1
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Ribeiro FWM, Omari I, Thomas GT, Paul M, Williams PJH, McIndoe JS, Correra TC. Microstructural Analysis of Benzoxazine Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization Pathways. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300470. [PMID: 37716013 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an evaluation of the initial step of benzoxazine polymerization is presented by mass spectrometry, with a focus on differentiating the phenoxy and phenolic products formed by distinct pathways of the cationic ring opening polymerization (ROP) mechanism of polybenzoxazine formation. The use of infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) techniques allows for differentiation of the two pathways and provides valuable insights into the ROP mechanism. The results suggest that type I pathway is favored in the initial stages of the reaction yielding the phenoxy product, while type II product should be observed at later stages when the phenoxy product would interconvert to the most stable type II phenolic product. Overall, the findings presented here provide important information on the initial step of the benzoxazine polymerization, allowing the development of optimal polymerization conditions and represents a way to evaluate other multifunctional polymerization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco W M Ribeiro
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isaac Omari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Gilian T Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Mathias Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Peter J H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P. O. Box 3065, Victoria, BC V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Thiago C Correra
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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2
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Wang SJ, Wang L, Tang XY. Synergistic effect of hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions of B(C 6F 5) 3·H 2O/amides complex: Application in photoredox catalysis. iScience 2023; 26:106528. [PMID: 37128550 PMCID: PMC10148046 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B(C6F5)3·H2O has been long recognized as a common Brønsted acid. The lack of X-ray crystal structure of B(C6F5)3·H2O with other substrates has greatly limited the development of a new catalytic mode. In this work, a complex of B(C6F5)3·H2O and amide 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one with hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions is characterized by X-ray diffraction. Such noncovalent interactions in solution also exist, as verified by NMR, UV-Vis absorption, and fluorescence emission measurements. Moreover, the mixture of amide 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and B(C6F5)3·H2O, instead of other tested Brønsted acids, shows a tailing absorption band in the visible light region (400-450 nm). Based on the photoactive properties of the complex, a photoredox catalysis is developed to construct α-aminoamides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica and Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Long Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica and Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica and Semiconductor Chemistry Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Corresponding author
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3
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Shah M, Srinivasan H, Arumugam H, Krishnasamy B, Muthukaruppan A. Synthesis and characterisation of cycloaliphatic and aromatic amines based cardanol benzoxazines: A comparative study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Kobzar Y, Fatyeyeva KY. A Simple Solvent-Free Strategy of Polybenzoxazine Film Elaboration with Controllable Performance via Molecular Weight Regulation between Cross-Linking Knots. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Kobzar
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000Rouen, France
| | - Kateryna Yu. Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Polymerès, Biopolymères, Surfaces (PBS), 76000Rouen, France
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5
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Devaraju S, Eswar P, Gangadhar Reddy T, Ravi Kumar K. Metal salts used as an efficient catalyst to reduce the ring opening polymerization temperature of benzoxazines. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2022.2098144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Devaraju
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Composites Lab, School of Applied Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (VFSTR), Guntur, India
| | - P. Eswar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (VFSTR), Guntur, India
| | - T. Gangadhar Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Composites Lab, School of Applied Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (VFSTR), Guntur, India
| | - K. Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science and Humanities, Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (VFSTR), Guntur, India
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6
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Fluorescent bioassay for SARS-CoV-2 detection using polypyrene-g-poly(ε-caprolactone) prepared by simultaneous photoinduced step-growth and ring-opening polymerizations. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:202. [PMID: 35474492 PMCID: PMC9042169 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a rapid and easy immunofluorescence bioassay for SARS-CoV-2 detection is described. We report for the first time a novel one-pot synthetic approach for simultaneous photoinduced step-growth polymerization of pyrene (Py) and ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (PCL) to produce a graft fluorescent copolymer PPy-g-PCL that was conjugated to SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies using EDC/NHS chemistry. The synthesis steps and conjugation products were fully characterized using standard spectral analysis. Next, the PPy-g-PCL was used for the construction of a dot-blot assay which was calibrated for applications to human nasopharyngeal samples. The analytical features of the proposed sensor showed a detection range of 6.03–8.7 LOG viral copy mL−1 (Ct Scores: 8–25), the limit of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) of 1.84 and 6.16 LOG viral copy mL−1, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility of the platform had a coefficient of variation (CV) ranging between 1.2 and 5.9%. The fluorescence-based dot-blot assay was tested with human samples. Significant differences were observed between the fluorescence intensity of the negative and positive samples, with an overall correct response of 93.33%. The assay demonstrated a high correlation with RT-PCR data. This strategy opens new insights into simplified synthesis procedures of the reporter molecules and their high potential sensing and diagnosis applications.
