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Jiao K, Cao W, Yuan W, Yuan H, Zhu J, Gao X, Duan S, Yong R, Zhao Z, Song P, Jiang ZJ, Wang Y, Zhu J. Cellulose Nanostructures as Tunable Substrates for Nanocellulose-Metal Hybrid Flexible Composites. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300704. [PMID: 38363060 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposite represents the backbone of many industrial fabrication applications and exerts a substantial social impact. Among these composites, metal nanostructures are often employed as the active constituents, thanks to their various chemical and physical properties, which offer the ability to tune the application scenarios in thermal management, energy storage, and biostable materials, respectively. Nanocellulose, as an emerging polymer substrate, possesses unique properties of abundance, mechanical flexibility, environmental friendliness, and biocompatibility. Based on the combination of flexible nanocellulose with specific metal fillers, the essential parameters involving mechanical strength, flexibility, anisotropic thermal resistance, and conductivity can be enhanced. Nowadays, the approach has found extensive applications in thermal management, energy storage, biostable electronic materials, and piezoelectric devices. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly correlate cellulose nanocomposites' properties with different metallic fillers. This review summarizes the extraction of nanocellulose and preparation of metal modified cellulose nanocomposites, including their wide and particular applications in modern advanced devices. Moreover, we also discuss the challenges in the synthesis, the emerging designs, and unique structures, promising directions for future research. We wish this review can give a valuable overview of the unique combination and inspire the research directions of the multifunctional nanocomposites using proper cellulose and metallic fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wenxin Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
| | - Wenwen Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Intelligent Transportation, Suzhou City University, Suzhou, 215104, China
| | - Xiaowu Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Sixuan Duan
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ruiqi Yong
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Ziwei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- School of Advanced Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Jiang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute & Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
- Zhenzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450000, China
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2
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Yılmaz A, Özkan H, Genceli Güner FE. Utilizing the Potential of Waste Hemp Reinforcement: Investigating Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene and Polylactic Acid Biocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8818-8828. [PMID: 38434852 PMCID: PMC10905589 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Hemp has gained significant popularity for its diverse applications; however, this study explores the untapped potential of waste hemp (wH) as a cost-effective and sustainable bioadditive for the development of high-performance biocomposites. wH offers advantages such as low cost, easy availability, and suitability for extrusion. Polypropylene (PP) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) served as polymer matrices for this investigation. In order to enhance the interaction between the wH and polymer matrices, alkaline and silane pretreatments were applied to the wHs of both matrices. At the same time, the MA-g-PP additive was used exclusively for the PP matrix. The resulting PP biocomposite demonstrated Young's modulus (2986 MPa) and flexural modulus (2490 MPa), surpassing those of neat PP by 109 and 77%, respectively. Similarly, wH40-PLA-A showed enhancements in the PLA biocomposite, with Young's modulus (6214 MPa) and flexural modulus (5970 MPa) representing an increase of 81 and 56% over that of neat PLA, respectively. The thermal properties and behaviors of the resulting biocomposites were minimally affected by the inclusion of wH as a bioadditive. This study contributes to the advancement of sustainable materials and provides valuable insights into the utilization of wH as a valuable resource for the development of high-performance biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anıl Yılmaz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Özkan
- Arçelik
Çayırova Campus, R&D Material Technologies, R&D
Center, 34950 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F. Elif Genceli Güner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polar
Research Center (PolReC), Istanbul Technical
University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Redko V, Wolska L, Potrykus M, Olkowska E, Cieszyńska-Semenowicz M, Tankiewicz M. Environmental impacts of 5-year plastic waste deposition on municipal waste landfills: A follow-up study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167710. [PMID: 37832682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Depositing plastic waste has long been a prevalent method of utilization, persisting today. Plastic waste within municipal waste landfills (MWL) undergoes diverse (bio-)degradation processes, which may be a potential source of chemicals and microorganisms harmful to the environment and human health. Soil and air samples were collected from modern MWL to identify environmental contamination caused by 5 years of plastic (bio-)degradation. The pH of soil samples was higher than in the reference area (RA), which was possibly caused by alterations in soil anionic composition detected with ion chromatography. The presence of plastic additives with a toxic potential was detected in soil samples by gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). With the use of thermal desorption and GC - MS, hazardous substances (phthalic anhydride, phenylmaleic anhydride, ethylbenzene, xylene) with a known impact on the human endocrine system were also detected. The number of microorganisms, both fungi, and bacteria, was highly increased in soil and air in the MWL as compared to the RA. The soil collected in the MWL area appeared to be phytotoxic, and inhibited seed germination (Phytotoxkit FTM bioassay), while acute toxicity Microtox® bioassay showed a hormetic effect towards Aliivibrio fischeri. Obtained results exhibited massive soil and air contamination, with both chemical substances and microorganisms while plastic waste undergoes (bio-)degradation. It may contribute to serious environmental contamination and pose a threat to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Redko
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Lidia Wolska
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Marta Potrykus
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewa Olkowska
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Cieszyńska-Semenowicz
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Maciej Tankiewicz
- Division of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences with Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23 A, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland.
