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Bobadilla Muñoz M, Orbe J, Abizanda G, Machado FJD, Vilas A, Ullate-Agote A, Extramiana L, Baraibar Churio A, Aranguren XL, Cantero G, Sáinz Amillo N, Rodríguez JA, Ramos García L, Romero Riojas JP, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Paradas C, López de Munain A, Páramo JA, Prósper F, Pérez-Ruiz A. Loss of the matrix metalloproteinase-10 causes premature features of aging in satellite cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1128534. [PMID: 37228645 PMCID: PMC10203875 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1128534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aged muscles accumulate satellite cells with a striking decline response to damage. Although intrinsic defects in satellite cells themselves are the major contributors to aging-associated stem cell dysfunction, increasing evidence suggests that changes in the muscle-stem cell local microenvironment also contribute to aging. Here, we demonstrate that loss of the matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) in young mice alters the composition of the muscle extracellular matrix (ECM), and specifically disrupts the extracellular matrix of the satellite cell niche. This situation causes premature features of aging in the satellite cells, contributing to their functional decline and a predisposition to enter senescence under proliferative pressure. Similarly, reduction of MMP-10 levels in young satellite cells from wild type animals induces a senescence response, while addition of the protease delays this program. Significantly, the effect of MMP-10 on satellite cell aging can be extended to another context of muscle wasting, muscular dystrophy. Systemic treatment of mdx dystrophic mice with MMP-10 prevents the muscle deterioration phenotype and reduces cellular damage in the satellite cells, which are normally under replicative pressure. Most importantly, MMP-10 conserves its protective effect in the satellite cell-derived myoblasts isolated from a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient by decreasing the accumulation of damaged DNA. Hence, MMP-10 provides a previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunity to delay satellite cell aging and overcome satellite cell dysfunction in dystrophic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bobadilla Muñoz
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Josune Orbe
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS)-Ictus, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Abizanda
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Florencio J. D. Machado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Vilas
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Asier Ullate-Agote
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Extramiana
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantxa Baraibar Churio
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xabier L. Aranguren
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Cantero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Neira Sáinz Amillo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Nutrition Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ramos García
- Radiology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Radiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Romero Riojas
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Paradas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- CIBERNED-Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain
- Neurology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - José Antonio Páramo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hematology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Ruiz
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA) Universidad de Navarra, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Passannante R, Gómez-Vallejo V, Sagartzazu-Aizpurua M, Vignau Arsuaga L, Marco-Moreno P, Aldanondo G, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Aguiar P, Cossío U, Martín A, Bergare J, Kingston L, Elmore CS, Morcillo MA, Ferrón P, Aizpurua JM, Llop J. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of New Drugs Using a Multi-Labelling Approach and PET Imaging: Application to a Drug Candidate with Potential Application in Neuromuscular Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020253. [PMID: 36830793 PMCID: PMC9953224 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The determination of pharmacokinetic properties of new chemical entities is a key step in the process of drug development. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an ideal technique to obtain both biodistribution and pharmacokinetic parameters of new compounds over a wide range of chemical modalities. Here, we use a multi-radionuclide/multi-position labelling approach to investigate distribution, elimination, and metabolism of a triazole-based FKBP12 ligand (AHK2) with potential application in neuromuscular disorders. METHODS Target engagement and stabilizing capacity of the drug candidate (AHK2) towards FKBP12-RyR was evaluated using competitive ligand binding and proximity ligation assays, respectively. Subsequently, AHK2 was labelled either with the positron emitter carbon-11 (11C) via 11C-methylation to yield both [11C]AHK2.1 and [11C]AHK2.2, or by palladium-catalysed reduction of the corresponding 5-iodotriazole derivative using 3H gas to yield [3H]AHK2. Metabolism was first investigated in vitro using liver microsomes. PET imaging studies in rats after intravenous (IV) administration at different doses (1 µg/Kg and 5 mg/Kg) were combined with determination of arterial blood time-activity curves (TACs) and analysis of plasma samples by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify radioactive metabolites. Arterial TACs were obtained in continuous mode by using an in-house developed system that enables extracorporeal blood circulation and continuous measurement of radioactivity in the blood. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental modelling of the TACs. RESULTS In vitro studies indicate that AHK2 binds to FKBP12 at the rapamycin-binding pocket, presenting activity as a FKBP12/RyR stabilizer. [11C]AHK2.1, [11C]AHK2.2 and [3H]AHK2 could be obtained in overall non-decay corrected radiochemical yields of 14 ± 2%, 15 ± 2% and 0.05%, respectively. Molar activities were 60-110 GBq/µmol, 68-122 GBq/µmol and 0.4-0.5 GBq/μmol, respectively. In vitro results showed that oxidation of the thioether group into sulfoxide, demethylation of the CH3O-Ar residue and demethylation of -N(CH3)2 were the main metabolic pathways. Fast metabolism was observed in vivo. Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from metabolite-corrected arterial blood TACs showed a short half-life (12.6 ± 3.3 min). Dynamic PET imaging showed elimination via urine when [11C]AHK2.2 was administered, probably reflecting the biodistribution of [11C]methanol as the major metabolite. Contrarily, accumulation in the gastrointestinal track was observed after administration of [11C]AKH2.1. CONCLUSIONS AHK2 binds to FKBP12 at the rapamycin-binding pocket, presenting activity as a FKBP12/RyR stabilizer. Studies performed with the 3H- and 11C-labelled FKBP12/RyR stabilizer AHK2 confirm fast blood clearance, linear pharmacokinetics and rapid metabolism involving oxidation of the sulfide and amine moieties and oxidative demethylation of the CH3-O-Ar and tertiary amine groups as the main pathways. PET studies suggest that knowledge about metabolic pathways is paramount to interpret images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Passannante
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Vallejo
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Laura Vignau Arsuaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, UPV/EHU-University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pablo Marco-Moreno
- Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Garazi Aldanondo
- Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- Deusto Physical TherapIker, Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, 20012 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- Group of Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Donostia, UPV/EHU, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pablo Aguiar
- Molecular Imaging Group, IDIS, CIMUS, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Unai Cossío
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Abraham Martín
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Biomarkers of Inflammation, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park UPV/EHU, Sede Building B, Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lee Kingston
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charles S. Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Pablo Ferrón
- Miramoon Pharma S.L., Avda Tolosa-72, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jesus M. Aizpurua
- Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, UPV/EHU-University of the Basque Country, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Vesga-Castro C, Aldazabal J, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Paredes J. Contractile force assessment methods for in vitro skeletal muscle tissues. eLife 2022; 11:e77204. [PMID: 35604384 PMCID: PMC9126583 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, there has been growing interest in measuring the contractile force (CF) of engineered muscle tissues to evaluate their functionality. However, there are still no standards available for selecting the most suitable experimental platform, measuring system, culture protocol, or stimulation patterns. Consequently, the high variability of published data hinders any comparison between different studies. We have identified that cantilever deflection, post deflection, and force transducers are the most commonly used configurations for CF assessment in 2D and 3D models. Additionally, we have discussed the most relevant emerging technologies that would greatly complement CF evaluation with intracellular and localized analysis. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the most significant advances in CF evaluation and its critical parameters. In order to compare contractile performance across experimental platforms, we have used the specific force (sF, kN/m2), CF normalized to the calculated cross-sectional area (CSA). However, this parameter presents a high variability throughout the different studies, which indicates the need to identify additional parameters and complementary analysis suitable for proper comparison. We propose that future contractility studies in skeletal muscle constructs report detailed information about construct size, contractile area, maturity level, sarcomere length, and, ideally, the tetanus-to-twitch ratio. These studies will hopefully shed light on the relative impact of these variables on muscle force performance of engineered muscle constructs. Prospective advances in muscle tissue engineering, particularly in muscle disease models, will require a joint effort to develop standardized methodologies for assessing CF of engineered muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Vesga-Castro
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
- Group of Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia - IIS BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
| | - Javier Aldazabal
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Group of Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia - IIS BiodonostiaSan SebastianSpain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation, and UniversitiesMadridSpain
| | - Jacobo Paredes
- University of Navarra, Tecnun School of Engineering, Manuel de LardizábalSan SebastianSpain
- University of Navarra, Biomedical Engineering Center, Campus UniversitarioPamplonaSpain
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Pérez-Liébana I, Juaristi I, González-Sánchez P, González-Moreno L, Rial E, Podunavac M, Zakarian A, Molgó J, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Mosqueira-Martín L, Lopez de Munain A, Pardo B, Satrústegui J, Del Arco A. A Ca 2+-Dependent Mechanism Boosting Glycolysis and OXPHOS by Activating Aralar-Malate-Aspartate Shuttle, upon Neuronal Stimulation. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3879-3895. [PMID: 35387872 PMCID: PMC9097769 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1463-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is an important second messenger regulating a bioenergetic response to the workloads triggered by neuronal activation. In embryonic mouse cortical neurons using glucose as only fuel, activation by NMDA elicits a strong workload (ATP demand)-dependent on Na+ and Ca2+ entry, and stimulates glucose uptake, glycolysis, pyruvate and lactate production, and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in a Ca2+-dependent way. We find that Ca2+ upregulation of glycolysis, pyruvate levels, and respiration, but not glucose uptake, all depend on Aralar/AGC1/Slc25a12, the mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate carrier, component of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS). MAS activation increases glycolysis, pyruvate production, and respiration, a process inhibited in the presence of BAPTA-AM, suggesting that the Ca2+ binding motifs in Aralar may be involved in the activation. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) silencing had no effect, indicating that none of these processes required MCU-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. The neuronal respiratory response to carbachol was also dependent on Aralar, but not on MCU. We find that mouse cortical neurons are endowed with a constitutive ER-to-mitochondria Ca2+ flow maintaining basal cell bioenergetics in which ryanodine receptors, RyR2, rather than InsP3R, are responsible for Ca2+ release, and in which MCU does not participate. The results reveal that, in neurons using glucose, MCU does not participate in OXPHOS regulation under basal or stimulated conditions, while Aralar-MAS appears as the major Ca2+-dependent pathway tuning simultaneously glycolysis and OXPHOS to neuronal activation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neuronal activation increases cell workload to restore ion gradients altered by activation. Ca2+ is involved in matching increased workload with ATP production, but the mechanisms are still unknown. We find that glycolysis, pyruvate production, and neuronal respiration are stimulated on neuronal activation in a Ca2+-dependent way, independently of effects of Ca2+ as workload inducer. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) does not play a relevant role in Ca2+ stimulated pyruvate production and oxygen consumption as both are unchanged in MCU silenced neurons. However, Ca2+ stimulation is blunt in the absence of Aralar, a Ca2+-binding mitochondrial carrier component of Malate-Aspartate Shuttle (MAS). The results suggest that Ca2+-regulated Aralar-MAS activation upregulates glycolysis and pyruvate production, which fuels mitochondrial respiration, through regulation of cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pérez-Liébana
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Inés Juaristi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Paloma González-Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Luis González-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Eduardo Rial
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Maša Podunavac
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, ERL Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique no. 9004, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire pour la Santé, Gif sur Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- IIS Biodonostia-University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; CIBERNED (institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Laura Mosqueira-Martín
- IIS Biodonostia-University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; CIBERNED (institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- IIS Biodonostia-University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain; CIBERNED (institute Carlos III), Madrid, Spain; and Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia-OSAKIDETZA, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pardo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jorgina Satrústegui
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Araceli Del Arco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular -IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, 45071 Spain; and Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina, Toledo, 45071, Spain
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Lasa-Elgarresta J, Mosqueira-Martín L, González-Imaz K, Marco-Moreno P, Gerenu G, Mamchaoui K, Mouly V, López de Munain A, Vallejo-Illarramendi A. Targeting the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy With CAPN3 Mutations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:822563. [PMID: 35309930 PMCID: PMC8924035 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.822563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
LGMDR1 is caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene that encodes calpain 3 (CAPN3), a non-lysosomal cysteine protease necessary for proper muscle function. Our previous findings show that CAPN3 deficiency leads to reduced SERCA levels through increased protein degradation. This work investigates the potential contribution of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to increased SERCA degradation in LGMDR1. Consistent with our previous results, we observed that CAPN3-deficient human myotubes exhibit reduced SERCA protein levels and high cytosolic calcium concentration. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Velcade) increased SERCA2 protein levels and normalized intracellular calcium levels in CAPN3-deficient myotubes. Moreover, bortezomib was able to recover mutated CAPN3 protein in a patient carrying R289W and R546L missense mutations. We found that CAPN3 knockout mice (C3KO) presented SERCA deficits in skeletal muscle in the early stages of the disease, prior to the manifestation of muscle deficits. However, treatment with bortezomib (0.8 mg/kg every 72 h) for 3 weeks did not rescue SERCA levels. No change in muscle proteasome activity was observed in bortezomib-treated animals, suggesting that higher bortezomib doses are needed to rescue SERCA levels in this model. Overall, our results lay the foundation for exploring inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome as a new therapeutic target to treat LGMDR1 patients. Moreover, patients carrying missense mutations in CAPN3 and presumably other genes may benefit from proteasome inhibition by rescuing mutant protein levels. Further studies in suitable models will be necessary to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of proteasome inhibition for different missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaione Lasa-Elgarresta
- Group of Neuroscience, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Hospital Donostia, UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.,IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Laura Mosqueira-Martín
- Group of Neuroscience, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Hospital Donostia, UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.,IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Klaudia González-Imaz
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Pablo Marco-Moreno
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Gorka Gerenu
