 Total death 3 (0.7) 9 (4.8) 0.001 2 (1.3) 3 (1.9) 0.641 MACEs 12 (3.0) 25 (14.9) <0.001 4.63 (2.06–10.4) 7 (5.2) 17 (13.1) 0.030 2.95 (1.06–8.21) Data are expressed as n (%). CI = confidence interval; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular event; NB = narrow-band; OR = odds ratio.
One-year clinical outcomes
Conclusion
SDB assessed by CPC-Holter analysis at early phase of ischemic stroke is a powerful prognostic marker for predicting one-year adverse clinical outcomes. The CPC analysis using Holter-monitoring is a useful modality and could be easily applied to predict clinical outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Kang
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - C K Kim
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Department of Neurology, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - Y Park
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - W Y Jang
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - W Kim
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - J Y Choi
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - C U Choi
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
| | - J O Na
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul, Korea (Republic of)
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Naing AH, Kim CK. A brief review of applications of antifreeze proteins in cryopreservation and metabolic genetic engineering. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:329. [PMID: 31448185 PMCID: PMC6691018 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) confer the ability to survive at subzero temperatures and are found in many different organisms, including fish, plants, and insects. They prevent the formation of ice crystals by non-colligative adsorption to the ice surface and are essential for the survival of organisms in cold environments. These proteins are also widely used for cryopreservation, food technology, and metabolic genetic engineering over a range of sources and recipient cell types. This review summarizes successful applications of AFPs in the cryopreservation of animals, insects, and plants, and discusses challenges encountered in cryopreservation. Applications in metabolic genetic engineering are also described, specifically with the overexpression of AFP genes derived from different organisms to provide freeze protection to sensitive crops seasonally exposed to subzero temperatures. This review will provide information about potential applications of AFPs in the cryopreservation of animals and plants as well as in plant metabolic genetic engineering in hopes of furthering the development of cold-tolerant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 Korea
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Pe PPW, Naing AH, Chung MY, Park KI, Kim CK. The role of antifreeze proteins in the regulation of genes involved in the response of Hosta capitata to cold. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:335. [PMID: 31475087 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold temperatures are a major source of stress for plants and negatively impact crop yield. A possible way to protect plants is to treat them with antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Here, we investigated whether fish AFPs can shield the rare ornamental species Hosta capitata from low-temperature stress. We elucidated the expression patterns of the cold-inducible genes C-repeat binding factor 1 (CBF1) and dehydrin 1 (DHN1), as well as the antioxidant genes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). All were upregulated at low temperature (4 °C). With increasing exposure time, CBF1 and DHN1 expression generally rose (except CBF1 at 48 h). In contrast, SOD and CAT expression gradually declined from 6 to 48 h. Depending on exposure duration, AFP regulation of gene transcription varied with concentration. However, compared with other concentrations, 100 µg/L AFP reduced CBF1 and DHN1 expression and increased SOD and CAT expression in plants, regardless of exposure time. Both AFP I and III were likely to be most effective at protecting plants against cold stress at concentrations of 100 µg/L. Their involvement in H. capitata cold-stress treatment occurred through regulating the expression of important stress-response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyo Phyo Win Pe
- 1Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Geyongsan, South Korea
- 2Department of Horticulture, Yezin Agricultural University, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- 3Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- 4Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Kyeung Il Park
- 1Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Geyongsan, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- 3Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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26
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Naing AH, Kim SH, Chung MY, Park SK, Kim CK. In vitro propagation method for production of morphologically and genetically stable plants of different strawberry cultivars. Plant Methods 2019; 15:36. [PMID: 31011361 PMCID: PMC6461810 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As strawberries are susceptible to somaclonal variation when propagated by tissue culture techniques, it is challenging to obtain the true-to-type plants necessary for continuous production of fruits of stable quality. Therefore, we aimed to develop an in vitro propagation method for the production of true-to-type plants of five different strawberry cultivars from meristems cultured in media containing different concentrations of kinetin (Kn). RESULTS For all the cultivars, shoot induction was successful only in the meristems cultured in the medium without Kn and the medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 Kn. The shoots obtained from explants cultured in media supplemented with 0.5 mg L-1 Kn exhibited better plant growth parameters than those cultured in media without Kn and were genetically stable when compared with conventionally propagated plants for all the cultivars. Vegetative and sexual characters and fruit quality attributes observed in the plants derived from meristems cultured on 0.5 mg L-1 Kn and the conventionally propagated plants were not significantly different when grown for three continuous growing seasons under greenhouse conditions. CONCLUSION The culture of meristems in the medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 Kn is suitable for the efficient propagation of true-to-type plants of different strawberry cultivars and continuous production of fruits with stable quality. Hence, we expect that the method presented in this study will be helpful for the commercial production of true-to-type plants generated in vitro for other strawberry cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Si Hyun Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
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27
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Junping X, Naing AH, Kim CK. Transcriptional activation of anthocyanin structural genes in Torenia 'Kauai Rose' via overexpression of anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:476. [PMID: 30456010 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the role of the transcription factors (TFs), RsMYB1 and mPAP1 together with B-Peru (mPAP1 + B-Peru), in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the ornamental torenia (Torenia fournieri) cultivar Kauai Rose using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Expression levels of RsMYB1 were the highest in the lines RS5 and RS3, followed by RS4, RS2, and RS1, while transcript levels of mPAP1 + B-Peru increased in the order of PB-6 > PB-5 > PB-7 > PB-8 > PB-2. Moreover, transcript levels of the anthocyanin structural genes in transgenic lines were significantly higher than those in wild-type (WT) plants. Anthocyanin structural gene expression was specifically altered by TF overexpression: the highest expression of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) was observed in transgenic lines with RsMYB1, while expression of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) was the highest in lines with mPAP1 + B-Peru. We expect that enhanced expression of these anthocyanin structural genes will improve anthocyanin content in the flowers of transgenic torenia. Moreover, these results indicate that RsMYB1 and mPAP1 + B-Peru can be exploited as anthocyanin regulatory TFs to enhance anthocyanin content in other horticultural plants.