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4
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Main P, Petersmann S, Wild N, Feuchter M, Duretek I, Edeleva M, Ragaert P, Cardon L, Lucyshyn T. Impact of Multiple Reprocessing on Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4126. [PMID: 37896370 PMCID: PMC10611211 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobased plastics have the potential to be sustainable, but to explore their circularity further, current end-of-life options need to be broadened. Mechanical recycling is one of the most accepted methods to bring back plastics into the loop. Polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs) are biobased and biodegradable in nature with promising properties and varied applications in the market. This study focuses on their potential for mechanical recycling by multiple extrusion cycles (E1-E5) and multi-faceted characterization of the virgin (V) and reprocessed materials from E1 to E5. The behavior is compared to polypropylene (PP) as a reference with a similar property profile, which has also been reprocessed five times. The thermal properties of both series showed a stable melting point and thermal decomposition temperature from thermal analyses (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). However, a steady increase in the degree of crystallinity was observed which could counterbalance the decrease in molecular weight due to repeated extrusion measured by gel permeation chromatography and resulted in similar values of tensile strength across the cycles. The strain at break was impacted after the first extrusion, but no significant change was observed thereafter; the same was observed for impact strength. Even in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, virgin and E5 samples appeared similar, showing the stability of morphological characteristics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that no new groups are being formed even on repeated processing. The deviation between the PHB and PP series was more predominant in the melt mass flow rate (MFR) and rheology studies. There was a drastic drop in the MFR values in PHB from virgin to E5, whereas not much difference was observed for PP throughout the cycles. This observation was corroborated by frequency sweeps conducted with the parallel plate method. The viscosity dropped from virgin to E1 and E2, but from E3 to E5 it presented similar values. This was in contrast to PP, where all the samples from virgin to E5 had the same values of viscosity. This paper highlights the possibilities of mechanical recycling of PHB and explains why future work with the addition of virgin material and other additives is an area to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Main
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 130 (Zone C3), 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.E.); (L.C.)
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Sandra Petersmann
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.P.); (N.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Nadine Wild
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.P.); (N.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Michael Feuchter
- Materials Science and Testing of Polymers, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria; (S.P.); (N.W.); (M.F.)
| | - Ivica Duretek
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 130 (Zone C3), 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Peter Ragaert
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 130 (Zone C3), 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.E.); (L.C.)
| | - Thomas Lucyshyn
- Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckel-Straße 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria;
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Ferreira T, Vale AC, Pinto AC, Costa RV, Pais V, Sousa D, Gomes F, Pinto G, Dias JG, Moreira IP, Mota C, Bessa J, Antunes JC, Henriques M, Cunha F, Fangueiro R. Comparison of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Integration into Non-Woven Fabrics Using Different Functionalisation Methods for Prospective Application as Active Facemasks. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3499. [PMID: 37688127 PMCID: PMC10489795 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of advanced facemasks stands out as a paramount priority in enhancing healthcare preparedness. In this work, different polypropylene non-woven fabrics (NWF) were characterised regarding their structural, physicochemical and comfort-related properties. The selected NWF for the intermediate layer was functionalised with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) 0.3 and 1.2wt% using three different methods: electrospinning, dip-pad-dry and exhaustion. After the confirmation of ZnO NP content and distribution within the textile fibres by morphological and chemical analysis, the samples were evaluated regarding their antimicrobial properties. The functionalised fabrics obtained via dip-pad-dry unveiled the most promising data, with 0.017 ± 0.013wt% ZnO NPs being mostly located at the fibre's surface and capable of total eradication of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli colonies within the tested 24 h (ISO 22196 standard), as well as significantly contributing (**** p < 0.0001) to the growth inhibition of the bacteriophage MS2, a surrogate of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (ISO 18184 standard). A three-layered structure was assembled and thermoformed to obtain facemasks combining the previously chosen NWF, and its resulting antimicrobial capacity, filtration efficiency and breathability (NP EN ISO 149) were assessed. The developed three-layered and multiscaled fibrous structures with antimicrobial capacities hold immense potential as active individual protection facemasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Ferreira
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Ana Catarina Vale
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Alexandra C. Pinto
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.S.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Rita V. Costa
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Vânia Pais
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Diana Sousa
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.S.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
| | - Fernanda Gomes
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.S.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Graça Pinto
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.S.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Guilherme Dias
- Poleva—Termoconformados, S.A. Rua da Estrada 1939, 4610-744 Felgueiras, Portugal;
| | - Inês P. Moreira
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Carlos Mota
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - João Bessa
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Joana C. Antunes
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Mariana Henriques
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (D.S.); (F.G.); (G.P.); (M.H.)