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7
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Zhang S, Wang Z, Rafique I, Lu Z. Room-temperature fast-curing polybenzoxazine hybrid thermosets via UV irradiation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Design, synthesis, flame retardancy and dielectric properties of novel aromatic hyperbranched benzoxazine. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Boron compounds for catalytic applications. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Appasamy S, Arumugam H, Govindraj L, G R, Krishnasamy B, Muthukaruppan A. Studies on nitrile substituted bisphenol-F and bisphenol-Z based benzoxazines with enhanced thermal and hydrophobic properties. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1991235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subasri Appasamy
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India
| | - Hariharan Arumugam
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India
| | - Latha Govindraj
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India
| | - Rathika G
- Department of Chemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | - Balaji Krishnasamy
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India
| | - Alagar Muthukaruppan
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India
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11
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Bener S, Yilmaz G, Yagci Y. Directly and Indirectly Acting Photoinitiating Systems for Ring‐Opening Polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactone. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Semira Bener
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Science and Letters 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Science and Letters 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Faculty of Science and Letters 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Chemistry Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University PO Box 80203 Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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12
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Lochab B, Monisha M, Amarnath N, Sharma P, Mukherjee S, Ishida H. Review on the Accelerated and Low-Temperature Polymerization of Benzoxazine Resins: Addition Polymerizable Sustainable Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1260. [PMID: 33924552 PMCID: PMC8069336 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their outstanding and versatile properties, polybenzoxazines have quickly occupied a great niche of applications. Developing the ability to polymerize benzoxazine resin at lower temperatures than the current capability is essential in taking advantage of these exceptional properties and remains to be most challenging subject in the field. The current review is classified into several parts to achieve this goal. In this review, fundamentals on the synthesis and evolution of structure, which led to classification of PBz in different generations, are discussed. Classifications of PBzs are defined depending on building block as well as how structure is evolved and property obtained. Progress on the utility of biobased feedstocks from various bio-/waste-mass is also discussed and compared, wherever possible. The second part of review discusses the probable polymerization mechanism proposed for the ring-opening reactions. This is complementary to the third section, where the effect of catalysts/initiators has on triggering polymerization at low temperature is discussed extensively. The role of additional functionalities in influencing the temperature of polymerization is also discussed. There has been a shift in paradigm beyond the lowering of ring-opening polymerization (ROP) temperature and other areas of interest, such as adaptation of molecular functionality with simultaneous improvement of properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimlesh Lochab
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Monisha Monisha
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Nagarjuna Amarnath
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Pratibha Sharma
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Sourav Mukherjee
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India; (M.M.); (N.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 441067202, USA
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13
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Guo T, Fan Y, Bo C, Qi Z, Tao H, Ziran C, Youhui X. Synthesis and properties of a benzoxazine monomer containing maleimide and biphenyl groups. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008321996745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazine resin exhibits excellent properties and is widely used in many fields. Herein, the synthesis of a novel compound, the bis(2,4-dihydro-2 H-3-(4- N-maleimido)phenyl-1,3-benzoxazinyl)biphenyl (BMIPBB), has been reported, which was synthesized by reacting N-(4-aminophenyl)maleimide (APMI), formaldehyde, and 4,4’-dihydroxybiphenyl. 1,3,5-three(4-(maleimido)phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TMIPT) was formed as an intermediate during the reaction. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy experiments were conducted to determine the structure of BMIPBB. BMIPBB was obtained as a reddish-brown solid in 40.1% yield. The thermal properties of BMIPBB were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Analysis of the DSC curves revealed that the broad peak representing the release of curing reaction heat appeared in the temperature range of 140–330°C. The peak temperature was 242.59°C and the heat of the reaction was 393.82 J/g, indicating that the rate of the curing reaction was low and the heat of the reaction was high. Analysis of the TGA results revealed that the weight loss rate was 5% at 110°C. The monomer exhibited a significant weight loss in the range of 320–500°C. The compound lost 50% of its weight at a temperature of 427°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Structural Optimization and Application of Functional, Molecules, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Structural Optimization and Application of Functional, Molecules, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Bo
