Core-Shell Magnetoactive PHB/Gelatin/Magnetite Composite Electrospun Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Evaluation of the effects of cartilage decellularized ECM in optimizing PHB-chitosan-HNT/chitosan-ECM core-shell electrospun scaffold: Physicochemical and biological properties

Cartilage regeneration is still a highly challenging field due to its low self-healing ability. This study used a core-shell electrospinning technique to enhance cartilage tissue engineering by incorporating cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). The core of fibers included poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-Chitosan (PHB-Cs) and Halloysite nanotubes. The shell of fibers consisted of Cs and ECM (0, 1, 3, 5 wt%). Subsequently, the scaffolds were named 0E, 1E, 3E, and 5E. The study aimed to assess the impact of ECM on cellular behavior and chondrogenesis. Our findings indicate that ECM reduced fiber diameter from 775 nm for the 0E scaffold to 454 nm for the 1E scaffold. Water contact angle measurements revealed an increasing trend by ECM addition, from 42° for 0E to 67° for 1E. According to mechanical analysis, the 1E scaffold represented the highest strength (5.81 MPa) and strain (3.17%). Based on these analyses, the 1E was considered the optimum scaffold. MTT analysis showed cell viability of over 80% for the 0E and 1E. Also, the gene expression level was assessed for Collagen II, Aggrecan, SOX 9, and Collagen X. The results represented that in the 1E scaffold Collagen II, Aggrecan, and SOX 9 were more upregulated at the end of the 21st day. However, in the 1E scaffold collagen X, as a hypertrophy marker, was downregulated at the end of the experiment. Overall, these results confirmed the potential of the 1E scaffold to be introduced as a promising cartilage tissue engineering scaffold for further studies.

Melatonin/P34HB Films for Active Packaging: Optimizing Flavor Preservation and Quality of Honey Peaches During Storage

To address unpredictable flavor changes in postharvest peaches during storage, this study investigated the use of bioactive packaging with melatonin-infused P34HB films. Films with melatonin concentrations of 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% were prepared using the extrusion casting method and applied to peach storage at room temperature. Comprehensive film properties were characterized, showing that melatonin minimally impacted the films' mechanical properties, including gas and water vapor permeability, but significantly increased film haze. Using GC-IMS, 30 organic compounds affecting peach flavor were effectively identified, including 8 aldehydes, 5 alcohols, 4 ketones, 12 esters, 1 pyrazine, 1 olefin, and 1 furan. Unpackaged, naturally ripening peaches served as a reference for assessing flavor and quality changes across various packaging groups during storage. The results indicated that the appearance of off-flavor organic compounds, such as ethanol produced by peach anaerobic respiration and complex esters, was the primary cause of flavor deterioration. The P34HB film with 1% melatonin most effectively preserved the original flavor and juiciness of peaches, highlighting its potential as an active packaging solution for fruit.

A novel ultrasound-driven piezoelectric GBR membrane dispersed with boron nitride nanotubes promotes bone regeneration and anti-bacterial properties

Bone graft absorption and infection are the major challenges to guided bone regeneration(GBR), yet the GBR membrane is neither osteogenic nor antibacterial. Hence, we followed sono-piezo therapy strategy by fabricating an electrospun membrane dispersed with boron nitride nanotubes. The PLLA/Gelatine/PDA@BNNT (PGBT) membrane has improved mechanical and biocompatible properties and generate piezovoltages of 130 mV when activated by ultrasound stimulation under 100 mW/cm2 without extra polarization. The PGBT with ultrasound is conducive to cellular osteogenesis, barrier function, and shows antibacterial rate of about 40 %. The rat cranial defect experiments revealed that PGBT with ultrasound could promote osteogenesis in-vivo and show great potentials for vertical bone defect repair.

Evaluation of properties for Carbothane™ 3575A-based electrospun vascular graftsin vitroandin vivo

Bioengineered vascular grafts (VGs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the treatment of damaged or occlusive vessels. It is thought that polyurethane (PU)-based scaffolds possess suitable hemocompatibility and biomechanics comparable to those of normal blood vessels. In this study, we investigated the properties of electrospun scaffolds comprising various blends of biostable polycarbonate-based PU (Carbothane™ 3575A) and gelatin. Scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infra-red spectroscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering, stress-loading tests, and interactions with primary human cells and blood. Data fromin vitroexperiments demonstrated that a scaffold produced from a blend of 5% Carbothane™ 3575A and 10% gelatin has proven to be a suitable material for fabricating a small-diameter VG. A comparativein vivostudy of such VGs and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) grafts implanted in the abdominal aorta of Wistar rats was performed. The data of intravital study and histological examination indicated that Carbothane-based electrospun grafts outclass ePTFE grafts and represent a promising device for preclinical studies to satisfy vascular surgery needs.