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Group of Neuroscience, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Hospital Donostia, UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.,IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Group of Neuroscience, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Hospital Donostia, UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.,IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, San Sebastian, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Criado-Gonzalez M, Gabirondo E, Lasa-Fernández H, Olmedo-Martínez JL, Casado N, Alegret N, Müller AJ, Sardon H, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Mecerreyes D. Electroactive 3D printable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)- graft-poly(ε-caprolactone) copolymers as scaffolds for muscle cell alignment. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Graft copolymers between conducting PEDOT and biodegradable PCL were synthesized and investigated for 3D printing scaffolds for patterning of muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Miryam Criado-Gonzalez
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elena Gabirondo
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haizpea Lasa-Fernández
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian 20014, Spain
| | - Jorge L. Olmedo-Martínez
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nerea Casado
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nuria Alegret
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian 20014, Spain
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- Group of Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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7
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Soblechero-Martín P, López-Martínez A, de la Puente-Ovejero L, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Arechavala-Gomeza V. Utrophin modulator drugs as potential therapies for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:711-723. [PMID: 33999469 PMCID: PMC8518368 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Utrophin is an autosomal paralogue of dystrophin, a protein whose deficit causes Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies (DMD/BMD). Utrophin is naturally overexpressed at the sarcolemma of mature dystrophin‐deficient fibres in DMD and BMD patients as well as in the mdx Duchenne mouse model. Dystrophin and utrophin can co‐localise in human foetal muscle, in the dystrophin‐competent fibres from DMD/BMD carriers, and revertant fibre clusters in biopsies from DMD patients. These findings suggest that utrophin overexpression could act as a surrogate, compensating for the lack of dystrophin, and, as such, it could be used in combination with dystrophin restoration therapies. Different strategies to overexpress utrophin are currently under investigation. In recent years, many compounds have been reported to modulate utrophin expression efficiently in preclinical studies and ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype in animal models of the disease. In this manuscript, we discuss the current knowledge on utrophin protein and the different mechanisms that modulate its expression in skeletal muscle. We also include a comprehensive review of compounds proposed as utrophin regulators and, as such, potential therapeutic candidates for these muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Soblechero-Martín
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Clinical Laboratory Service, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bilbao-Basurto Integrated Health Organisation, Basurto University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Andrea López-Martínez
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | | | | | - Virginia Arechavala-Gomeza
- Neuromuscular Disorders, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Gabirondo E, Alegret N, De León-Almazán CM, Hernandez R, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Prato M, Mecerreyes D. 3D Printable Conducting and Biocompatible PEDOT-graft-PLA Copolymers by Direct Ink Writing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100100. [PMID: 33938086 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tailor-made polymers are needed to fully exploit the possibilities of additive manufacturing, constructing complex, and functional devices in areas such as bioelectronics. In this paper, the synthesis of a conducting and biocompatible graft copolymer which can be 3D printed using direct melting extrusion methods is shown. For this purpose, graft copolymers composed by conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and a biocompatible polymer polylactide (PLA) are designed. The PEDOT-g-PLA copolymers are synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization between 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene and PLA macromonomers. PEDOT-g-PLA copolymers with different compositions are obtained and fully characterized. The rheological characterization indicates that copolymers containing below 20 wt% of PEDOT show the right complex viscosity values suitable for direct ink writing (DIW). The 3D printing tests using the DIW methodology allows printing different parts with different shapes with high resolution (200 µm). The conductive and biocompatible printed patterns of PEDOT-g-PLA show excellent cell growth and maturation of neonatal cardiac myocytes cocultured with fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.,Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, 20014, Spain
| | - Elena Gabirondo
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Nuria Alegret
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.,IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | | | - Robert Hernandez
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- IIS Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, San Sebastián, 20014, Spain.,Group of Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, UPV/EHU, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, San Sebastian, 20014, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Carbon Bionanotechnology Group, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, 20014, Spain.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM - University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, Trieste, 34127, Italy.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
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9