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Structural Optimization and Application of Functional, Molecules, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Qi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Structural Optimization and Application of Functional, Molecules, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Han Tao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Structural Optimization and Application of Functional, Molecules, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Sichuan Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Ziran
- Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Sichuan Suining, China
| | - Xu Youhui
- Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Sichuan Suining, China
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14
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Kumar G, Roy S, Chatterjee I. Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane catalyzed C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1230-1267. [PMID: 33481983 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of boron based Lewis acids have been reported to date, but among them, tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) has gained the most significant attention in the synthetic chemistry community. The viability of BCF as a potential Lewis acid catalyst has been vastly explored in organic and materials chemistry due to its thermal stability and commercial availability. Most explorations of BCF chemistry in organic synthesis has occurred in the last two decades and many new catalytic reactivities are currently under investigation. This review mainly focuses on recent reports from 2018 onwards and provides a concise knowledge to the readers about the role of BCF in metal-free catalysis. The review has mainly been categorized by different types of organic transformation mediated through BCF catalysis for the C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Sourav Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab-140001, India.
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15
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Yang R, Hao B, Zhang K. A study of the effect of L-histidine on the polymerization of benzoxazines and properties of their thermosets. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Photo-induced cationic ring opening reactions were performed on main chain polybenzoxazine precursors using iodonium salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Deliballi
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Bîru EI, Gârea SA, Iovu H. Innovative Hyperbranched Polybenzoxazine-Based Graphene Oxide-Poly(amidoamines) Nanomaterials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2424. [PMID: 33096629 PMCID: PMC7589722 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) surface with hyperbranched benzoxazine (BZ) structures has been achieved using poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) of different generations. By increasing the PAMAM generation, multiple benzoxazine rings were synthesized decorating the GO layers. The polymerization process and the exfoliation behavior were investigated. The novel BZ-functionalized GO hybrid materials were characterized by a combination of techniques such as FT-IR, XPS, and 1H-NMR for the confirmation of benzoxazine formation onto the GO layer surfaces. Raman and XRD investigation showed that the GO stacking layers are highly disintegrated upon functionalization with hyperbranched benzoxazine monomers, the exfoliation being more probably to occur when lower PAMAM generation (G) is involved for the synthesis of hybrid GO-BZ nanocomposites. The polymerization of BZ rings may occur either between the BZ units from the same dendrimer molecule or between BZ units from different dendrimer molecules, thus influencing the intercalation/exfoliation of GO. DSC data showed that the polymerization temperature strongly depends on the PAMAM generation and a significant decrease of this value occurred for PAMAM of higher generation, the polymerization temperature being reduced with ~10 °C in case of GO-PAMAM(G2)-BZ. Moreover, the nanoindentation measurements showed significant mechanical properties improvement in case of GO-PAMAM(G2)-BZ comparing to GO-PAMAM(G0)-BZ in terms of Young modulus (from 0.536 GPa to 1.418 GPa) and stiffness (from 3617 N/m to 9621 N/m).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Iuliana Bîru
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.I.B.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Sorina Alexandra Gârea
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.I.B.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Horia Iovu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (E.I.B.); (S.A.G.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 54 Splaiul Independentei Street, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Loke SK, Pagadala E, Devaraju S, Srinivasadesikan V, Kottalanka RK. New zinc complexes derived from "self-adaptable" acyclic diiminodipyrromethanes as potent catalysts for the reduction of curing temperature of bisphenol-A/F benzoxazines. RSC Adv 2020; 10:36275-36286. [PMID: 35517922 PMCID: PMC9057005 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The simple modification of the Schiff-base ligands often brings significant changes in the coordination properties of the metal-complexes, providing newer prospects for their unexplored applications. In this context, the present work utilized the “self-adaptable” acyclic diiminodipyrromethane Schiff's bases (2a and 2b) for the synthesis of their Zn-based complexes and explored their potential in the ring-opening polymerization of benzoxazines. The two zinc complexes of composition [Zn{(Ph)(CH3)C(2,6-iPr2C6H3–N