Life Cycle of Functional All-Green Biocompatible Fibrous Materials Based on Biodegradable Polyhydroxybutyrate and Hemin: Synthesis, Service Life, and the End-of-Life via Biodegradation

This article addresses the entire life cycle of the all-green fibrous materials based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) containing a natural biocompatible additive Hemin (Hmi): from preparation, service life, and the end of life upon in-soil biodegradation. Fibrous PHB/Hmi materials with a highly developed surface and interconnected porosity were prepared by electrospinning (ES) from Hmi-containing feed solutions. Structural organization of the PHB/Hmi materials (porosity, uniform structure, diameter of fibers, surface area, distribution of Hmi within the PHB matrix, phase composition, etc.) is shown to be governed by the ES conditions: the presence of even minor amounts of Hmi in the PHB/Hmi (below 5 wt %) serves as a powerful tool for the control over their structure, performance, and biodegradation. Service characteristics of the PHB/Hmi materials (wettability, prolonged release of Hmi, antibacterial activity, breathability, and mechanical properties) were studied by different physicochemical methods (scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, contact angle measurements, antibacterial tests, etc.). The effect of the structural organization of the PHB/Hmi materials on their in-soil biodegradation at the end of life was analyzed, and key factors providing efficient biodegradation of the PHB/Hmi materials at all stages (from adaptation to mineralization) are highlighted (high surface area and porosity, thin fibers, release of Hmi, etc.). The proposed approach allows for target-oriented preparation and structural design of the functional PHB/Hmi nonwovens when their structural supramolecular organization with a highly developed surface area controls both their service properties as efficient antibacterial materials and in-soil biodegradation upon the end of life.

Multifunctional embelin- poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid) and sodium alginate-based core-shell electrospun nanofibrous mat for wound healing applications

In this study, coaxial electrospinning is employed to make core-shell fibers, which represents a major advance in biomaterial innovation. Fibers that combine a protective shell and a therapeutic agent-loaded core, herald a revolutionary era in tissue engineering and wound care. Besides supporting cell growth, these fibers also preserve sterility, which makes them ideal for advanced wound dressings. We used embelin as the basis for this study because of its natural antibacterial properties. Its effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of bacteria made it the ideal candidate for our research. We have synthesized core-shell nanofibers that contain Sodium Alginate (SAL) in a Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) shell and Embelin in a Poly (3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) core, which exhibit the homogeneity and flawless structure required for biomedical applications. When using SAL-PEO and EMB-PHB solutions dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), high consistency in results can be achieved. A biocompatibility study was conducted using NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, which demonstrated remarkable adhesion and proliferation, with over 95 % growth supporting both PHB + SAL-PEO and EMB-PHB + SAL-PEO fibers. In addition, the scaffold loaded with Embelin shows strong antibacterial activity and cytocompatibility. The combined activity demonstrates the potential of EMB-PHB + SAL-PEO fibers in wound healing, where tissue regeneration and preservation of sterility are crucial. The optimized concentration of Embelin within these scaffolds demonstrates robust antibacterial efficacy while exhibiting minimal toxicity, thus positioning them as highly promising candidates for a wide range of biological applications, including wound healing.

Enhancing Adhesion of Fibrin-Based Hydrogel to Polythioether Polymer Surfaces

The development of stable (bio)hybrid constructs composed of scaffolds and (bio)matrices is a major challenge in the field of tissue engineering. In the present work, the adhesion of fibrin-based hydrogels to the surface of polythioether-based polymers relevant to the 3D printing of polymer scaffolds produced by thiol-ene click chemistry was investigated. Adhesion properties were characterized by single-lap tensile shear testing. Both the sample preparation and the test method were optimized for the analysis of fibrin gel bonding to the polythioether surface. Our experimental results show that even without further modification, an adhesion between the fibrin hydrogel and polythioether is substantial, with an adhesion strength of 4.9 ± 1.0 kPa. To further improve the bonding, linear functional poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PVP-co-GMA) copolymers were used that are known for covalently binding to fibrin. The maximum adhesion strength in our study was found to be 18.4 ± 3.4 kPa. The pure PVP-co-GMA copolymers also demonstrate covalent binding to the thiol-ene-based polymers with a maximum adhesion strength of 32.2 ± 2.7 kPa. Therefore, compared to pure fibrin, the presence of copolymer coating both on the polythioether surface and in the fibrin gel led to a significant increase of the adhesion strength by a factor of 1.6.