- LABBELS, Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Cunha
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
| | - Raul Fangueiro
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fiber-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal; (T.F.); (A.C.V.); (R.V.C.); (V.P.); (I.P.M.); (C.M.); (J.B.); (F.C.); (R.F.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
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Xu Z, Munyaneza NE, Zhang Q, Sun M, Posada C, Venturo P, Rorrer NA, Miscall J, Sumpter BG, Liu G. Chemical upcycling of polyethylene, polypropylene, and mixtures to high-value surfactants. Science 2023; 381:666-671. [PMID: 37561876 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of plastic wastes to fatty acids is an attractive means to supplement the sourcing of these high-value, high-volume chemicals. We report a method for transforming polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) at ~80% conversion to fatty acids with number-average molar masses of up to ~700 and 670 daltons, respectively. The process is applicable to municipal PE and PP wastes and their mixtures. Temperature-gradient thermolysis is the key to controllably degrading PE and PP into waxes and inhibiting the production of small molecules. The waxes are upcycled to fatty acids by oxidation over manganese stearate and subsequent processing. PP ꞵ-scission produces more olefin wax and yields higher acid-number fatty acids than does PE ꞵ-scission. We further convert the fatty acids to high-value, large-market-volume surfactants. Industrial-scale technoeconomic analysis suggests economic viability without the need for subsidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Qikun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Shandong Normal University, Shandong 250014, PR China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Carlos Posada
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul Venturo
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nicholas A Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Joel Miscall
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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7
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Seier M, Archodoulaki VM, Koch T, Duscher B, Gahleitner M. Prospects for Recyclable Multilayer Packaging: A Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2966. [PMID: 37447609 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food preservation is an essential application for polymers, particularly in packaging. Complex multilayer films, such as those used for modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), extend the shelf life of sensitive foods. These mostly contain various polymers to achieve the necessary combination of mechanic, optic, and barrier properties that limit their recyclability. As the European Union's Circular Economy Action Plan calls for sustainable products and business models, including waste prevention policies and recycling quotas, with plastic packaging being a high priority, solutions towards more sustainable multilayer packaging are urgently needed. This study evaluated and compared the recycling potential of functionally equivalent PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PP (polypropylene) post-consumer MAP through structure analysis and recycling simulation. The structure analysis revealed that both types of MAP contained functional (stability) and barrier layers (oxygen and moisture). The recycling simulation showed that the PP-based packaging was recyclable 10 times, maintaining its mechanical properties and functionality. At the same time, the PET-based MAP resulted in a highly brittle material that was unsuitable for reprocessing into similar economic value products. The secondary material from the PP-based MAP was successfully manufactured into films, demonstrating the functional possibility of closed-loop recycling. The transition from a linear to a circular economy for MAP is currently still limited by safety concerns due to a lack of sufficient and efficient purification methods, but the proper design of multilayers for recyclability is a first step towards circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Seier
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernadette Duscher
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peter Str. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Gahleitner
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH, Innovation Headquarters, St. Peter Str. 25, 4021 Linz, Austria
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8
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Hong YW, Laysandra L, Chiu YC, Kang DY. Vacuum-Assisted Self-Healing Amphiphilic Copolymer Membranes for Gas Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37411032 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane gas separation provides a multitude of benefits over alternative separation techniques, especially in terms of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. While polymeric membranes have been extensively investigated for gas separations, their self-healing capabilities have often been neglected. In this work, we have developed innovative self-healing amphiphilic copolymers by strategically incorporating three functional segments: n-butyl acrylate (BA), N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NMA), and methacrylic acid (MAA). Utilizing these three functional components, we have synthesized two distinct amphiphilic copolymers, namely, APNMA (PBAx-co-PNMAy) and APMAA (PBAx-co-PMAAy). These copolymers have been meticulously designed for gas separation applications. During the creation of these amphiphilic copolymers, BA and NMA segments were selected due to their vital role in the ease of tuning mechanical and self-healing properties. The functional groups (-OH and -NH) present on the NMA segment interact with CO2 through hydrogen bonding, thereby boosting CO2/N2 separation and achieving superior selectivity. We assessed the self-healing potential of these amphiphilic copolymer membranes using two distinct strategies: conventional and vacuum-assisted self-healing. In the vacuum-assisted approach, a robust vacuum pump generates a suction force, leading to the formation of a cone-like shape in the membrane. This formation allows common fracture sites to adhere and trigger the self-healing process. As a result, APNMA maintains its high gas permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity even after the vacuum-assisted self-healing operation. The ideal CO2/N2 selectivity of the APNMA membrane aligns closely with the commercially available PEBAX-1657 membrane (17.54 vs 20.09). Notably, the gas selectivity of the APNMA membrane can be readily restored after damage, in contrast to the PEBAX-1657 membrane, which loses its selectivity upon damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wei Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Livy Laysandra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Sec. 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106335, Taiwan