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28
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Ai TN, Naing AH, Yun BW, Lim SH, Kim CK. Overexpression of RsMYB1 Enhances Anthocyanin Accumulation and Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Petunia. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1388. [PMID: 30294338 PMCID: PMC6159756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The RsMYB1 transcription factor (TF) controls the regulation of anthocyanin in radishes (Raphanus sativus), and its overexpression in tobacco and petunias strongly enhances anthocyanin production. However, there are no data on the involvement of RsMYB1 in the mechanisms underlying abiotic stress tolerance, despite strong sequence similarity with other MYBs that confer such tolerance. In this study, we used the anthocyanin-enriched transgenic petunia lines PM6 and PM2, which overexpress RsMYB1. The tolerance of these lines to heavy metal stress was investigated by examining several physiological and biochemical factors, and the transcript levels of genes related to metal detoxification and antioxidant activity were quantified. Under normal conditions (control conditions), transgenic petunia plants (T2-PM6 and T2-PM2) expressing RsMYB1, as well as wild-type (WT) plants, were able to thrive by producing well-developed broad leaves and regular roots. In contrast, a reduction in plant growth was observed when these plants were exposed to heavy metals (CuSO4, ZnSO4, MnSO4, or K2Cr2O7). However, T2-PM6 and T2-PM2 were found to be more stress tolerant than the WT plants, as indicated by superior results in all analyzed parameters. In addition, RsMYB1 overexpression enhanced the expression of genes related to metal detoxification [glutathione S-transferase (GST) and phytochelatin synthase (PCS)] and antioxidant activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX)]. These results suggest that enhanced expression levels of the above genes can improve metal detoxification activities and antioxidant activity, which are the main components of defense mechanism included in abiotic stress tolerance of petunia. Our findings demonstrate that RsMYB1 has potential as a dual-function gene that can have an impact on the improvement of anthocyanin production and heavy metal stress tolerance in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Ngoc Ai
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Trà Vinh, Vietnam
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sun Hyung Lim
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, RDA, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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29
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Naing AH, Park DY, Park KI, Kim CK. Differential expression of anthocyanin structural genes and transcription factors determines coloration patterns in gerbera flowers. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:393. [PMID: 30175030 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of anthocyanin structural genes and transcription factors (TFs) associated with varying anthocyanin content during different developmental stages (S1-S4) of the gerbera cultivars 'Nathasha' and 'Rosalin'. Accumulation of anthocyanin started at S1 and reached a maximum at S3 in both cultivars. Enhancement of anthocyanin content in 'Nathasha' was associated with upregulation of ANS and MYB10, whereas in 'Rosalin', upregulation was associated with CHS1, MYB10, and MYC1. Low-temperature exposure (6 °C) enhanced anthocyanin content to a greater extent than that at 22 °C via stronger upregulation of CHS1 and MYB10 in 'Nathasha' and CHS1 in 'Rosalin', irrespective of flower developmental stage. However, differences in anthocyanin content between the two cultivars were found to be influenced by the expression levels of all structural genes and TFs, irrespective of flower developmental stage and temperature conditions. We suggest that differences in the regulation mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration pattern between 'Nathasha' and 'Rosalin' are related to differences in the expression patterns of structural genes and TFs; however, further functional studies of the key genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- 1Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Da Young Park
- 1Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Kyeung Il Park
- 2Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749 South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- 1Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
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30
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Naing AH, Kim CK. Roles of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in horticultural plants. Plant Mol Biol 2018; 98:1-18. [PMID: 30167900 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review contains functional roles of MYB transcription factors in the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in horticultural plants. This review describes potential uses of MYB TFs as tools for metabolic engineering for anthocyanin production. Anthocyanins (ranging from red to blue) are controlled by specific branches of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and are mostly visible in ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables. In the present review, we describe which R2R3-MYB transcription factors (TFs) control the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin structural genes involved in the specific branches of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in various horticultural plants (e.g., ornamentals, fruits, and vegetables). In