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Tabak T, Kaya K, Isci R, Ozturk T, Yagci Y, Kiskan B. Combining Step-Growth and Chain-Growth Polymerizations in One Pot: Light-Induced Fabrication of Conductive Nanoporous PEDOT-PCL Scaffold. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300455. [PMID: 37633841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel method based on light-induced fabrication of a poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polycaprolactone (PEDOT-PCL) scaffold using phenacyl bromide (PAB) as a single-component photoinitiator is presented. HBr released from the step-growth polymerization of EDOT is utilized as an in situ catalyst for the chain-growth polymerization of ε-caprolactone. Detailed investigations disclose the formation of a self-assembled nanoporous electroconductive scaffold (1.2 mS cm-1 ). Fluorescence emission spectra of the fabricated scaffold exhibit a mixed solvatochromic behavior, indicating specific interactions between the self-assembled scaffold and solvents with varying polarities, as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, the same light-induced technique can also be applied for bulk photopolymerization showcasing the versatility and wide-ranging scope of the originated method. In brief, this study introduces a novel approach for light-induced polymerization reactions that is merging step-growth and chain-growth mechanisms. This innovative approach is promising to facilitate in situ polymerization of monomers possessing diverse functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugberk Tabak
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Kerem Kaya
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Recep Isci
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Turan Ozturk
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
- TUBITAK UME, Chemistry Group Laboratories, Kocaeli 54, Gebze, 41470, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
| | - Baris Kiskan
- Istanbul Technical University, Chemistry Department, Maslak, Istanbul, 34469, Turkey
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Bendrea AD, Cianga L, Göen Colak D, Constantinescu D, Cianga I. Thiophene End-Functionalized Oligo-(D,L-Lactide) as a New Electroactive Macromonomer for the "Hairy-Rod" Type Conjugated Polymers Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051094. [PMID: 36904339 PMCID: PMC10006927 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the modern society imposes a fast-growing demand for new advanced functional polymer materials. To this aim, one of the most plausible current methodologies is the end-group functionalization of existing conventional polymers. If the end functional group is able to polymerize, this method enables the synthesis of a molecularly complex, grafted architecture that opens the access to a wider range of material properties, as well as tailoring the special functions required for certain applications. In this context, the present paper reports on α-thienyl-ω-hydroxyl-end-groups functionalized oligo-(D,L-lactide) (Th-PDLLA), which was designed to combine the polymerizability and photophysical properties of thiophene with the biocompatibility and biodegradability of poly-(D,L-lactide). Th-PDLLA was synthesized using the path of "functional initiator" in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of (D,L)-lactide, assisted by stannous 2-ethyl hexanoate (Sn(oct)2). The results of NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic methods confirmed the Th-PDLLA's expected structure, while the oligomeric nature of Th-PDLLA, as resulting from the calculations based on 1H-NMR data, is supported by the findings from gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and by the results of the thermal analyses. The behavior of Th-PDLLA in different organic solvents, evaluated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, but also by dynamic light scattering (DLS), suggested the presence of colloidal supramolecular structures, underlining the nature of the macromonomer Th-PDLLA as an "shape amphiphile". To test its functionality, the ability of Th-PDLLA to work as a building block for the synthesis of molecular composites was demonstrated by photoinduced oxidative homopolymerization in the presence of diphenyliodonium salt (DPI). The occurrence of a polymerization process, with the formation of a thiophene-conjugated oligomeric main chain grafted with oligomeric PDLLA, was proven, in addition to the visual changes, by the results of GPC, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis and fluorescence measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Dana Bendrea
- “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, 41A, Grigore–GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luminita Cianga
- “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, 41A, Grigore–GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (I.C.); Tel.: +40-332-880-220 (L.C. & I.C.)
| | - Demet Göen Colak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ioan Cianga
- “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, 41A, Grigore–GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (I.C.); Tel.: +40-332-880-220 (L.C. & I.C.)