| | - Dun-Yen Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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9
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Chang SH. Plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162719. [PMID: 36933741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Turning plastic waste into plastic oil by pyrolysis is one of the promising techniques to eradicate plastic waste pollution and accelerate the circular economy of plastic materials. Plastic waste is an attractive pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production owing to its favorable chemical properties of proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and heating value other than its abundant availability. Despite the exponential growth of scientific output from 2015 to 2022, a vast majority of the current review articles cover the pyrolysis of plastic waste into a series of fuels and value-added products, and up-to-date reviews exclusively on plastic oil production from pyrolysis are relatively scarce. In light of this void in the current review articles, this review attempts to provide an up-to-date overview of plastic waste as pyrolysis feedstock for plastic oil production. A particular emphasis is placed on the common types of plastic as primary sources of plastic pollution, the characteristics (proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, hydrogen/carbon ratio, heating value, and degradation temperature) of various plastic wastes and their potential as pyrolysis feedstock, and the pyrolysis systems (reactor type and heating method) and conditions (temperature, heating rate, residence time, pressure, particle size, reaction atmosphere, catalyst and its operation modes, and single and mixed plastic wastes) used in plastic waste pyrolysis for plastic oil production. The characteristics of plastic oil from pyrolysis in terms of physical properties and chemical composition are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects for the large-scale production of plastic oil from pyrolysis are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Hua Chang
- Waste Management and Resource Recovery (WeResCue) Group, Chemical Engineering Studies, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Penang, Malaysia.
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10
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Yedier S, Yalçınkaya SK, Bostancı D. Exposure to polypropylene microplastics via diet and water induces oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106540. [PMID: 37062245 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of accumulation of microplastics in humans and wildlife has become a serious concern on a global scale, especially in the last decade. Although there are many studies on microplastics, their biological effects and toxicity on freshwater fish have not been fully revealed. In order to evaluate the potential toxic effects of PP (polypropylene) microplastics in freshwater fish, we performed 1-day, 2-day, 3-day, 4-day, 5-day, 6-day, and 7-day microplastic exposure to different concentrations of the microplastics through water and diet on Cyprinus carpio. Fish samples were divided into 3 groups; Group-A with different PP microplastic concentrations in their water (ALow:1.0 g/L and AHigh:2.5 g/L), Group-B with different PP microplastic concentrations in their diet (BLow:100 mg/g and BHigh:250 mg/g), and Group-C (Control group) free of PP microplastics in their diet and water. The results showed that although microplastics did not cause death in C. carpio, they caused oxidative stress in comparing the MP exposed groups to the control groups. When indices of oxidative stress of fish individuals in all treatment groups were compared with the control group, it was determined that MDA (malondialdehyde) and GSH (glutathione) levels increased, while TPC (total protein content) and CAT (catalase) levels decreased depending on the concentrations and exposure times. Significant differences were observed between the control and treatment groups in the indices of oxidative stress (P<0.05). This study provided basic toxicological data to elucidate and quantify the effects of PP microplastics on freshwater fish. In addition, this study is the first study to indicate that microplastic exposure of carp via diet and water causes oxidative stress in gill tissues and causes changes in CAT, MDA, GSH, and TPC levels. The findings also provide useful reference data for improving knowledge of the effects of microplastics on organisms in freshwater systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Yedier
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu 52200 Türkiye
| | | | - Derya Bostancı
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ordu University, Ordu 52200 Türkiye
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11