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Aizpurua JM, Miranda JI, Irastorza A, Torres E, Eceiza M, Sagartzazu-Aizpurua M, Ferrón P, Aldanondo G, Lasa-Fernández H, Marco-Moreno P, Dadie N, López de Munain A, Vallejo-Illarramendi A. Discovery of a novel family of FKBP12 "reshapers" and their use as calcium modulators in skeletal muscle under nitro-oxidative stress. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113160. [PMID: 33493827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of rescuing FKBP12/RyR1 interaction and intracellular calcium homeostasis through molecular "reshaping" of FKBP12 was investigated. To this end, novel 4-arylthioalkyl-1-carboxyalkyl-1,2,3-triazoles were designed and synthesized, and their efficacy was tested in human myotubes. A library of 17 compounds (10a-n) designed to dock the FKBP12/RyR1 hot-spot interface contact residues, was readily prepared from free α-amino acids and arylthioalkynes using CuAAC "click" protocols amenable to one-pot transformations in high overall yields and total configurational integrity. To model nitro-oxidative stress, human myotubes were treated with the peroxynitrite donor SIN1, and evidence was found that some triazoles 10 were able to normalize calcium levels, as well as FKBP12/RyR1 interaction. For example, compound 10 b at 150 nM rescued 46% of FKBP12/RyR1 interaction and up to 70% of resting cytosolic calcium levels in human myotubes under nitro-oxidative stress. All compounds 10 analyzed showed target engagement to FKBP12 and low levels of cytotoxicity in vitro. Compounds 10b, 10c, 10h, and 10iR were identified as potential therapeutic candidates to protect myotubes in muscle disorders with underlying nitro-oxidative stress, FKBP12/RyR1 dysfunction and calcium dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Aizpurua
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center, Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - José I Miranda
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center, Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aitziber Irastorza
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center, Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Endika Torres
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center, Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maite Eceiza
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center, Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maialen Sagartzazu-Aizpurua
- Joxe Mari Korta R&D Center, Departamento de Química Orgánica-I, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pablo Ferrón
- Miramoon Pharma S.L., Avda Tolosa-72, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Garazi Aldanondo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Grupo de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizpea Lasa-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Grupo de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurosciencias, Departamentos de Pediatría y Neurociencias, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pablo Marco-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Grupo de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Naroa Dadie
- Grupo de Neurosciencias, Departamentos de Pediatría y Neurociencias, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Grupo de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurosciencias, Departamentos de Pediatría y Neurociencias, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, Grupo de Enfermedades Neuromusculares, Paseo Dr Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain; CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Neurosciencias, Departamentos de Pediatría y Neurociencias, Universidad Del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Hospital Donostia, Paseo Dr Begiristain S/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.
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10
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Lasa-Fernandez H, Mosqueira-Martín L, Alzualde A, Lasa-Elgarresta J, Vallejo-Illarramendi A. A genotyping method combining primer competition PCR with HRM analysis to identify point mutations in Duchenne animal models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17224. [PMID: 33057138 PMCID: PMC7560699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin-null sapje zebrafish is an excellent model for better understanding the pathological mechanisms underlying Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and it has recently arisen as a powerful tool for high-throughput screening of therapeutic candidates for this disease. While dystrophic phenotype in sapje larvae can be easily detected by birefringence, zebrafish genotyping is necessary for drug screening experiments, where the potential rescue of larvae phenotype is the primary outcome. Genotyping is also desirable during colony husbandry since heterozygous progenitors need to be selected. Currently, sapje zebrafish are genotyped through techniques involving sequencing or multi-step PCR, which are often costly, tedious, or require special equipment. Here we report a simple, precise, cost-effective, and versatile PCR genotyping method based on primer competition. Genotypes can be resolved by standard agarose gel electrophoresis and high-resolution melt assay, the latter being especially useful for genotyping a large number of samples. Our approach has shown high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility in detecting the A/T point mutation in sapje zebrafish and the C/T mutation in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne. Hence, this method can be applied to other single nucleotide substitutions and may be further optimized to detect small insertions and deletions. Given its robust performance with crude DNA extracts, our strategy may be particularly well-suited for detecting single nucleotide variants in poor-quality samples such as ancient DNA or DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizpea Lasa-Fernandez
- Group of Neurosciences, Dept. Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Mosqueira-Martín
- Group of Neurosciences, Dept. Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaione Lasa-Elgarresta
- Group of Neurosciences, Dept. Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Group of Neurosciences, Dept. Pediatrics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Paseo Dr. Begiristain 105, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain. .,Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Paseo Dr. Begiristain s/n, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain. .,CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Desviat LR, Mallebrera CJ, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Mayán MD, Nogales-Gadea G, Arechavala-Gomeza V. COST Actions: fostering collaborative research for rare diseases. Lancet Neurol 2020; 18:989-991. [PMID: 31609208 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes R Desviat