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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CH–C4H2N)(2,6-iPr2C6H3–NCH–C4H2NH)}2] (3) and [ZnCl2{(Ph)(CH3)C(Ph3C–NHCH–C4H2N)2}] (4) were synthesized in good yields, and the structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Later, zinc complexes (3 & 4) were used as catalysts to reduce the curing (ring-opening polymerization) temperature of benzoxazine monomers such as Bisphenol-A (BA-a) and Bisphenol-F (BF-a) benzoxazines. Dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed that the on-set curing (Tp) temperatures were reasonably decreased upto 20% for the benzoxazines. Furthermore, the thermal stabilities of the polybenzoxazines (PBzs) derived in the presence of zinc catalysts (3 and 4) were compared with PBz obtained in the absence of catalyst under similar conditions. The thermal studies reveled that there is no significant changes in the initial degradation of polymers. However, the thermal stability in terms of char yields at 800 °C improved upto 10–21% for the bisphenol-A/F benzoxazines. The present work utilized the “self-adaptable” acyclic diiminodipyrromethane Schiff's bases (2a and 2b) for the synthesis of their Zn-based complexes and explored their potential in the ring-opening polymerization of BA-a and BF-a benzoxazines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva K Loke
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi Guntur-522213 Andhra Pradesh India +91 863 2344 707 +91 863 2344 700
| | - Eswar Pagadala
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi Guntur-522213 Andhra Pradesh India +91 863 2344 707 +91 863 2344 700
| | - S Devaraju
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi Guntur-522213 Andhra Pradesh India +91 863 2344 707 +91 863 2344 700
| | - V Srinivasadesikan
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi Guntur-522213 Andhra Pradesh India +91 863 2344 707 +91 863 2344 700
| | - Ravi K Kottalanka
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research (Deemed to be University) Vadlamudi Guntur-522213 Andhra Pradesh India +91 863 2344 707 +91 863 2344 700
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19
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Unique self-catalyzed bio-benzoxazine derived from novel renewable acid-containing diamines based on levulinic acid and furfurylamine: Synthesis, curing behaviors and properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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20
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Tavernier R, Granado L, Foyer G, David G, Caillol S. Formaldehyde-Free Polybenzoxazines for High Performance Thermosets. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tavernier
- ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Lérys Granado
- ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Foyer
- ArianeGroup, Rue de Touban, 33185 Le Haillan, France
| | - Ghislain David
- ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34296 Montpellier, France
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21
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Zhang X, Hu W, Pei L, Zhao S, Zhang C, Wang Z. In(NO 3) 3 catalyzed curing reaction of benzoxazine. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319899128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Benzoxazine is a new kind of thermoset resin with excellent properties, but it suffers from high curing temperature and low char yield in the presence of catalyst without halogen. In(NO3)3 was herein used for the first time to efficiently catalyze the curing reaction of benzoxazine and to elevate the char yield at 800°C. The reaction of benzoxazine was catalyzed by In(NO3)3 after stirring at 35°C for 300 min, and the initial curing temperature decreased to 151°C. Polybenzoxazine/In(NO3)3 showed higher thermal stability and char yield at 800°C (increased by 7.5%) compared with those of polybenzoxazine. The possible pathway of coordination bonding between In3+ and benzoxazine was proposed. In the cross-linking process, two different structures, that is, the N, O-acetal bridge structure and arylamine Mannich bridge structure formed at 35°C, both existed, which ultimately affected the thermal stability of the cured product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Hu
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Pei
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sipei Zhao
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congyun Zhang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Research Center for Engineering Technology of Polymeric Composites of Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Lyu Y, Rachita E, Pogharian N, Froimowicz P, Ishida H. Electronic effects of asymmetric and meta-alkoxy substituents on the polymerization behavior of bis-benzoxazines. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01641d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three isomers of benzoxazine monomers based on m-alkoxyphenol and 4,4′-methylenedianiline were synthesized and successfully isolated by column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lyu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
- Research Center of Petroleum Processing
| | - Eric Rachita