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Nyamjav I, Jang Y, Park N, Lee YE, Lee S. Physicochemical and Structural Evidence that Bacillus cereus Isolated from the Gut of Waxworms ( Galleria mellonella Larvae) Biodegrades Polypropylene Efficiently In Vitro. JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2023; 31:1-14. [PMID: 37361349 PMCID: PMC10171730 DOI: 10.1007/s10924-023-02878-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation of plastic waste using microorganisms has been proposed as one of the solutions to the increasing worldwide plastic waste. Polypropylene (PP) is the second most used plastic used in various industries, and it has been widely used in the production of personal protective equipment such as masks due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, biodegradation of PP becomes very important. Here, we present results on the physicochemical and structural studies of PP biodegradation by Bacillus cereus isolated from the gut of the waxworms, Galleria mellonella larvae. We also studied the biodegradability of PP by the gut microbiota compared with Bacillus cereus. We analyzed the microbial degradation of the PP surface using scanning electron microscopy and energy - dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and confirmed that the physical and chemical changes were caused by Bacillus cereus and the gut microbiota. The chemical structural changes were further investigated using X-ray photoelectron microscopy and Fourier - transform - infrared spectroscopy, and it was confirmed that the oxidation of the PP surface proceeded with the formation of carbonyl groups (C=O), ester groups (C-O), and hydroxyl groups (-OH) by Bacillus cereus. Additionally, the gut microbiota composed of diverse microbial species showed equal oxidation of PP compared to Bacillus cereus. More importantly, high temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC) analysis showed that Bacillus cereus exhibited quantitatively a higher biodegradability of PP compared to the gut microbiota. Our results suggest that Bacillus cereus possesses a complete set of enzymes required to initiate the oxidation of the carbon chain of PP and will be used to discover new enzymes and genes that are involved in degrading PP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10924-023-02878-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Nyamjav
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Jang
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Nohyoon Park
- School of Undergraduate Studies, College of Transdisciplinary Studies, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukkyoo Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
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Singh P, Singh VP, Prajapati M, Melkar A, Kumar R, Banerjee S, Samanta S. Integrating stabilizer efficiency of secondary antioxidants to thermal, rheological, optical characterization and filterability study of polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The framework of the present study is based on investigation of different types of phosphorus based secondary antioxidants and their role in stabilization of polypropylene. Three different chemical entities i.e., Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, Tetrakis (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)-4,4-biphenyldiphosphonite and Bis (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl pentaerythritol-diphosphite) have been studied for its efficiency as a secondary antioxidants or processing stabilizer. Thermal stability of polymer is predicted using degradation kinetics study and correlated with it’s optical, thermal and rheological response. To further evaluate performance of secondary antioxidants, thermogravimetry analysis was performed for polypropylene at three different heating rates and processed for iso-conversional analysis to get the kinetic parameters. Oxidation induction data and kinetic parameters have been related with efficiency of the stabilizers. Filtration study was also carried out to understand the efficacy of stabilizers during secondary process. Die pressure build up in filtration study is quantified and related with performance of secondary antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
| | - Vishwa Pratap Singh
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
| | - Madhukar Prajapati
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
| | - Ashwith Melkar
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
| | - Saikat Banerjee
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
| | - Satyajit Samanta
- Customer Services & Development Center, HPCL-Mittal Energy Ltd. , Gautam Budh Nagar, Sector-65 , Noida 201301 , UP , India
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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Wood-Fiber-Based All-Cellulose Composites and Cellulose-Polypropylene Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030475. [PMID: 36771776 PMCID: PMC9920151 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This article explores wood-fiber-based fabrics containing Lyocell yarn in the warp and Spinnova-Lyocell (60%/40%) yarn in the weft, which are used to form unidirectional all-cellulose composites (ACC) through partial dilution in a NaOH-urea solution. The aim is to investigate the role of the yarn orientation in composites, which was conducted by measuring the tensile properties in both the 0° and 90° directions. As a reference, thermoplastic biocomposites were prepared from the same fabrics, with biobased polypropylene (PP) as the matrix. We also compared the mechanical and thermal properties of the ACC and PP biocomposites. The following experiments were carried out: tensile test, TGA, DSC, DMA, water absorption test and SEM. The study found no significant difference in tensile strength regarding the Spinnova-Lyocell orientation between ACC and PP biocomposites, while the composite tensile strength was clearly higher in the warp (Lyocell) direction for both composite variants. Elongation at break doubled in ACC in the Lyocell direction compared with the other samples. Thermal analysis showed that mass reduction started at a lower temperature for ACC, but the thermal stability was higher compared with the PP biocomposites. Maximum thermal degradation temperature was measured as being 352 °C for ACC and 466 °C for neat PP, and the PP biocomposites had two peaks in the same temperature range (340-474 °C) as ACC and neat PP combined. ACCs absorbed 93% of their own dry weight in water in just one hour, whereas the PP biocomposites BC2 and BC4 absorbed only 10% and 6%, respectively. The study highlights the different properties of ACC and PP reference biocomposites that could lead to further development and research of commercial applications for ACC.