addition, some MYBs responsible for anthocyanin accumulation in specific tissues are described. Moreover, we highlight the phylogenetic relationships of the MYBs that suppress or promote anthocyanin synthesis in horticultural crops. Enhancement of anthocyanin synthesis via metabolic genetic engineering of anthocyanin MYBs, which is described in the review, is indicative of the potential use of the mentioned anthocyanin-related MYBs as tools for anthocyanin production. Therefore, the MYBs would be suitable for metabolic genetic engineering for improvement of flower colors, fruit quality, and vegetable nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Seo JH, Naing AH, Jeon SM, Kim CK. Anti-freezing-protein type III strongly influences the expression of relevant genes in cryopreserved potato shoot tips. Plant Mol Biol 2018; 97:347-355. [PMID: 29869190 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
AFP improved cryopreservation efficiency of potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Superior) by regulating transcript levels of CBF1 and DHN1. However, the optimal AFP concentration required for strong induction of the genes was dependent on the type of vitrification solution to which the AFP was added: This finding suggests that AFP increased cryopreservation efficiency by transcriptional regulation of these genes, which might protect plant cell membranes from cold stress during cryopreservation. Despite the availability of many studies reporting the benefits of anti-freeze protein III (AFP III) as a cryoprotectant, the role of AFP III in this process has not been well demonstrated using molecular analysis. In addition, AFP III has not been exploited in the cryopreservation of potato thus far. Therefore, we studied the effects of AFP III on the cryopreservation of potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Superior). We found that CBF1 and DHN1 genes are low temperature-inducible in potato leaves (S. tuberosum cv. Superior). Transcript levels of these genes expressed in shoot tips cryopreserved with AFP III were higher than those of the controls. However, the optimal AFP III concentration required for strong induction of the genes was dependent on the type of cryoprotection solution to which the AFP III was added: 500 ng/mL worked best for PVS2, while 1500 ng/mL was optimal for LS. Interestingly, the involvement of AFP III in the cryoprotection solutions improved cryopreservation efficiency as compared to the control, and expression levels of the detected genes were associated with cryopreservation efficiency. This finding suggests that AFP III increased cryopreservation efficiency by transcriptional regulation of these genes, which might protect plant cell membranes from cold stress during cryopreservation. Therefore, we expect that our findings will lead to the successful application of AFP III as a potent cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation of rare and commercially important plant germplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyang Seo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea
| | - Su Min Jeon
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea.
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Kim CK, Torcaso A, Asimes A, Chung WCJ, Pak TR. Structural and functional characteristics of oestrogen receptor β splice variants: Implications for the ageing brain. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:10.1111/jne.12488. [PMID: 28514502 PMCID: PMC5693782 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor (ER)β is a multifunctional nuclear receptor that mediates the actions of oestrogenic compounds. Despite its well defined role in mediating the actions of oestrogens, a substantial body of evidence demonstrates that ERβ has a broad range of physiological functions independent of those normally attributed to oestrogen signalling. These functions can partly be achieved by the activity of several alternatively spliced isoforms that have been identified for ERβ. This short review describes structural differences between the ERβ splice variants that are known to be translated into proteins. Moreover, we discuss how these alternative structures contribute to functional differences in the context of both healthy and pathological conditions. Our review also describes the principal factors that regulate alternative RNA splicing. The alternatively spliced isoforms of ERβ are differentially expressed according to brain region, age and hormonal milieu, emphasising the likelihood that there are precise cell-specific mechanisms regulating ERβ alternative splicing. However, despite these correlative data, the molecular factors regulating alternative ERβ splicing in the brain remain unknown. We also review the basic mechanisms that regulate alternative RNA splicing and use that framework to make logical predictions about ERβ alternative splicing in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Kim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - A Torcaso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - A Asimes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - W C J Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - T R Pak
