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Khan A, Sapuan SM, Siddiqui VU, Zainudin ES, Zuhri MYM, Harussani MM. A review of recent developments in kenaf fiber/polylactic acid composites research. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127119. [PMID: 37776930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Kenaf fiber has recently garnered exponential interest as reinforcement in composite materials across diverse industries owing to its superior mechanical attributes, ease of manufacture, and inherent biodegradability. In the discourse of this review, various methods of manufacturing kenaf/Polylactic acid (PLA) composites have been discussed meticulously, as delineated in recently published scientific literatures. This paper delves into the chemical modification of kenaf fiber, examining its consequential impact on tensile strength and thermal stability of the kenaf/PLA composites. Further, this review illuminates the role of innovative 3D printing techniques and fiber orientation in augmenting the mechanical robustness of the kenaf/PLA composites. Simultaneously, recent insightful explorations into the acoustic properties of the kenaf/PLA composites, underscoring their potential as sustainable alternative to conventional materials have been reviewed. Serving as a comprehensive repository of knowledge, this review paper holds immense value for researchers aiming to utilize the capabilities of kenaf fiber reinforced PLA composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Khan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER), Nayarhat, Savar, Dhaka 1350, Bangladesh
| | - S M Sapuan
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 4300, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Vasi Uddin Siddiqui
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - E S Zainudin
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Y M Zuhri
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M M Harussani
- Energy Science and Engineering, Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro 152-8552, Tokyo, Japan
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Sayeed MMA, Sayem ASM, Haider J, Akter S, Habib MM, Rahman H, Shahinur S. Assessing Mechanical Properties of Jute, Kenaf, and Pineapple Leaf Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Experiment and Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040830. [PMID: 36850114 PMCID: PMC9962570 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of natural fibers is increasing rapidly in the polymer-based composites. This study investigates manufacturing and characterization of polypropylene (PP) based composites reinforced with three different natural fibers: jute, kenaf, and pineapple leaf fiber (PALF). In each case, the fiber weight percentages were varied by 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, and 40 wt.%. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were determined by following the relevant standards. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the chemical interactions between the fiber and the PP matrix material. Tensile strength and Izod impact strength of the composites significantly increased for all the composites with different fiber contents when compared to the pure PP matrix. The tensile moduli of the composites were compared to the values obtained from two theoretical models based on the modified "rule of mixtures" method. Results from the modelling agreed well with the experimental results. Tensile strength (ranging from 43 to 58 MPa), flexural strength (ranging from 53 to 67 MPa), and impact strength (ranging from 25 to 46 kJ/m2) of the composites significantly increased for all the composites with different fiber contents when compared to the pure PP matrix having tensile strength of 36 MPa, flexural strength of 53 Mpa, and impact strength of 22 kJ/m2. Furthermore, an improvement in flexural strength but not highly significant was found for majority of the composites. Overall, PALF-PP displayed better mechanical properties among the composites due to the high tensile strength of PALF. In most of the cases, T98 (degradation temperature at 98% weight loss) of the composite samples was higher (532-544 °C) than that of 100% PP (500 °C) matrix. Fractured surfaces of the composites were observed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyses were made in terms of fiber matrix interaction. This comparison will help the researcher to select any of the natural fiber for fiber-based reinforced composites according to the requirement of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Alamgir Sayeed
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.S.); (J.H.); Tel.: +441612473804 (J.H.)
| | | | - Julfikar Haider
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.S.); (J.H.); Tel.: +441612473804 (J.H.)
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Habib
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Sweety Shahinur
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute, Manik Mia Avenue, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
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Processing, Characterization of Furcraea foetida (FF) Fiber and Investigation of Physical/Mechanical Properties of FF/Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071476. [PMID: 35406353 PMCID: PMC9003038 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent days the rising concern over environmental pollution with excessive use of synthetic materials has led to various eco-friendly innovations. Due to the organic nature, abundance and higher strength, natural fibers are gaining a lot of interest among researchers and are also extensively used by various industries to produce ecological products. Natural fibers are widely used in the composite industry as an alternative to synthetic fibers for numerous applications and new sources of fiber are continuously being explored. In this study, a fiber extracted from the Furcraea foetida (FF) plant is characterized for its feasibility as a reinforcement to fabricate polymer composite. The results show that the fiber has a density of 0.903 ± 0.07 g/cm3, tensile strength (σt) of 170.47 ± 24.71 MPa and the fiber is thermally stable up to 250 °C. The chemical functional groups and elements present in the FF fiber are evaluated by conducting Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The addition of FF fibers in epoxy reduced the density (13.44%) and hardness (10.9%) of the FF/Epoxy (FF/E) composite. However, the void content (Vc < 8%) and water absorption (WA: < 6%) rate increased in the composite. The FF/E composite with 30% volume of FF fibers showed maximum σt (32.14 ± 5.54 MPa) and flexural strength (σf: 80.23 ± 11.3 MPa).