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14
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Achukwu EO, Owen MM, Danladi A, Dauda BM, Romli AZ, Ishiaku US, Akil HM. Effect of glass fiber loading and reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of isotactic polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O. Achukwu
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Zaria Nigeria
| | - Macaulay M. Owen
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology Yaba College of Technology Lagos Lokoja Nigeria
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Penang Malaysia
| | - Abdullahi Danladi
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Zaria Nigeria
| | - Benjamin M. Dauda
- Department of Industrial Chemistry Federal University Lokoja Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Z. Romli
- Centre of Chemical Synthesis and Polymer Technology Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, UiTM Selangor Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Science Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor Malaysia
| | - Umaru S. Ishiaku
- Department of Polymer and Textile Engineering Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Zaria Nigeria
| | - Hazizan Md Akil
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Penang Malaysia
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15
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Nguyen TA, Lim HM, Kinashi K, Sakai W, Tsutsumi N, Okubayashi S, Hosoda S, Sato T. Spin Trapping Analysis of Radical Intermediates on the Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:200. [PMID: 36616549 PMCID: PMC9824095 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermo-oxidative degradation behavior of polypropylene (PP) by comparing three types of pristine PP granules (consisting of homopolymer, random copolymer, and block copolymer) with their corresponding oxidized analogues. These analogues were intensely oxidized under oxygen at 90 °C for 1000 h by using the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping method that can detect short-lived radical intermediates during the degradation. The degrees of oxidation could be evaluated by chemiluminescence (CL) intensity, which was related to the concentration of hydroperoxide groups generated in the PP chain. In the pristine PP samples, a small amount of hydroperoxides were found to be formed unintentionally, and their homolysis produces alkoxy radicals, RO•, which then undergo β-scission to yield chain-end aldehydes or chain-end ketones. These oxidation products continue to take part in homolysis to produce their respective carbonyl and carbon radicals. On the other hand, in the oxidized PP granules, because of their much higher hydroperoxide concentration, the two-stage cage reaction and the bimolecular decomposition of hydroperoxides are energetically favorable. Carbonyl compounds are formed in both reactions, which are then homolyzed to form the carbonyl radical species, •C(O)-. PP homopolymer produced the largest amount of carbonyl radical spin adduct; thus, it was found that the homopolymer is most sensitive to oxygen attack, and the presence of ethylene units in copolymers enhances the oxidation resistance of PP copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Anh Nguyen
- Doctor's Program of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Hui Ming Lim
- Undergraduate School of Applied Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Kinashi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Wataru Sakai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Naoto Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Satoko Okubayashi
- Faculty of Fiber Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Satoru Hosoda
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsu Sato
- Tohoku Electronic Industrial Co., Ltd., Mukaiyama 2-14-1, Sendai, Miyagi 982-0841, Japan
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16
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Mihelčič M, Oseli A, Huskić M, Slemenik Perše L. Influence of Stabilization Additive on Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245438. [PMID: 36559809 PMCID: PMC9785811 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To decrease the amount of plastic waste, the use of recycling techniques become a necessity. However, numerous recycling cycles result in the mechanical, thermal, and chemical degradation of the polymer, which leads to an inefficient use of recycled polymers for the production of plastic products. In this study, the effects of recycling and the improvement of polymer performance with the incorporation of an additive into recycled polypropylene was studied by spectroscopic, rheological, optical, and mechanical characterization techniques. The results showed that after 20 recycling steps of mechanical processing of polypropylene, the main degradation processes of polypropylene are chain scission of polymer chains and oxidation, which can be improved by the addition of a stabilizing additive. It was shown that a small amount of an additive significantly improves the properties of the recycled polypropylene up to the 20th reprocessing cycle. The use of an additive improves the rheological properties of the recycled melt, surface properties, and time-dependent mechanical properties of solid polypropylene since it was shown that the additive acts as a hardener and additionally crosslinks the recycled polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohor Mihelčič
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Oseli
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Huskić
- Faculty of Polymer Technology, Ozare 19, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Slemenik Perše
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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17
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Emulsion templated porous funnel from polypropylene waste for efficient oil separation and spillage management. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alshammari BA, Alothman OY, Alhamidi A, Jawaid M, Shaikh HM. Effect of Accelerated Weathering on the Thermal, Tensile, and Morphological Characteristics of Polypropylene/Date Nanofiller Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6053. [PMID: 36079432 PMCID: PMC9457322 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aging of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with date palm nanofiber (DNF) was investigated in this study in order to predict their long-term performance. To produce composites, date palm nanofibers in the range of 1-5 wt% loading were dry-melt-blended with polypropylene. These biocomposites were then subjected to UV exposure (Xenon arch source) for accelerated weathering for 250 and 500 h according to a standard method. The change in thermal properties before and after accelerated weathering was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA analysis shows that the maximum degradation temperature for sample at 1 wt% loading was 382.7 °C, which slightly decreased to 379.9 °C after 250 h and to 367.7 °C after 500 h of weathering. DSC analysis also revealed lower crystallinity of the same samples after exposure to accelerated weathering. Mechanical properties were also studied to identify the damage induced by accelerated weathering. The tensile strength of the highest loading (5 wt%) of the sample was found to occur at 34.83 MPa, which was slightly lowered to 31.64 after 500 h treatment. A minimal decrease in tensile strength, deterioration, and weathering-induced oxidation indicates the excellent stability of these composites. Therefore, our study provides insight into the aging behavior of such composites, which may be useful in dry conditions, as well as nonstructural automotive and other parts for which minimum tensile strength (~25 MPa) is specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A. Alshammari