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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Khatun K, Nath UK, Robin AHK, Park JI, Lee DJ, Kim MB, Kim CK, Lim KB, Nou IS, Chung MY. Genome-wide analysis and expression profiling of zinc finger homeodomain (ZHD) family genes reveal likely roles in organ development and stress responses in tomato. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:695. [PMID: 28874115 PMCID: PMC5585987 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc finger homeodomain proteins (ZHD) constitute a plant-specific transcription factor family with a conserved DNA binding homeodomain and a zinc finger motif. Members of the ZHD protein family play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Genome-wide characterization of ZHD genes has been carried out in several model plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, but not yet in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Results In this study, we performed the first comprehensive genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of the ZHD gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We identified 22 SlZHD genes and classified them into six subfamilies based on phylogeny. The SlZHD genes were generally conserved in each subfamily, with minor variations in gene structure and motif distribution. The 22 SlZHD genes were distributed on six of the 12 tomato chromosomes, with segmental duplication detected in four genes. Analysis of Ka/Ks ratios revealed that the duplicated genes are under negative or purifying selection. Comprehensive expression analysis revealed that the SlZHD genes are widely expressed in various tissues, with most genes preferentially expressed in flower buds compared to other tissues. Moreover, many of the genes are responsive to abiotic stress and phytohormone treatment. Conclusion Systematic analysis revealed structural diversity among tomato ZHD proteins, which indicates the possibility for diverse roles of SlZHD genes in different developmental stages as well as in response to abiotic stresses. Our expression analysis of SlZHD genes in various tissues/organs and under various abiotic stress and phytohormone treatments sheds light on their functional divergence. Our findings represent a valuable resource for further analysis to explore the biological functions of tomato ZHD genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4082-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Khatun
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Do-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea.,Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Min-Bae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea.,Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Ki-Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Ill Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea
| | - Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea. .,Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, South Korea.
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Naing AH, Lee K, Arun M, Lim KB, Kim CK. Characterization of the role of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) involved in long vase life of different carnation cultivars. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:149. [PMID: 28874121 PMCID: PMC5586022 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) has been previously shown to extend the vase life of various cut flowers; however, its positive effect on extending vase life of carnations has not been well documented. Moreover, the role of SNP in the mechanisms underlying determination of vase life of cut carnations has also not been well addressed. RESULTS SNP increased vase life of Tico Viola carnations along with their relative fresh weight (RFW). Among the treatments, the flowers treated with 10 mg L-1 SNP had the longest vase life and maximum relative fresh weight (RFW). This was achieved through significant suppression of ethylene production via downregulation of ethylene biosynthesis and petal senescence-related genes, and through an increase in the scavenging mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by antioxidant activity during flower vase life. In addition, the positive efficacy of SNP could also be confirmed using 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and different cultivars, resulting in similar trends for both experiments. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that SNP plays a crucial role in multiple modes of action that are associated with the longevity of cut carnation flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea
| | - Kyoungsun Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea
| | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Ki Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122, South Korea.
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Abstract
Nitrogen-doped nano-onions (NNO) were prepared as electrocatalytic materials for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The nano-onions (NO), spherical graphitic material particles, were prepared by pyrolysis of nanodiamonds (ND). Oxidized NO (ONO) was prepared from NO by a modified Hummers’ method, and this was mixed with urea, followed by pyrolysis, resulting in the formation of NNO. The nitrogen content and molar ratio of nitrogen-containing groups in the NNOs were varied by controlling the oxygen content of ONO to explore the effect of nitrogen content on the ORR activity. The formation of NO was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses were conducted to confirm the formation of the NNO and the structures of the nitrogen-containing groups in the NNOs. The ORR activities of the NNOs were investigated using a rotating disk electrode. The NNOs showed a higher onset potential than that of NO, and the ORR activity of the NNO could be improved by increasing the number of active sites (nitrogen-containing groups) in the NNO. In addition, the NNO exhibited better long-term stability and resistance toward methanol crossover in the ORR than the platinum-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
| | - C K Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 156-756, Korea.