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Commonly Used Types and Recent Development of Ankle-Foot Orthosis: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9081046. [PMID: 34442183 PMCID: PMC8392067 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) is the most commonly prescribed orthosis to patients with foot drop, and ankle and foot problems. In this study, we aimed to review the commonly used types of AFO and introduce the recent development of AFO. (2) Methods: narrative review. (3) Results: AFO prevents the foot from being dragged, provides a clearance between the foot and the ground in the swinging phase of gait, and maintains a stable posture by allowing heel contact with the ground during the stance phase. In clinical practice, the most commonly used AFO include plastic AFO, walking boot, UD-Flex, and carbon fiber AFO. In addition, for compensating the demerits of these conventional AFOs, new types of AFOs, including AF Servo, TurboMed, three-dimensionally printed AFO, and AFO made from kenaf composites, were developed. (4) Conclusions: we think that our review can guide clinicians in selecting and prescribing the appropriate AFO for each patient in accordance with their specific physical conditions.
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Lee CH, Padzil FNBM, Lee SH, Ainun ZMA, Abdullah LC. Potential for Natural Fiber Reinforcement in PLA Polymer Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091407. [PMID: 33925266 PMCID: PMC8123616 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the potential of natural fiber and kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced PLA composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printing technology is highlighted. Additive manufacturing is a material-processing method in which the addition of materials layer by layer creates a three-dimensional object. Unfortunately, it still cannot compete with conventional manufacturing processes, and instead serves as an economically effective tool for small-batch or high-variety product production. Being preformed of composite filaments makes it easiest to print using an FDM 3D printer without or with minimum alteration to the hardware parts. On the other hand, natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite filaments have gained great attention in the market. However, uneven printing, clogging, and the inhomogeneous distribution of the fiber-matrix remain the main challenges. At the same time, kenaf fibers are one of the most popular reinforcements in polymer composites. Although they have a good record on strength reinforcement, with low cost and light weight, kenaf fiber reinforcement PLA filament is still seldom seen in previous studies. Therefore, this review serves to promote kenaf fiber in PLA composite filaments for FDM 3D printing. To promote the use of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in AM, eight challenges must be solved and carried out. Moreover, some concerns arise to achieve long-term sustainability and market acceptability of KF/PLA composite filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Hao Lee
- Laboratory of Biocomposites, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Farah Nadia Binti Mohammad Padzil
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Seng Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari Ainun
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.H.L.); (F.N.B.M.P.); (S.H.L.); (Z.M.A.A.); (L.C.A.)
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Kim J, Cho D. Effects of Waste Expanded Polypropylene as Recycled Matrix on the Flexural, Impact, and Heat Deflection Temperature Properties of Kenaf Fiber/Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112578. [PMID: 33147857 PMCID: PMC7693595 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Waste Expanded polypropylene (EPP) was utilized as recycled matrix for kenaf fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites produced using chopped kenaf fibers and crushed EPP waste. The flexural properties, impact strength, and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of kenaf fiber/PP composites were highly enhanced by using waste EPP, compared to those by using virgin PP. The flexural modulus and strength of the composites with waste EPP were 98% and 55% higher than those with virgin PP at the same kenaf contents, respectively. The Izod impact strength and HDT were 31% and 12% higher with waste EPP than with virgin PP, respectively. The present study indicates that waste EPP would be feasible as recycled matrix for replacing conventional PP matrix in natural fiber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donghwan Cho
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-478-7688; Fax: +82-54-478-7710
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Ahmad Nadzri SNZ, Hameed Sultan MT, Md Shah AU, Safri SNA, Basri AA. A Review on the Kenaf/Glass Hybrid Composites with Limitations on Mechanical and Low Velocity Impact Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061285. [PMID: 32512701 PMCID: PMC7362004 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental awareness and trends to develop sustainable resources have directed much research attention towards kenaf fibre as an alternative reinforcement in composite manufacturing. Numerous studies have been conducted on kenaf and its hybrid composites. Most studies were conducted on kenaf/glass hybrid composites compared to other kenaf/synthetic hybrid composites. Similar with other materials, mechanical properties were the fundamental knowledge identified by the researcher. Limited studies conducted on other properties have restricted the use of kenaf composites to non-structural applications. To extend the potential of kenaf composites to automotive exterior or other critical applications, studies on impact properties can be a valuable contribution in the material field. This review discusses the mechanical and low velocity impact properties of kenaf/glass hybrid composites reported previously. Percentage loading of fibre, the angle of orientation in woven fibres and the chemical treatment applied to the fibre before compounding are the three major parameters that affect the mechanical and impact properties of the composites. This review provides insights into the mechanical and impact properties of kenaf/glass hybrid composites for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seri Nur Zumaimi Ahmad Nadzri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia or (S.N.Z.A.N.); (A.U.M.S.); (S.N.A.S.)
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia or (S.N.Z.A.N.); (A.U.M.S.); (S.N.A.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
- Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister’s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ain Umaira Md Shah
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia or (S.N.Z.A.N.); (A.U.M.S.); (S.N.A.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Syafiqah Nur Azrie Safri
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia or (S.N.Z.A.N.); (A.U.M.S.); (S.N.A.S.)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
| | - Adi Azriff Basri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia;
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