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Nicholas Pogharian
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Pablo Froimowicz
- Design and Chemistry of Macromolecules Group
- Institute of Technology in Polymers and Nanotechnology (ITPN)
- UBA-CONICET
- FIUBA
- FADU
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
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23
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Akkus B, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Cyanuric chloride as a potent catalyst for the reduction of curing temperature of benzoxazines. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01631g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, TCT) was used as a catalyst to lower the ring opening polymerization (ROP) temperature of 1,3-benzoxazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Akkus
- Istanbul Technical University
- Science and Literature Faculty
- Department of Chemistry
- Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University
- Science and Literature Faculty
- Department of Chemistry
- Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University
- Science and Literature Faculty
- Department of Chemistry
- Maslak
- Turkey
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24
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Schmidt BVKJ. Trends in Polymers 2017/2018: Polymer Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E39. [PMID: 31881763 PMCID: PMC7023566 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer synthesis is a substantial area in polymer science and marks the starting point for all sorts of polymer materials that have a plethora of applications in everyday life but also in academic research [...].
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25
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Prasomsin W, Parnklang T, Sapcharoenkun C, Tiptipakorn S, Rimdusit S. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Bio-Based Benzoxazine/Epoxy Composites with NIR-Laser Stimulated Shape Memory Effects. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9060881. [PMID: 31197110 PMCID: PMC6631418 DOI: 10.3390/nano9060881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smart materials with light-actuated shape memory effects are developed from renewable resources in this work. Bio-based benzoxazine resin is prepared from vanillin, furfurylamine, and paraformaldehyde by utilizing the Mannich-like condensation. Vanillin-furfurylamine-containing benzoxazine resin (V-fa) is subsequently copolymerized with epoxidized castor oil (ECO). When the copolymer is reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the resulting composite exhibits shape memory effects. Molecular characteristics of V-fa resin, ECO, and V-fa/ECO copolymers are obtained from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Curing behavior of V-fa/ECO copolymers is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Dynamic mechanical properties of MWCNT reinforced V-fa/ECO composites are determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. Morphological details and distribution of MWCNTs within the copolymer matrix are characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Shape memory performances of MWCNT reinforced V-fa/ECO composites are studied by shape memory tests performed with a universal testing machine. After a significant deformation to a temporary shape, the composites can be recovered to the original shape by near-infrared (NIR) laser actuation. The shape recovery process can be stimulated at a specific site of the composite simply by focusing NIR laser to that site. The shape recovery time of the composites under NIR actuation is four times faster than the shape recovery process under conventional thermal activation. Furthermore, the composites possess good shape fixity and good shape recovery under NIR actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassika Prasomsin
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Tewarak Parnklang
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chaweewan Sapcharoenkun
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Phatum Thani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Sunan Tiptipakorn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts & Science, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Sarawut Rimdusit
- Polymer Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Research Network NANOTEC-CU on Advanced Structural and Functional Nanomaterials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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26
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Arslan M. Synthesis and characterization of novel bio-based benzoxazines from gallic acid with latent catalytic characteristics. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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One-Pot Synthesis of Amide-Functional Main-Chain Polybenzoxazine Precursors. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040679. [PMID: 31013955 PMCID: PMC6523978 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Main-chain polybenzoxazines containing amide linkages were successfully prepared in one pot. Three different polymers were synthesized by reacting 3,4-dihydrocoumarine (DHC) and paraformaldehyde with 1,3-diaminopropane or 1,6-diaminohexane or Jeffamine ED-900. The one-pot reaction proceeded through the combination of the ring-opening of DHC with amines, and subsequent Mannich and ring-closure reactions occurring in a cascading manner. The obtained polymer from Jeffamine exhibited good film-forming properties, and free-standing flexible films were easily solvent- casted on Teflon plates. All polymeric precursors were characterized by spectroscopic analysis, and their curing behavior and thermal stability were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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28