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Hochberg JD, Wirth DM, Pokorski JK. PET-RAFT to expand the surface-modification chemistry of melt coextruded nanofibers. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01389d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanofibers have been widely used as scaffolds for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and filtration applications, among many others. This work describes new methods to modify chemically-inert fibers using PET-RAFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Hochberg
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Dr, SME Building 243J, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - David M. Wirth
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Dr, SME Building 243J, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, Jacobs School of Engineering, 9500 Gilman Dr, SME Building 243J, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Hochberg JD, Wirth DM, Pokorski JK. Surface-Modified Melt Coextruded Nanofibers Enhance Blood Clotting In Vitro. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200292. [PMID: 36122179 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood loss causes an estimated 1.9 million deaths per year globally, making new methods to stop bleeding and promote clot formation immediately following injury paramount. The fabrication of functional hemostatic materials has the potential to save countless lives by limiting bleeding and promoting clot formation following an injury. This work describes the melt manufacturing of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofibers and their chemical functionalization to produce highly scalable materials with enhanced blood clotting properties. The nanofibers are manufactured using a high throughput melt coextrusion method. Once isolated, the nanofibers are functionalized with polymers that promote blood clotting through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The functional nanofibers described herein speed up the coagulation cascade and produce more robust blood clots, allowing for the potential use of these functional nonwoven mats as advanced bandages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Hochberg
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - David M Wirth
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Bendrea AD, Cianga L, Ailiesei GL, Göen Colak D, Popescu I, Cianga I. Thiophene α-Chain-End-Functionalized Oligo(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) as Precursor Amphiphilic Macromonomer for Grafted Conjugated Oligomers/Polymers and as a Multifunctional Material with Relevant Properties for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147495. [PMID: 35886844 PMCID: PMC9317439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the combination of π-conjugated polymers with biocompatible synthetic counterparts leads to the development of bio-relevant functional materials, this paper reports a new oligo(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (OMeOx)-containing thiophene macromonomer, denoted Th-OMeOx. It can be used as a reactive precursor for synthesis of a polymerizable 2,2’-3-OMeOx-substituted bithiophene by Suzuki coupling. Also a grafted polythiophene amphiphile with OMeOx side chains was synthesized by its self-acid-assisted polymerization (SAAP) in bulk. The results showed that Th-OMeOx is not only a reactive intermediate but also a versatile functional material in itself. This is due to the presence of 2-bromo-substituted thiophene and ω-hydroxyl functional end-groups, and due to the multiple functionalities encoded in its structure (photosensitivity, water self-dispersibility, self-assembling capacity). Thus, analysis of its behavior in solvents of different selectivities revealed that Th-OMeOx forms self-assembled structures (micelles or vesicles) by “direct dissolution”.Unexpectedly, by exciting the Th-OMeOx micelles formed in water with λabs of the OMeOx repeating units, the intensity of fluorescence emission varied in a concentration-dependent manner.These self-assembled structures showed excitation-dependent luminescence as well. Attributed to the clusteroluminescence phenomenon due to the aggregation and through space interactions of electron-rich groups in non-conjugated, non-aromatic OMeOx, this behavior certifies that polypeptides mimic the character of Th-OMeOx as a non-conventional intrinsic luminescent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Dana Bendrea
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Luminita Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (I.C.)
| | - Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei
- NMR Spectroscopy Department, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Demet Göen Colak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Irina Popescu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Ioan Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “PetruPoni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A, Grigore-GhicaVoda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (I.C.)
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Criado-Gonzalez M, Gabirondo E, Lasa-Fernández H, Olmedo-Martínez JL, Casado N, Alegret N, Müller AJ, Sardon H, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Mecerreyes D. Electroactive 3D printable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers as scaffolds for muscle cell alignment. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Graft copolymers between conducting PEDOT and biodegradable PCL were synthesized and investigated for 3D printing scaffolds for patterning of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elena Gabirondo
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haizpea Lasa-Fernández
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Olmedo-Martínez
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nuria Alegret
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- Group of Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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