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPaz, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
| | - Cecilia Jiménez Mallebrera
- Unidad de Patología Neuromuscular, Servicio de Neurología, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spanish Biomedical Research Networking Centre (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María D Mayán
- CellCOM Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Research A Coruña (INIBIC), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Neuromuscular and Neuropediatric Research Group, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Virginia Arechavala-Gomeza
- Neuromuscular Disorders Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Lasa-Elgarresta J, Mosqueira-Martín L, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, Sáenz A, López de Munain A, Vallejo-Illarramendi A. Calcium Mechanisms in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy with CAPN3 Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4548. [PMID: 31540302 PMCID: PMC6770289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy recessive 1 (LGMDR1), previously known as LGMD2A, is a rare disease caused by mutations in the CAPN3 gene. It is characterized by progressive weakness of shoulder, pelvic, and proximal limb muscles that usually appears in children and young adults and results in loss of ambulation within 20 years after disease onset in most patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in LGMDR1 remain mostly unknown, and to date, there is no effective treatment for this disease. Here, we review clinical and experimental evidence suggesting that dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in the skeletal muscle is a significant underlying event in this muscular dystrophy. We also review and discuss specific clinical features of LGMDR1, CAPN3 functions, novel putative targets for therapeutic strategies, and current approaches aiming to treat LGMDR1. These novel approaches may be clinically relevant not only for LGMDR1 but also for other muscular dystrophies with secondary calpainopathy or with abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis, such as LGMD2B/LGMDR2 or sporadic inclusion body myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaione Lasa-Elgarresta
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Mosqueira-Martín
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amets Sáenz
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Departmento de Neurosciencias, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Neurology Department, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Ainara Vallejo-Illarramendi
- Biodonostia, Neurosciences Area, Group of Neuromuscular Diseases, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, 28031 Madrid, Spain.
- Grupo Neurociencias, Departmento de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Donostia, UPV/EHU, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- I Toral-Ojeda
- Neuroscience Area, Instituto Biodonostia, San Sebastian, Spain.
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14
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Arnold TD, Zang K, Vallejo-Illarramendi A. Deletion of integrin-linked kinase from neural crest cells in mice results in aortic aneurysms and embryonic lethality. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1205-12. [PMID: 23744273 PMCID: PMC3759340 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) participate in the remodeling of the cardiac outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries during cardiovascular development. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a major regulator of integrin signaling. It links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and recruits other adaptor molecules into a large complex to regulate actin dynamics and integrin function. Using the Cre-lox system, we deleted Ilk from NCCs of mice to investigate its role in NCC morphogenesis. The resulting mutants developed a severe aneurysmal arterial trunk that resulted in embryonic lethality during late gestation. Ilk mutants showed normal cardiac NCC migration but reduced differentiation into smooth muscle within the aortic arch arteries and the outflow tract. Within the conotruncal cushions, Ilk-deficient NCCs exhibited disorganization of F-actin stress fibers and a significantly rounder morphology, with shorter cellular projections. Additionally, absence of ILK resulted in reduced in vivo phosphorylation of Smad3 in NCCs, which correlated with reduced αSMA levels. Our findings resemble those seen in Pinch1 and β1 integrin conditional mutant mice, and therefore support that, in neural crest-derived cells, ILK and Pinch1 act as cytoplasmic effectors of β1 integrin in a pathway that protects against aneurysms. In addition, our conditional Ilk mutant mice might prove useful as a model to study aortic aneurysms caused by reduced Smad3 signaling, as occurs in the newly described aneurysms-osteoarthritis syndrome, for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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15
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Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Marciano DK, Reichardt LF. A novel method that improves sensitivity of protein detection in PAGE and Western blot. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1148-50. [PMID: 23400834 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a simple and inexpensive method that improves sensitivity of protein and antigen detection in standard PAGE procedures. Our technique uses a sample microloader device with a funnel-like structure, filled with a 4% stacking gel. When attach to the top of a polyacrylamide slab gel, the proteins in a sample are concentrated by electrophoresis into a small volume as they emerge from the device's narrow outlet. Our microloader has several advantages over previous devices, including simple assembly, high versatility, and absence of cross-contamination between lanes. Addition of this device to a slab gel results in a fivefold increase in the sensitivity of antigen detection in a Western blot. As a result, less protein is required for loading and signal detection. Our protocol is a straightforward modification of a standard experimental technique, and is especially useful when only limited sample quantities are available.