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Arslan M, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Benzoxazine-Based Thermoset with Autonomous Self-Healing and Shape Recovery. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Arslan
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Kirklareli University, 39000 Kirklareli, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Telli AH, Hacaloglu J. Effects of aromatic diboronic acid on thermal charateristics of polybenzoxazines based on phenol and aniline. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Iguchi D, Ohashi S, Abarro GJE, Yin X, Winroth S, Scott C, Gleydura M, Jin L, Kanagasegar N, Lo C, Arza CR, Froimowicz P, Ishida H. Development of Hydrogen-Rich Benzoxazine Resins with Low Polymerization Temperature for Space Radiation Shielding. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11569-11581. [PMID: 31459257 PMCID: PMC6644943 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study has been carried out to develop a material with significant protection properties from galactic cosmic radiation and solar energetic particles. The research focused on the development of hydrogen-rich benzoxazines, which are particularly effective for shielding against such radiation. Newly developed benzoxazine resin can be polymerized at 120 °C, which meets the low-temperature processing requirements for use with ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber, a hydrogen-rich composite reinforcement. This highly reactive benzoxazine resin also exhibits low viscosity and good shelf-life. The structure of the benzoxazine monomer is confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Polymerization behavior and thermal properties are evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Dynamic mechanical analysis is used to study chemorheological properties of the benzoxazine monomer, rheological properties of the cross-linked polybenzoxazine, and rheological properties of UHMWPE-reinforced polybenzoxazine composites. The theoretical radiation shielding capability of the composite is also evaluated using computer-based simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iguchi
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Seishi Ohashi
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Ghizelle J. E. Abarro
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- University
of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, The
Philippines
| | - Xianze Yin
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan
Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Scott Winroth
- Material
Answers LLC, 66 Buckskin
Drive, Weston, Massachusetts 02493, United States
| | - Chris Scott
- Material
Answers LLC, 66 Buckskin
Drive, Weston, Massachusetts 02493, United States
| | - Molly Gleydura
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- Hathaway
Brown School, Shaker Heights, Ohio 44122, United States
| | - Lin Jin
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Nithya Kanagasegar
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Cherie Lo
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Carlos Rodriguez Arza
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Pablo Froimowicz
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
- Design and
Chemistry of Macromolecules Group, Institute of Technology in Polymers
and Nanotechnology (ITPN), UBA-CONICET, FIUBA, FADU, University of Buenos Aires, Pabellón III, subsuelo, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
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31
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Akkus B, Kiskan B, Yagci Y. Counterion Effect of Amine Salts on Ring-Opening Polymerization of 1,3-Benzoxazines. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buket Akkus
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Literature Faculty Istanbul Technical University; 34469 Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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32
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Chen CH, Lee KW, Lin CH, Juang TY. Low-Dissipation Thermosets Derived from Oligo(2,6-Dimethyl Phenylene Oxide)-Containing Benzoxazines. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E411. [PMID: 30966446 PMCID: PMC6415260 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(2,6-dimethyl phenyl oxide) (PPO) is known for its low dissipation factor. To achieve insulating materials with low dissipation factors for high-frequency communication applications, a telechelic oligomer-type benzoxazine (P-APPO) and a main-chain type benzoxazine polymer (BPA-APPO) were prepared from an amine end-capped oligo (2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) (APPO). The APPO was prepared from a nucleophilic substitution of a phenol-end capped oligo (2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide) (a commercial product, SA 90) with fluoronitrobenzene, and followed by catalytic hydrogenation. After self-curing or curing with a dicyclopentadiene-phenol epoxy (HP 7200), thermosets with high-Tg and low-dissipation factor can be achieved. Furthermore, the resulting epoxy thermosets show better thermal and dielectric properties than those of epoxy thermoset cured from its precursor SA90, demonstrating it is a successful modification in simultaneously enhancing the thermal and dielectric properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Han Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Wei Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Yuan Juang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
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