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Khatun K, Robin AHK, Park JI, Nath UK, Kim CK, Lim KB, Nou IS, Chung MY. Molecular Characterization and Expression Profiling of Tomato GRF Transcription Factor Family Genes in Response to Abiotic Stresses and Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051056. [PMID: 28505092 PMCID: PMC5454968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth regulating factors (GRFs) are plant-specific transcription factors that are involved in diverse biological and physiological processes, such as growth, development and stress and hormone responses. However, the roles of GRFs in vegetative and reproductive growth, development and stress responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) have not been extensively explored. In this study, we characterized the 13 SlGRF genes. In silico analysis of protein motif organization, intron–exon distribution, and phylogenetic classification confirmed the presence of GRF proteins in tomato. The tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that most of the SlGRF genes were preferentially expressed in young and growing tissues such as flower buds and meristems, suggesting that SlGRFs are important during growth and development of these tissues. Some of the SlGRF genes were preferentially expressed in fruits at distinct developmental stages suggesting their involvement in fruit development and the ripening process. The strong and differential expression of different SlGRFs under NaCl, drought, heat, cold, abscisic acid (ABA), and jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, predict possible functions for these genes in stress responses in addition to their growth regulatory functions. Further, differential expression of SlGRF genes upon gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment indicates their probable function in flower development and stress responses through a gibberellic acid (GA)-mediated pathway. The results of this study provide a basis for further functional analysis and characterization of this important gene family in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Khatun
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Ki-Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Ill Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
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Yoo HJ, Park WJ, Lee GM, Oh CS, Yeam I, Won DC, Kim CK, Lee JM. Inferring the Genetic Determinants of Fruit Colors in Tomato by Carotenoid Profiling. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050764. [PMID: 28481314 PMCID: PMC6154295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential for plant and animal nutrition, and are important factors in the variation of pigmentation in fruits, leaves, and flowers. Tomato is a model crop for studying the biology and biotechnology of fleshy fruits, particularly for understanding carotenoid biosynthesis. In commercial tomato cultivars and germplasms, visual phenotyping of the colors of ripe fruits can be done easily. However, subsequent analysis of metabolic profiling is necessary for hypothesizing genetic factors prior to performing time-consuming genetic analysis. We used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), employing a C30 reverse-phase column, to efficiently resolve nine carotenoids and isomers of several carotenoids in yellow, orange, and red colored ripe tomatoes. High content of lycopene was detected in red tomatoes. The orange tomatoes contained three dominant carotenoids, namely δ-carotene, β-carotene, and prolycopene. The yellow tomatoes showed low levels of carotenoids compared to red or orange tomatoes. Based on the HPLC profiles, genes responsible for overproducing δ-carotene and prolycopene were described as lycopene ε-cyclase and carotenoid isomerase, respectively. Subsequent genetic analysis using DNA markers for segregating population and germplasms were conducted to confirm the hypothesis. This study establishes the usefulness of metabolic profiling for inferring the genetic determinants of fruit color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ju Yoo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
| | - Gyu-Myung Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Chang-Sik Oh
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea.
| | - Inhwa Yeam
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongbuk 36729, Korea.
| | - Dong-Chan Won
- Breeding Institute, Nongwoo Bio Co., Ltd., Yeoju, Gyeonggi 12655, Korea.
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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Naing AH, Park KI, Ai TN, Chung MY, Han JS, Kang YW, Lim KB, Kim CK. Overexpression of snapdragon Delila (Del) gene in tobacco enhances anthocyanin accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:65. [PMID: 28335727 PMCID: PMC5364578 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosea1 (Ros1) and Delila (Del) co-expression controls anthocyanin accumulation in snapdragon flowers, while their overexpression in tomato strongly induces anthocyanin accumulation. However, little data exist on how Del expression alone influences anthocyanin accumulation. RESULTS In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi'), Del expression enhanced leaf and flower anthocyanin production through regulating NtCHS, NtCHI, NtF3H, NtDFR, and NtANS transcript levels. Transgenic lines displayed different anthocyanin colors (e.g., pale red: T0-P, red: T0-R, and strong red: T0-S), resulting from varying levels of biosynthetic gene transcripts. Under salt stress, the T2 generation had higher total polyphenol content, radical (DPPH, ABTS) scavenging activities, antioxidant-related gene expression, as well as overall greater salt and drought tolerance than wild type (WT). CONCLUSION We propose that Del overexpression elevates transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthetic and antioxidant-related genes, leading to enhanced anthocyanin production and antioxidant activity. The resultant increase of anthocyanin and antioxidant activity improves abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Kyeung Il Park
- Department of Horticulture & Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749 South Korea
| | - Trinh Ngoc Ai
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeung Sul Han
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Young-Wha Kang
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Ki Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 4165122 South Korea
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Arun M, Chinnathambi A, Subramanyam K, Karthik S, Sivanandhan G, Theboral J, Alharbi SA, Kim CK, Ganapathi A. Involvement of exogenous polyamines enhances regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in half-seeds of soybean. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:148. [PMID: 28330220 PMCID: PMC4925569 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the participation of polyamines (PAs) to improve direct regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in soybean half-seeds. The inclusion of PAs to culture medium along with optimal plant growth regulators (PGRs) enhanced shoot induction [98.3 %; 4.44 µM N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 103.27 µM spermidine] and elongation [90.0 %; 1.45 µM gibberellic acid (GA3) and 49.42 µM spermine]. The polyamine putrescine (62.08 µM) alone greatly enriched root induction (96.3 %). The influence of PAs on transformed plant production was assessed by comparing optimized protocol (comprising PAs and PGRs) with a regeneration system involving only PGRs. Plant transformation was performed in half-seeds of cultivar DS 97-12 using strain EHA105 harboring pCAMBIA1301. Transgene expression and integration was confirmed by GUS staining, PCR, and Southern hybridization. The transformed explants/materials successively cultured on co-cultivation (BA and spermidine), shoot induction (BA and spermidine), shoot elongation (GA3 and spermine), and rooting medium (putrescine) showed enhanced transformation efficiency (29.3 %) compared with its counterparts (14.6 %) with respective PGR alone [BA, GA3, or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)]. Overall findings of the study suggest that involvement of PAs improved T-DNA transfer during co-cultivation, and delivered most suitable condition for efficient regeneration/survival, which led to enhanced transformation efficiency in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kondeti Subramanyam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sivabalan Karthik
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Ganeshan Sivanandhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Jeevaraj Theboral
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Andy Ganapathi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India.
- Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India.
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Ai TN, Naing AH, Arun M, Lim SH, Kim CK. Sucrose-induced anthocyanin accumulation in vegetative tissue of Petunia plants requires anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors. Plant Sci 2016; 252:144-150. [PMID: 27717450 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of three different sucrose concentrations on plant growth and anthocyanin accumulation were examined in non-transgenic (NT) and transgenic (T2) specimens of the Petunia hybrida cultivar 'Mirage rose' that carried the anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors B-Peru+mPAP1 or RsMYB1. Anthocyanin accumulation was not observed in NT plants in any treatments, whereas a range of anthocyanin accumulation was observed in transgenic plants. The anthocyanin content detected in transgenic plants expressing the anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors (B-Peru+mPAP1 or RsMYB1) was higher than that in NT plants. In addition, increasing sucrose concentration strongly enhanced anthocyanin content as shown by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, wherein increased concentrations of sucrose enhanced transcript levels of the transcription factors that are responsible for the induction of biosynthetic genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis; this pattern was not observed in NT plants. In addition, sucrose affected plant growth, although the effects were different between NT and transgenic plants. Taken together, the application of sucrose could enhance anthocyanin production in vegetative tissue of transgenic Petunia carrying anthocyanin regulatory transcription factors, and this study provides insights about interactive effects of sucrose and transcription factors in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the transgenic plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Ngoc Ai
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea; School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh, Viet Nam
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muthukrishnan Arun
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hyung Lim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Khatun K, Robin AHK, Park JI, Ahmed NU, Kim CK, Lim KB, Kim MB, Lee DJ, Nou IS, Chung MY. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression profiling of LIM family genes in Solanum lycopersicum L. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:177-190. [PMID: 27439220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
LIM domain proteins, some of which have been shown to be actin binding proteins, are involved in various developmental activities and cellular processes in plants. To date, the molecular defense-related functions of LIM family genes have not been investigated in any solanaceous vegetable crop species. In this study, we identified 15 LIM family genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through genome-wide analysis and performed expression profiling in different organs of tomato, including fruits at six different developmental stages. We also performed expression profiling of selected tomato LIM genes in plants under ABA, drought, cold, NaCl and heat stress treatment. The encoded proteins of the 15 tomato LIM genes were classified into two main groups, i.e., proteins similar to cysteine-rich proteins and plant-specific DAR proteins, based on differences in functional domains and variability in their C-terminal regions. The DAR proteins contain a so far poorly characterized zinc-finger-like motif that we propose to call DAR-ZF. Six of the 15 LIM genes were expressed only in flowers, indicating that they play flower-specific roles in plants. The other nine genes were expressed in all organs and at various stages of fruit development. SlβLIM1b was expressed relatively highly at the later stage of fruit development, but three other genes, SlWLIM2a, SlDAR2 and SlDAR4, were expressed at the early stage of fruit development. Seven genes were induced by ABA, five by cold, seven by drought, eight by NaCl and seven by heat treatment respectively, indicating their possible roles in abiotic stress tolerance. Our results will be useful for functional analysis of LIM genes during fruit development in tomato plants under different abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Khatun
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nasar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Bae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ill Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
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Nam KW, Kim CK, Kim TJ, An SJ, Demchuk AM, Kim Y, Jung S, Han MK, Ko SB, Yoon BW. D-dimer as a predictor of early neurologic deterioration in cryptogenic stroke with active cancer. Eur J Neurol 2016; 24:205-211. [PMID: 27766716 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The occurrence of stroke in cancer patients is caused by conventional vascular risk factors and cancer-specific mechanisms. However, cryptogenic stroke in patients with cancer was considered to be more related to cancer-specific hypercoagulability. In this study, we investigated the potential of the D-dimer level to serve as a predictor of early neurologic deterioration (END) in cryptogenic stroke patients with active cancer. METHODS We recruited 109 cryptogenic stroke patients with active cancer within 72 h of symptom onset. We defined END as an increase of ≥1 point in the motor National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score or ≥2 points in the total NIHSS score within 72 h of admission. After adjusting for potential confounding factors in the multivariate analysis, we calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of D-dimer in the prediction of END. RESULTS Among 109 patients, END events were identified in 34 (31%) patients within 72 h. END was significantly associated with systemic metastasis, multiple vascular territory lesions on the initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), initial NIHSS score and D-dimer levels. In the multivariate analysis, the D-dimer level (adjusted OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17; P < 0.01) and initial NIHSS score (adjusted OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15; P = 0.03) predicted END after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In the subgroup analysis of 72 follow-up MRIs, D-dimer level was also correlated with new territory lesions on the follow-up MRI in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Ischemic stroke patients with active cancer and elevated D-dimer levels appear to be at increased risk for END recurrent thromboembolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Nam