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Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Zang K, Reichardt LF. Focal adhesion kinase is required for neural crest cell morphogenesis during mouse cardiovascular development. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2218-30. [PMID: 19587446 DOI: 10.1172/jci38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) participate in the remodeling of the cardiac outflow tract and pharyngeal arch arteries during cardiovascular development. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediates signal transduction by integrin and growth factor receptors, each of which is important for normal cardiovascular development. To investigate the role of FAK in NCC morphogenesis, we deleted it in murine NCCs using Wnt1cre, yielding craniofacial and cardiovascular malformations resembling those observed in individuals with DiGeorge syndrome. In these mice, we observed normal cardiac NCC migration but reduced differentiation into smooth muscle within the aortic arch arteries and impaired cardiac outflow tract rotation, which resulted in a dextroposed aortic root. Moreover, within the conotruncal cushions, Fak-deficient NCCs formed a less organized mesenchyme, with reduced expression of perlecan and semaphorin 3C, and exhibited disorganized F-actin stress fibers within the aorticopulmonary septum. Additionally, absence of Fak resulted in reduced in vivo phosphorylation of Crkl and Erk1/2, components of a signaling pathway essential for NCC development. Consistent with this, both TGF-beta and FGF induced FAK and Crkl phosphorylation in control but not Fak-deficient NCCs in vitro. Our results indicate that FAK plays an essential role in cardiac outflow tract development by promoting the activation of molecules such as Crkl and Erk1/2.
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Gheyara AL, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Zang K, Mei L, St-Arnaud R, Dedhar S, Reichardt LF. Deletion of integrin-linked kinase from skeletal muscles of mice resembles muscular dystrophy due to alpha 7 beta 1-integrin deficiency. Am J Pathol 2007; 171:1966-77. [PMID: 18055553 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-linked kinase (Ilk) is a serine/threonine kinase and an adaptor protein that links integrins to the actin cytoskeleton and to a number of signaling pathways involved in integrin action. We hypothesized that Ilk may act as an important effector of integrins in skeletal muscle, where these receptors provide a critical link between the sarcolemma and the extracellular matrix. Using the cre/lox system, we deleted Ilk from skeletal muscles of mice. The resulting mutants developed a progressive muscular dystrophy with multiple degenerating and regenerating muscle fibers, increased central nuclei, and endomysial fibrosis. These defects were widespread but were most severe near myofascial junctions where Ilk mutants showed displacement of focal adhesion-related proteins, including vinculin, paxillin, focal adhesion kinase, dystrophin, and the alpha 7 beta 1D-integrin subunits. Distal ends of mutant muscle fibers appeared irregular, and there was restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton. These findings resemble those seen in humans and mice lacking the alpha 7-integrin subunit and suggest that Ilk may act as a cytoplasmic effector of alpha 7 beta1-integrin in the pathogenesis of these deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania L Gheyara
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Bragina L, Melone M, Fattorini G, Torres-Ramos M, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Matute C, Conti F. GLT-1 down-regulation induced by clozapine in rat frontal cortex is associated with synaptophysin up-regulation. J Neurochem 2006; 99:134-41. [PMID: 16987241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In rat frontal cortex, extracellular levels of glutamate are raised by the anti-psychotic drug clozapine. We have recently shown that a significant reduction in the levels of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 may be one of the mechanisms responsible for this elevation. Here we studied whether GLT-1 down-regulation induced by chronic clozapine treatment is associated with changes in the expression of synaptophysin, synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), three major presynaptic proteins involved in neurotransmitter release. Quantitative high-resolution confocal microscopy studies in vivo showed that GLT-1 down-regulation is closely associated with a significant increase in synaptophysin, but not SNAP-25 and VGLUT1, expression. This was confirmed in vitro studies, and in western blotting studies of synaptophysin, SNAP-25 and VGLUT1. In addition, our results show that, following clozapine treatment, synaptophysin expression increases in the very cortical regions in which GLT-1 expression is down-regulated. These findings suggest that part of the effects of clozapine may be exerted via an action on the presynaptic machinery involved in neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bragina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Palomino A, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, González-Pinto A, Aldama A, González-Gómez C, Mosquera F, González-García G, Matute C. Decreased levels of plasma BDNF in first-episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients. Schizophr Res 2006; 86:321-2. [PMID: 16829047 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Domercq M, Pérez-Cerdá F, Ravid R, Matute C. Increased expression and function of glutamate transporters in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 21:154-64. [PMID: 16061389 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that glutamate excitotoxicity may be a component in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Glutamate transporters determine the levels of extracellular glutamate and are essential to prevent excitotoxicity. We have analyzed here the expression of the glutamate transporters EAAT1, EAAT2 and EAAT3 in control and in MS optic nerve samples. We observed an overall increase in the level of the glutamate transporters EAAT1 and EAAT2 mRNA and protein. In turn, functional assays showed that glutamate uptake was also increased in MS samples. Furthermore, glutamate transporter increases were mimicked in rat optic nerves treated with excitotoxic levels of glutamate. Together, these results indicate that enhanced expression of glutamate transporters in MS constitutes a regulatory response of glial cells to toxic levels of glutamate in the CNS during inflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Domercq M, Matute C. A novel alternative splicing form of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 is a negative regulator of glutamate uptake. J Neurochem 2005; 95:341-8. [PMID: 16042756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract EAAT1 is a major glutamate transporter in the CNS and is required for normal neurotransmission and neuroprotection from excitotoxicity. In the present study, we have identified a novel form of the human EAAT1, named here as EAAT1ex9skip, which lacks the entire exon 9. Quantitative PCR analysis indicates that this variant is expressed throughout the CNS, both in grey matter and axonal tracts, at levels ranging between 10% and 20% of the full-length EAAT1 form. When expressed in HEK293 cells, EAAT1ex9skip mRNA is translated into a truncated protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. EAAT1ex9skip has no functional glutamate uptake activity but instead, exerts a dominant negative effect over full-length EAAT1 function. In turn, co-expression of full-length EAAT1 and EAAT1ex9skip variants reduces the insertion of the former into the plasma membrane. Together, these results indicate that the EAAT1ex9skip splice variant is a negative regulator of full-length EAAT1 function in the human brain.
