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Bukowczan A, Raftopoulos KN, Czajkowski M, Szefer E, Hebda E, Pielichowski K. Liquid crystalline polyurethanes modified by Trisilanolisobutyl-POSS. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tomaszewska J, Sterzyński T, Woźniak-Braszak A, Banaszak M. Review of Recent Developments of Glass Transition in PVC Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4336. [PMID: 34960887 PMCID: PMC8708294 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the impact of different nanoadditives on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is a widely used industrial polymer. The relatively high Tg limits its temperature-dependent applications. The objective of the review is to present the state-of-the-art knowledge on the influence of nanofillers of various origins and dimensions on the Tg of the PVC. The Tg variations induced by added nanofillers can be probed mostly by such experimental techniques as thermomechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dielectric thermal analysis (DETA). The increase in Tg is commonly associated with the use of mineral and carbonaceous nanofillers. In this case, a rise in the concentration of nanoadditives leads to an increase in the Tg due to a restraint of the PVC macromolecular chain's mobility. The lowering of Tg may be attributed to the well-known plasticizing effect, which is a consequence of the incorporation of oligomeric silsesquioxanes to the polymeric matrix. It has been well established that the variation in the Tg value depends also on the chemical modification of nanofillers and their incorporation into the PVC matrix. This review may be an inspiration for further investigation of nanofillers' effect on the PVC glass transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sterzyński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Aneta Woźniak-Braszak
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Wieniawski, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (M.B.)
| | - Michał Banaszak
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Wieniawski, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; (A.W.-B.); (M.B.)
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Tomaszewska J, Sterzyński T, Walczak D. Thermal Stability of Nanosilica-Modified Poly(vinyl chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132057. [PMID: 34201721 PMCID: PMC8271553 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of PVC with 1 wt % of spherical porous nanosilica, prepared by roll milling at processing time varied from 1 to 20 min, was investigated by means of visual color changes, Congo red, and thermogravimetric tests (TGA and DTG), as a function of rolling time and composition of PVC matrix. The melt flow rate (MFR) measurements were realized to identify the degradation-induced changes of processing properties. A high level of gelation of the PVC matrix for all samples was verified by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). It was found that the addition of porous nanosilica to absorb a certain volume of HCl, produced by dehydrochlorination reaction, leads to an improvement of thermal stability, an effect observed in a form of minor color changes of the samples, lower evolution of gas hydrogen chloride, and slight changes of the MFR value. It was demonstrated that the TGA measurements are not sufficiently sensible to detect the degradation of PVC at the processing conditions, i.e., at the temperature equal to 220 °C and below this temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Sterzyński
- Institute of Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Damian Walczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Al‐Mosawi AI. A novel evaluation method for dehydrochlorination of plasticized
Poly(vinyl chloride)
containing heavy metal‐free thermal stabilizing synergistic agent. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali I. Al‐Mosawi
- Institute of Ceramic and Polymer Engineering University of Miskolc Miskolc Hungary
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Kim G, Park S. Chloride Removal of Calcium Aluminate-Layered Double Hydroxide Phases: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2797. [PMID: 33801904 PMCID: PMC7999922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlorine is a critical element with respect to the use of fossil fuel, recycling of industrial wastes, and water purification. Chlorine could form toxic chemical compounds, corrode pipe systems and boilers, and contaminate surface and ground waters. Calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides are one of the most promising materials to remove chlorides due to the chemisorption mechanism, since the phases have positively charged interlayers. Many studies on the synthesis and the characterization of calcium aluminate-layered double hydroxides have been extensively conducted, whereas few studies have been conducted on the chloride removal characteristics of the phases. The state-of-the-art studies on the synthesis methods and the structural characteristics of CaAl-LDH phases, the underlying mechanism on the removal of chlorides, and the potential removal rate and the capacity in the present study were thoroughly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangwon Park
- Center for Carbon Mineralization, Mineral Resources Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuesong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Korea;
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A Process for the Synthesis and Use of Highly Aromatic Organosilanes as Additives for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Films. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three organosilanes were synthesized in good yields from the condensation of 4,4′,4″-((phenylsilanetriyl)tris(oxy))tribenzaldehyde and 4-substituted anilines under acidic conditions. The structure of the organosilanes was confirmed using a variety of techniques. Organosilanes were mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and homogenous films were produced. The effect of long-term irradiation on the films containing organosilanes was tested using various methods. Monitoring the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during and after irradiation processes showed the formation of side products comprising polyene, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The intensities of absorption bands due to these functional groups were much lower in the presence of organosilanes as compared to the blank film. Also, the decrease in the weight and molecular weight of PVC films after irradiation was lower in the presence of organosilanes. Additionally, there was a minimal surface change of irradiated PVC in the presence of organosilanes. Clearly, organosilanes act as inhibitors, particularly the one containing the hydroxyl group, for the photodegradation of PVC. Different mechanisms were proposed to speculate the role played by organosilanes in stabilizing PVC against long-term ultraviolet light exposure.