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - C K Kim
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - T J Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - S J An
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - A M Demchuk
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Y Kim
- Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Jung
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - M-K Han
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - S-B Ko
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - B-W Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Khatun K, Robin AHK, Park JI, Kim CK, Lim KB, Kim MB, Lee DJ, Nou IS, Chung MY. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Profiling of ADF Family Genes in Solanum lycopersicum L. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:E79. [PMID: 27690110 PMCID: PMC5083918 DOI: 10.3390/genes7100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) proteins have growth, development, defense-related and growth regulatory functions in plants. The present study used genome-wide analysis to investigate ADF family genes in tomato. Eleven tomato ADF genes were identified and differential expression patterns were found in different organs. SlADF6 was preferentially expressed in roots, suggesting its function in root development. SlADF1, SlADF3 and SlADF10 were predominately expressed in the flowers compared to the other organs and specifically in the stamen compared to other flower parts, indicating their potential roles in pollen development. The comparatively higher expression of SlADF3 and SlADF11 at early fruit developmental stages might implicate them in determining final fruit size. SlADF5 and SlADF8 had relatively higher levels of expression five days after the breaker stage of fruit development, suggesting their possible role in fruit ripening. Notably, six genes were induced by cold and heat, seven by drought, five by NaCl, and four each by abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and wounding treatments. The differential expression patterns of the SlADF genes under different types of stresses suggested their function in stress tolerance in tomato plants. Our results will be helpful for the functional characterization of ADF genes during organ and fruit development of tomato under different stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Khatun
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Ki-Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea.
| | - Min-Bae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Do-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Ill Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
| | - Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Korea.
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Jeon SM, Naing AH, Kim HH, Chung MY, Lim KB, Kim CK. Elimination of chrysanthemum stunt viroid and chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid from infected chrysanthemum by cryopreservation. Protoplasma 2016; 253:1135-44. [PMID: 26315819 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Borami' and 'Secret Pink' showing symptoms of stunt disease caused by chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and 'Yellow Cap' showing chlorotic mottle disease caused by chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) were confirmed to be infected by the respective viroids by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Real-time PCR results showed that the viroid concentrations in the infected cultivars varied between the different regions of origin (Chilgok, Gumi, and Gyeongsan). We applied a cryopreservation protocol for elimination of CSVd from naturally infected 'Borami' collected from Gumi, showing the lowest concentration of CSVd, by varying several factors such as plant vitrification solutions (PVS2 and PVS3), duration of exposure to liquid nitrogen, shoot-tip size, and low-temperature treatment. The solution (PVS2) and low-temperature treatment were found to be critical factors determining the efficacy of viroid elimination. We optimized the protocol by combining of all resulted optimal factors and tested the applicability of the protocol in 'Borami' collected from Chilgok and Gyeongsan and in 'Secret Pink' from Chilgok, Gumi, and Gyeongsan, which displayed different viroid concentrations. We found that the elimination rates varied depending on the cultivar and region of origin. Similar results were observed when the protocol was applied to eliminate CChMVd from the 'Yellow Cap' collected from the same regions. Finally, we found that nested PCR is more reliable for viroid detection than RT-PCR. Overall, cryopreservation can be used to eliminate viroids from infected chrysanthemums; however, the efficacy depends on genotype and initial viroid concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Min Jeon
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Haeng-Hoon Kim
- Department of Well-being Resources, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 540-742, South Korea
| | - Mi Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 540-742, South Korea
| | - Ki Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea.