- Materials Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Y. Alothman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Department of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Hamid M. Shaikh
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Kopf S, Åkesson D, Skrifvars M. Textile Fiber Production of Biopolymers – A Review of Spinning Techniques for Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Biomedical Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2076693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kopf
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Dan Åkesson
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | - Mikael Skrifvars
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
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Nisar J, Aziz M, Shah A, Shah I, Iqbal M. Conversion of Polypropylene Waste into Value-Added Products: A Greener Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093015. [PMID: 35566367 PMCID: PMC9105642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic has made our lives comfortable as a result of its widespread use in today’s world due to its low cost, longevity, adaptability, light weight and hardness; however, at the same time, it has made our lives miserable due to its non-biodegradable nature, which has resulted in environmental pollution. Therefore, the focus of this research work was on an environmentally friendly process. This research work investigated the decomposition of polypropylene waste using florisil as the catalyst in a salt bath over a temperature range of 350–430 °C. A maximum oil yield of 57.41% was recovered at 410 °C and a 40 min reaction time. The oil collected from the decomposition of polypropylene waste was examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The kinetic parameters of the reaction process were calculated from thermogravimetric data at temperature program rates of 3, 12, 20 and 30 °C·min−1 using the Ozawa–Flynn–Wall (OFW) and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunnose (KAS) equations. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) for the thermo-catalytic degradation of polypropylene waste were observed in the range of 102.74–173.08 kJ·mol−1 and 7.1 × 108–9.3 × 1011 min−1 for the OFW method and 99.77–166.28 kJ·mol−1 and 1.1 × 108–5.3 × 1011 min−1 for the KAS method at a percent conversion (α) of 0.1 to 0.9, respectively. Moreover, the fuel properties of the oil were assessed and matched with the ASTM values of diesel, gasoline and kerosene oil. The oil was found to have a close resemblance to the commercial fuel. Therefore, it was concluded that utilizing florisil as the catalyst for the decomposition of waste polypropylene not only lowered the activation energy of the pyrolysis reaction but also upgraded the quantity and quality of the oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Nisar
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: or (J.N.); or (A.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Maria Aziz
- National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan;
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
- Correspondence: or (J.N.); or (A.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Iltaf Shah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: or (J.N.); or (A.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
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Zhong X, Nag A, Zhou J, Takada K, Amat Yusof FA, Mitsumata T, Oqmhula K, Hongo K, Maezono R, Kaneko T. Stepwise copolymerization of polybenzimidazole for a low dielectric constant and ultrahigh heat resistance. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11885-11895. [PMID: 35481076 PMCID: PMC9016846 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01488b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymer materials having great potential due to the depletion of fossil-fuel resources have been applied as single-use and medicinal materials but their low thermomechanical resistance have limited wider applications. Here, ultrahigh thermoresistant bio-based terpolymers with a low dielectric constant, comprising polybenzimidazole and poly(benzoxazole-random-aramid), were prepared by a method involving stepwise polycondensation of three monomers, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid for benzimidazoles, 3-amino-4-hydroxylbenzoic acid for benzoxazoles, and 4-aminobenzoic acid for aramids. For optimized monomer compositions, the obtained terpolymers exhibited dielectric constants lower than 3, and a 10% mass loss at approximately 760 °C which is a temperature higher than that for any other polymer material reported so far. The high thermal degradation temperatures of the prepared terpolymers were a result of the high interaction enthalpies of hydrogen bonding between imidazole rings in the polymer chains, which were obtained from density functional theory calculations using trimer models. Furthermore, the applicability of the prepared terpolymers as a wire-coating material for a simple motor insulation was demonstrated, indicating that it has significant potential to be used as a thermostable material with a low dielectric constant (k).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Zhong
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Aniruddha Nag
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Jiabei Zhou
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Fitri Adila Amat Yusof
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University Ikarashi, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Tetsu Mitsumata
- Department of Materials Science & Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University Ikarashi, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Kenji Oqmhula
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Kenta Hongo
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Ryo Maezono
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Energy and Environment Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST) 1-1 Asahidai Nomi Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
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22
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23
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Hidalgo Herrador JM, Murat M, Tišler Z, Frątczak J, de Paz Carmona H. Direct Polypropylene and Polyethylene Liquefaction in CO 2 and N 2 Atmospheres Using MgO Light and CaO as Catalysts. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030844. [PMID: 35160789 PMCID: PMC8836839 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyolefin to lighter molecules reaction reduces the waste-plastic residues to produce fuels and valuable chemicals. Commercial MgO light and CaO were used as catalysts for the direct polyethylene and polypropylene liquefaction in N2 or CO2 atmospheres. The products were analyzed (ATR-FTIR, GC-FID/TCD, GC-FID, density, refractive index). The use of MgO light and CaO improved the conversion of propylene and ethylene to liquid products. In addition, low gaseous and solid products yields were obtained. A good production of organic liquids in the gasoline, diesel and kerosene boiling range was obtained. The use of CO2, in some cases, led to a higher conversion into liquids compared with the reactions performed in the N2 atmosphere. In addition, the use of the CO2 atmosphere led to a higher content of products with a boiling range in the diesel and kerosene ranges.