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Abstract
To test the hypothesis that clozapine-induced reduction of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expression is mediated by astrocytes, we studied the effects of clozapine on Glu transporters and Glu uptake in primary astrocyte cultures of the cerebral cortex. Astrocyte cultures treated for 48 h with clozapine exhibited a reduction in GLT-1 levels of about 50%, whereas glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) levels remained unchanged. Glu uptake was also lowered, and this reduction was dose-dependent. Our findings indicate that clozapine reduces GLT-1 expression and function by a mechanism that directly involves astrocytes. A better understanding of the molecular events by which antipsychotics regulate Glu uptake can contribute to identify new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Matute C, Melone M, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Conti F. Increased expression of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Glia 2005; 49:451-5. [PMID: 15494981 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To verify whether altered glial glutamate uptake contributes to the reduced efficacy of glutamatergic transmission reported in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics, we studied the expression of GLT-1, the transporter responsible for most glutamate transport, in autoptic samples of prefrontal cortex using real time quantitative RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and functional assays. GLT-1 mRNA levels in medication-free patients were 2.5-fold higher than in controls, whereas they were normal or reduced in patients treated with antipsychotics. We also observed a 4-fold increase in L-[(3)H]-Glu uptake in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA from the prefrontal cortex of a medication-free schizophrenic and a 2-fold increase in GLT-1 protein in the same cortical area of another medication-free patient. Results suggest that GLT-1 mRNA, protein and function are increased in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Matute
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Universidad del País Vasco, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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Melone M, Vitellaro-Zuccarello L, Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Pérez-Samartin A, Matute C, Cozzi A, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Rothstein JD, Conti F. The expression of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the rat cerebral cortex is down-regulated by the antipsychotic drug clozapine. Mol Psychiatry 2001; 6:380-6. [PMID: 11443521 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2000] [Revised: 01/08/2001] [Accepted: 01/10/2001] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We show here that clozapine, a beneficial antipsychotic, down-regulates the expression of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in the rat cerebral cortex, thereby reducing glutamate transport and raising extracellular glutamate levels. Clozapine treatment (25--35 mg kg(-1) day(-1) orally) reduced GLT-1 immunoreactivity in several brain regions after 3 weeks; this effect was most prominent after 9 weeks and most evident in the frontal cortex. GLT-1 protein levels were reduced in the cerebral cortex of treated rats compared with controls and were more severely affected in the anterior (71.9 +/- 4.5%) than in the posterior (53.2 +/- 15.4%) cortex. L-[(3)H]-glutamate uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes injected with mRNA extracted from the anterior cerebral cortex of rats treated for 9 weeks was remarkably reduced (to 30.6 +/- 8.6%) as compared to controls. In addition, electrophysiological recordings from oocytes following application of glutamate revealed a strong reduction in glutamate uptake currents (46.3 +/- 10.2%) as compared to controls. Finally, clozapine treatment led to increases in both the mean basal (8.1 +/- 0.7 microM) and the KCl-evoked (28.7 +/- 7.7 microM) output of glutamate that were 3.1 and 3.5, respectively, higher than in control rats. These findings indicate that clozapine may potentiate glutamatergic synaptic transmission by regulating glutamate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melone
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Ancona, Via Tronto 10/A, Torrette di Ancona, 60020 Ancona, Italy
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