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Recent Advances in Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Polyethylene and Polyvinylchloride for Power Cables. MATERIALS 2020; 14:ma14010066. [PMID: 33375660 PMCID: PMC7795037 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites used in underground cables have been of great interest to researchers over the past 10 years. Their preparation and the dispersion of the nanoparticles through the polymer host matrix are the key factors leading to their enhanced dielectric properties. Their important dielectric properties are breakdown strength, permittivity, conductivity, dielectric loss, space charge accumulation, tracking, and erosion, and partial discharge. An overview of recent advances in polymer nanocomposites based on LDPE, HDPE, XLPE, and PVC is presented, focusing on their preparation and electrical properties.
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An W, Tang Y, Liang K, Wang T, Zhou Y, Wen Z. Experimental Study on Flammability and Flame Spread Characteristics of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cable. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122789. [PMID: 33255793 PMCID: PMC7760872 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely applied in cables as insulation materials, which are vital for operation and control of industrial processes. However, PVC cables fires frequently occur, arousing public concern. Therefore, experimental methods are used to study flammability and flame-spread characteristics of PVC cable in this paper. Influences of cable structure and number are investigated, which is scanty in previous works. As cable core number of single cable or cable number of multiple cables rises, average flame height and width increase while the increment decreases. Formulas concerning dimensionless flame height and single cable diameter (or total width of multiple cables) are obtained. The former is negatively correlated with the latter. For single cable, convective heat transfer is dominant, and flame-spread rate decreases as cable core number increases. Cable maximum temperature, which drops first and then rises as cable core number increases, is observed in the cable core area. For multiple cable, the flame-spread rate increases as cable number increases. As the cable number rises, the length of pyrolysis and combustion zone increases while the maximum temperature of cable surface decreases. This work is beneficial to fire hazard evaluation and safety design of PVC cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Y.T.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 University Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
- Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control, Qingdao 266590, China
- Correspondence: (W.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yanhua Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Y.T.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 University Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Kai Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Y.T.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 University Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fire Safety in Urban Underground Space, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (Y.T.); (K.L.); (T.W.)
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, No. 1 University Road, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China;
| | - Zhijie Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control, Qingdao 266590, China
- Correspondence: (W.A.); (Z.W.)
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The Toxicological Testing and Thermal Decomposition of Drive and Transport Belts Made of Thermoplastic Multilayer Polymer Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102232. [PMID: 32998361 PMCID: PMC7600647 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents the potential impact of flat drive and transport belts on people's safety during a fire. The analysis distinguished belts made of classically used fabric-rubber composite materials reinforced with cord and currently used multilayer polymer composites. Moreover, the products' multilayers during the thermal decomposition and combustion can be a source of emissions for unpredictable and toxic substances with different concentrations and compositions. In the evaluation of the compared belts, a testing methodology was used to determine the toxicometric indicators (WLC50SM) on the basis of which it was possible to determine the toxicity of thermal decomposition and combustion products in agreement with the standards in force in several countries of the EU and Russia. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the registration of emissions of chemical compounds during the thermal decomposition and combustion of polymer materials at three different temperatures. Moreover, the degradation kinetics of the polymeric belts by using the thermogravimetric (TGA) technique was evaluated. Test results have shown that products of thermal decomposition resulting from the neoprene (NE22), leder leder (LL2), thermoplastic connection (TC), and extra high top cower (XH) belts can be characterized as moderately toxic or toxic. Their toxicity significantly increases with the increasing temperature of thermal decomposition or combustion, especially above 450 °C. The results showed that the belts made of several layers of polyamide can be considered the least toxic in fire conditions. The TGA results showed that NBR/PA/PA/NBR belt made with two layers of polyamide and the acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber has the highest thermal stability in comparison to other belts.
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Consumi M, Leone G, Bonechi C, Tamasi G, Lamponi S, Donati A, Rossi C, Magnani A. Plasticizers free polyvinyl chloride membrane for metal ions sequestering. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mahmood ZN, Yousif E, Alias M, El-Hiti GA, Ahmed DS. Synthesis, characterization, properties, and use of new fusidate organotin complexes as additives to inhibit poly(vinyl chloride) photodegradation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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