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Kee ES, Naing AH, Lim SH, Han JS, Kim CK. MYB transcription factor isolated from Raphanus sativus enhances anthocyanin accumulation in chrysanthemum cultivars. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:79. [PMID: 28330149 PMCID: PMC4764610 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A MYB transcription factor gene, RsMYB1, from radish was introduced into the chrysanthemum cultivars ‘Peach ND’, ‘Peach Red’, and ‘Vivid Scarlet’ under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Presence of RsMYB1 in transgenic lines was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results of reverse-transcription-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of RsMYB1 was stable in all transgenic lines and could enhance the expression levels of three key biosynthetic genes (F3H, DFR, and ANS) involved in anthocyanin production. Accordingly, anthocyanin content was significantly higher in transgenic lines than in control of all the cultivars, although the increasement was not visually observed in any of the transgenic lines. Therefore, these results demonstrate that RsMYB1 has potential to enhance anthocyanin content in the chrysanthemums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sun Kee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | - Sun Hyung Lim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441-707 Korea
| | - Jeung Sul Han
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Korea
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Ai TN, Naing AH, Kim CK. Influences of different light sources and light/dark cycles on anthocyanin accumulation and plant growth in Petunia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2016.43.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Ngoc Ai
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea School of Agriculture and Aquaculture, Tra Vinh University, Tra Vinh, Vietnam
| | - Aung Htay Naing
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Kim TJ, Kim CK, Kim Y, Jung S, Jeong HG, An SJ, Ko SB, Yoon BW. Prolonged sleep increases the risk of intracerebral haemorrhage: a nationwide case-control study. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1036-43. [PMID: 26945678 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although abnormal sleep duration is positively associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality, the specific impact on intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) risk remains unclear. The relationship between sleep duration and the risk of ICH was investigated in our study. METHODS A nationwide, multicentre matched case-control study was performed to investigate the risk factors for haemorrhagic stroke, using patients from 33 hospitals in Korea. In all, 490 patients with ICH and 980 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Detailed information regarding sleep, sociodemographic factors, lifestyle and medical history before ICH onset was obtained using qualified structured questionnaires. Sleep duration was categorized and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a conditional logistic regression with 7 h as the reference duration. RESULTS The number of subjects with long sleep duration, more than 8 h, was significantly greater in the ICH group than in the control group (≥8 h, 30.4% vs. 22.6%, P = 0.002). After controlling for relevant confounding factors, longer sleep duration was found to be independently associated with the risk of ICH in a dose-response manner (8 h, OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.00-2.47; ≥9 h, OR 5.00, 95% CI 2.18-11.47). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that long sleep duration is positively associated with an increased ICH risk in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies on the relationship linking long sleep duration with increased risk of ICH are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C K Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y Kim
- Department of Neurology, Bucheon St Mary's Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - S Jung
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - H-G Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S J An
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S-B Ko
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - B-W Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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Son HJ, Lee YH, Chae JH, Kim CK. Creatine kinase isoenzyme activity during and after an ultra-distance (200 km) run. Biol Sport 2015; 32:357-361. [PMID: 28479667 PMCID: PMC5394848 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1163384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that creatine kinase (CK) activity in plasma is related to the state of an inflammatory response at 24-48 h, and also it has shown biphasic patterns after a marathon run. No information is available on CK isoenzymes after an ultra-marathon run. The purpose of the present study is to examine the CK isoenzymes after a 200 km ultra-marathon run and during the subsequent recovery. Blood samples were obtained during registration 1 2 h before the 200-km race and during the race at 100 km, 150 km and at the end of 200 km, as well as after a 24 h period of recovery. Thirty-two male ultra-distance runners participated in the study. Serum CPK showed a marked increase throughout the race and 24 h recovery period (p < 0.001). Serum CK during the race occurs mostly in the CK-MM isoform and only minutely in the CK-MB isoform and is unchanged in the CK-BB isoform. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), oestradiol, AST and ALT increased significantly from the pre-race value at 100 km and a further increase took place by the end of the 200 km run. The results of our study demonstrate a different release pattern of creatine kinase after an ultra-distance (200 km) run compared to the studies of marathon running and intense eccentric exercise, and changes in several biomarkers, indicative of muscle damage during the race, were much more pronounced during the latter half (100–200 km) of the race. However, the increases in plasma concentration of muscle enzymes may reflect not only structural damage, but also their rate of clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Son
- Human Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y H Lee
- Human Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Chae
- Human Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - C K Kim
- Human Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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Kwon SI, Yoo J, Lee J, Moon YS, Choi C, Jung HY, Lee DH, Kim CK, Kang IK. Evaluation of crab apples for apple production in high-density apple orchards. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2015.42.3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Il Kwon
- Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Kunwi 39000, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingi Yoo
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sun Moon
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Choi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Jung
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Planning and Coordination Division, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Kang
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Naing AH, Ai TN, Jeon SM, Park KI, Lim KB, Kim CK. Expression of RsMYB1 in chrysanthemum regulates key anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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