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Zuo Z, Liu B, Essawy H, Huang Z, Tang J, Miao Z, Chen F, Zhang J. Preparation and Characterization of Biomass Tannin-Based Flexible Foam Insoles for Athletes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3480. [PMID: 37631537 PMCID: PMC10458651 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of bio-based foams implies an increase in the use of renewable biological resources to reduce the rapid consumption of petroleum-derived resources. Both tannins and furfuryl alcohol are derived from forestry resources and are, therefore, considered attractive precursors for the preparation of tannin-furanic foams. In addition, toughening modification of tannin-furanic foams using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) results in a more flexible network-like structure, which imparts excellent flexibility to the foams, whose relative properties are even close to those of polyurethane foams, which are the most used for fabrication of insoles for athletes. In addition, the addition of PVOH does not affect the thermal insulation properties of the foams by testing the thermal conductivity, resilience, and elongation at break, while reducing the brittleness of the samples and improving the mechanical properties. Also, the observation of the morphology of the foam shows that the compatibility between PVOH and tannin-furanic resin is good, and the cured foam does not show fragmentation and collapse, while the bubble pore structure is uniform. The developed flexible foam derived from biomass resources endows the foam with good thermal insulation properties and high mechanical properties, and the samples exhibit suitable physical parameters to be used as flexible insoles for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikai Zuo
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Bowen Liu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hisham Essawy
- Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Tang
- Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhe Miao
- Yunnan Arts University, Kunming 650000, China;
| | - Fei Chen
- Physical Education Institute, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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Cerdan K, Gandara-Loe J, Arnauts G, Vangramberen V, Ginzburg A, Ameloot R, Koos E, Van Puyvelde P. On the gelation of humins: from transient to covalent networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2801-2814. [PMID: 36995046 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01506d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Humins are a by-product of many acid-catalyzed biorefinery processes converting polysaccharides into platform chemicals. The valorization of humin residue to increase the profit of biorefinery operations and reduce waste is a field that is growing interest as the production of humins continues to increase. This includes their valorization in materials science. For successful processing of humin-based materials, this study aims to understand the thermal polymerization mechanisms of humins from a rheological perspective. Thermal crosslinking of raw humins leads to an increase in their molecular weight, which in turn leads to the formation of a gel. Humin's gels structure combines physical (thermally reversible) and chemical (thermally irreversible) crosslinks, and temperature plays an essential role in the crosslink density and the gel properties. High temperatures delay the formation of a gel due to the scission of physicochemical interactions, drastically decreasing their viscosity, whereas upon cooling a stronger gel is formed combining the recovered physicochemical bonds and the newly created chemical crosslinks. Thus, a transition from a supramolecular network to a covalently crosslinked network is observed, and properties such as the elasticity or reprocessability of humin gels are influenced by the stage of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Cerdan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Jesus Gandara-Loe
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Vedran Vangramberen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Anton Ginzburg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SmaRT), Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separation, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Wassenberg A, Esser T, Poller MJ, Albert J. Investigation of the Formation, Characterization, and Oxidative Catalytic Valorization of Humins. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2864. [PMID: 37049157 PMCID: PMC10095678 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The industrial use of biomass, e.g., for the production of platform chemicals such as levulinic acid, became increasingly important in recent years. However, the efficiency of these processes was reduced by the formation of insoluble solid waste products called humins. Herein, the formation of humins from various carbohydrates was investigated under different process conditions, in order to obtain information about the structure and the formation mechanism. During this process, new potential structural fragments of humins were identified. Subsequently, the produced humins were oxidatively converted to low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids with the use of polyoxometalate catalysts. The experiments showed that the use of sugars in acetic acid and ethanol only lead to the formation of a small amount of humins, which were also structurally most suitable for conversion to carboxylic acids. The main products of the oxidative valorisation of these humins were acetic acid, formic acid, and CO2, respectively, and our results indicate that certain functional groups were converted preferentially. These findings will help to improve processes for the valorisation of biomass by enabling an overall more efficient use of thermo-sensitive feedstock such as carbohydrates.