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24
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Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Drobne D, Marinšek M, Dolenec M, Škrlep L, Strmljan G, Mušič B, Škapin AS. Environmental hazard of polypropylene microplastics from disposable medical masks: acute toxicity towards Daphnia magna and current knowledge on other polypropylene microplastics. MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS 2022; 2:1. [PMID: 35005629 PMCID: PMC8724753 DOI: 10.1186/s43591-021-00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of disposable plastics, including medical masks, which have become a necessity in our daily lives. As these are often improperly disposed of, they represent an important potential source of microplastics in the environment. We prepared microplastics from polypropylene medical masks and characterised their size, shape, organic chemical leaching, and acute toxicity to the planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna. The three layers of the masks were separately milled and characterised. Each of the inner frontal, middle filtering, and outer layers yielded different types of microplastics: fibres were obtained from the inner and outer layer, but irregular fragments from the middle layer. The shape of the obtained microplastics differed from the initial fibrous structure of the intact medical mask layers, which indicates that the material is deformed during cryo-milling. The chemical compositions of plastics-associated chemicals also varied between the different layers. Typically, the inner layer contained more chemicals related to antimicrobial function and flavouring. The other two layers also contained antioxidants and their degradation products, plasticisers, cross-linking agents, antistatic agents, lubricants, and non-ionic surfactants. An acute study with D. magna showed that these microplastics do not cause immobility but do physically interact with the daphnids. Further long-term studies with these microplastics are needed using a suite of test organisms. Indeed, studies with other polypropylene microplastics have shown numerous adverse effects on other organisms at concentrations that have already been reported in the environment. Further efforts should be made to investigate the environmental hazards of polypropylene microplastics from medical masks and how to handle this new source of environmental burden. PLEASE CHECK THE SI WORD DOCUMENT THE AUTHORS ARE NOT LISTED THERE I CANNOT EDIT THAT FILE PLEASE ADD THE AUTHORS SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43591-021-00020-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Marinšek
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Chair of Materials and Polymer Science, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Dolenec
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Škrlep
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Strmljan
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Mušič
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrijana Sever Škapin
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva ulica 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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25
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Dolçà C, Fages E, Gonga E, Garcia-Sanoguera D, Balart R, Quiles-Carrillo L. The Effect of Varying the Amount of Short Hemp Fibers on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Wood-Plastic Composites from Biobased Polyethylene Processed by Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010138. [PMID: 35012159 PMCID: PMC8747228 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased HDPE (bioHDPE) was melt-compounded with different percentages (2.5 to 40.0 wt.%) of short hemp fibers (HF) as a natural reinforcement to obtain environmentally friendly wood plastic composites (WPC). These WPC were melt-compounded using a twin-screw extrusion and shaped into standard samples by injection molding. To improve the poor compatibility between the high non-polar BioHDPE matrix and the highly hydrophilic lignocellulosic fibers, a malleated copolymer, namely, polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA), was used. The addition of short hemp fibers provided a remarkable increase in the stiffness that, in combination with PE-g-MA, led to good mechanical performance. In particular, 40 wt.% HF drastically increased the Young’s modulus and impact strength of BioHDPE, reaching values of 5275 MPa and 3.6 kJ/m2, respectively, which are very interesting values compared to neat bioHDPE of 826 MPa and 2.0 kJ/m2. These results were corroborated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results, which revealed a clear increasing tendency on stiffness with increasing the fiber loading over the whole temperature range. The crystal structure was not altered by the introduction of the natural fibers as could be seen in the XRD patterns in which mainly the heights of the main peaks changed, and only small peaks associated with the presence of the fiber appeared. Analysis of the thermal properties of the composites showed that no differences in melting temperature occurred and the non-isothermal crystallization process was satisfactorily described from the combined Avrami and Ozawa model. As for the thermal degradation, the introduction of HF resulted in the polymer degradation taking place at a higher temperature. As for the change in color of the injected samples, it was observed that the increase in fiber generated a clear modification in the final shades of the pieces, reaching colors very similar to dark woods for percentages higher than 20% HF. Finally, the incorporation of an increasing percentage of fibers also increased water absorption due to its lignocellulosic nature in a linear way, which drastically improved the polarity of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Dolçà
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eduardo Fages
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - Eloi Gonga
- Textile Industry Research Association (AITEX), Plaza Emilio Sala, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (C.D.); (E.F.); (E.G.)
| | - David Garcia-Sanoguera
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (R.B.)
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (R.B.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell, 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.G.-S.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-528-433
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Kafle A, Luis E, Silwal R, Pan HM, Shrestha PL, Bastola AK. 3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3101. [PMID: 34578002 PMCID: PMC8470301 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Kafle
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Eric Luis
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau SAR, China;
| | - Raman Silwal
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Houwen Matthew Pan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore;
| | - Pratisthit Lal Shrestha
- Design Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal; (A.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Anil Kumar Bastola
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing (CfAM), School of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
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27
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Thermo-mechanical degradation of polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) blends exposed to simulated recycling. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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