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Zhang B, Petrissans M, Petrissans A, Pizzi A, Colin B. Furanic Polymerization Causes the Change, Conservation and Recovery of Thermally-Treated Wood Hydrophobicity before and after Moist Conditions Exposure. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010221. [PMID: 36616570 PMCID: PMC9823973 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Whilhelmy method of contact angle, wood thermal properties (TG/DTG), infrared spectroscopy, etc. was used to define the hydrophobicity of heat-treated beech and fir wood at increasing temperatures between 120 °C and 300 °C. By exposure to wet conditions during 1 week, the hydrophobic character obtained by the heat treatment remains constant heat-treated. Heat induced wood hydrophobation, was shown by CP MAS 13C NMR and MALDI ToF mass spectrometry to be mainly caused by furanic moieties produced from heat-induced hemicelluloses degradation. This is caused by the acid environment generated by the hydrolysis of the hemicelluloses acetyl groups. Furfural polymerizes to linear and branched oligomers and finally to water repellent, insoluble furanic resins. The water repellent, black colored, cross-linked polymerized furanic network is present throughout the heat-treated wood. Wood darkening as well as its water repellency due to increasing proportions of black colored furanic resins increase as a function of the increase with treating temperature, becoming particularly evident in the 200 to 300 °C treating temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengang Zhang
- LERMAB, I.U.T. Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 Rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Mathieu Petrissans
- LERMAB, I.U.T. Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 Rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anelie Petrissans
- LERMAB, I.U.T. Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 Rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 Rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Baptiste Colin
- LERMAB, I.U.T. Hubert Curien, University of Lorraine, 7 Rue Fusillés Résistance, 88000 Epinal, France
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Furanic Humins from Biorefinery as Biobased Binder for Bitumen. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051019. [PMID: 35267841 PMCID: PMC8912838 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To decrease the environmental impact of bitumen, more sustainable binders should be proposed. This study emphasizes how industrial humins co-produced during the biorefining of carbohydrates can be employed as a macromolecular binder for bitumen. Humins are heterogeneous polyfuranic compounds, and they were mixed at 50 wt% with bitumen. When the non-water-soluble fractions of humins were employed (Hns), no variation of the chemical structure was observed in FTIR spectra after the mixing. The DSC investigations showed that the crystallization of aromatic fractions in bitumen shifted to higher temperature for humins’ modified bitumen. The thermogravimetric data highlighted that the presence of humins or Hns in bitumen can lead to mass loss below 200 °C. The rheological investigations highlighted some key advantages of using humins or Hns with bitumen. At high temperatures, the storage modulus of the modified bitumen is increased and shows lower susceptibility to variations in frequency. At low temperatures, the phase angle of Hns-modified bitumen is lower than that of bitumen, suggesting less temperature susceptibility as a consequence of a cross-linked network formation.
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Kashparova VP, Chernysheva DV, Klushin VA, Andreeva VE, Kravchenko OA, Smirnova NV. Furan monomers and polymers from renewable plant biomass. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Non-Furanic Humins-Based Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane (NIPU) Thermoset Wood Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030372. [PMID: 33504084 PMCID: PMC7865859 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Predominantly non-furanic commercial humins were used to prepare humin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) resins for wood panel adhesives. Pure humin-based NIPU resins and tannin–humin NIPU resins were prepared, the latter to upgrade the humins’ performance. Species in the raw humins and species formed in the NIPU resins were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Humins, fulvic acid and derivatives, humic acid and its fragments, some lignans present and furanic oligomers present formed NIPU linkages. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) showed that as with other biomaterials-based NIPU resins, all these resins also showed two temperature peaks of curing, the first around 130 °C and the second around 220 °C. A decrease in the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) between the two indicated that the first curing period corresponded to linear growth of the oligomers forming a physical entanglement network. This then disentangled, and the second corresponded to the formation of a chemical cross-linked network. This second peak was more evident for the tannin–humin NIPU resins. All the laboratory particleboard made and tested either bonded with pure humins or with tannin–humin NIPU adhesives satisfied well the internal bond strength requirements of the relevant standard for interior grade panels. The tannin–humin adhesives performed clearly better than the pure humins one.
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