Electrospinning of biomimetic materials with fibrinogen for effective early-stage wound healing

Electrospun biomimetic materials based on polyester of natural origin poly-3-hudroxybutyrate (PHB) modified with hemin (Hmi) and fibrinogen (Fbg) represent a great interest and are potentially applicable in various fields. Here, we describe formulation of the new fibrous PHB-Fbg and PHB-Hmi-Fbg materials with complex structure for biomedical application. The average diameter of the fibers was 3.5 μm and 1.8 μm respectively. Hmi presence increased porosity from 80 % to 94 %, significantly reduced the number of defects, ensured the formation of a larger number of open pores, and improved mechanical properties. Hmi presence significantly improved the molding properties of the material. Hmi facilitated effective Fbg adsorption on the of the PHB wound-healing material, ensuring uniform localization of the protein on the surface of the fibers. Next, we evaluated cytocompatibility, cell behavior, and open wound healing in mice. The results demonstrated that PHB-Fbg and PHB-Hmi-Fbg electrospun materials had pronounced properties and may be promising for early-stage wound healing - the PHB-Hmi-Fbg sample accelerated wound closure by 35 % on the 3rd day, and PHB-Hmi showed 45 % more effective wound closure on the 15th day.

Biopolymeric nanofibrous scaffolds of poly(3-hydroxybuthyrate)/chitosan loaded with biogenic silver nanoparticle synthesized using curcumin and their antibacterial activities

The increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to public health, especially in wound infections. Developing new bactericidal agents and treatment strategies is crucial to address this issue. In this study, biopolymeric nanofibrous scaffolds containing green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with curcumin (CUR) were evaluated as antimicrobial materials for wound healing therapy. Firstly, CUR was utilized to synthesize AgNPs, which were then analyzed using various analytical methods. The microstructural analysis revealed that the biogenic AgNPs, which had a spherical shape and an average size of 19.83 nm, were uniformly anchored on PHB/CTS nanofibers. Then, the AgNPs with various content (0.25-1%wt) were incorporated into PHB/CTS matrix to enhance its wettability, thermal and bactericidal behaviors. The nanofibrous scaffolds were characterized by FT-IR, FE-SEM, TGA analysis and water contact angle measurement. Overall, the addition of CUR-AgNPs to the PHB/CTS matrix led to a reduction in fiber diameter, enhanced hydrophilicity and improved thermal properties. Additionally, antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was performed on samples of AgNPS and PHB/CTS/CUR-Ag. The synthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against both microorganisms, especially against S. aureus. Higher concentrations of AgNPs in nanofibers led to a significant reduction in bacterial colony formation. The results displayed that PHB/CTS/CUR-AgNPs nanofibrous scaffolds could be a promising material for the biomedical applications such as wound healing.

Multifunctional Electrospun Nanofibers for Biosensing and Biomedical Engineering Applications

Nanotechnology is experiencing unprecedented developments, leading to the advancement of functional nanomaterials. The properties that stand out include remarkable porosity, high-specific surface area, excellent loading capacity, easy modification, and low cost make electrospun nanofibers. In the biomedical field, especially in biosensors, they exhibit amazing potential. This review introduces the principle of electrospinning, describes several structures and biomaterials of electrospun nanofibers used for biomedicine, and summarizes the applications of this technology in biosensors and other biomedical applications. In addition, the technical challenges and limitations of electrospinning for biomedicine are discussed; however, more research work is needed to elucidate its full potential.

Recent Biotechnological Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in the Biomedical Sector-A Review

Petroleum-derived plastics are materials of great importance for the contemporary lifestyle, and are widely used commercially because they are low cost, resistant, malleable, and weightless, in addition to their hydrophobic character. However, some factors that confer the qualities of these materials also cause problems, mainly environmental, associated with their use. The COVID-19 pandemic aggravated these impacts due to the high demand for personal protective equipment and the packaging sector. In this scenario, bioplastics are environmentally positive alternatives to these plastics due to their applicability in several areas ranging from packaging, to biomedicine, to agriculture. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable biopolymers usually produced by microorganisms as an energy reserve. Their structural variability provides a wide range of applications, making them a viable option to replace polluting materials. PHAs can be applied in various biotechnology sectors, such as producing drug carriers and scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review aimed to survey works published in the last five years on the study and biotechnological application of PHAs in the biomedical sector, exploring the versatility and advantages of their use and helping to understand how to enhance their application.

Osteogenic potential of PHB-lignin/cellulose nanofiber electrospun scaffold as a novel bone regeneration construct

The electrospun scaffolds could mimic the highly hierarchical structure of extracellular matrix (ECM). Modern tissue engineering focuses on the properties of these microstructures, influencing the biological responses. This research investigates the variation of morphology, crystallinity, bioactivity, mechanical properties, contact angle, mass loss rate, roughness, cell behavior, biomineralization, and the efficacy of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based nanocomposite. Hence, 6 wt% lignin and 3 wt% cellulose nanofiber were added to the 9 wt% of PHB to prepare a novel electrospun nanocomposite structure (PLC). The outputs indicated more symmetrical circular fibers for PLC mat, higher surface roughness (326 to 389 nm), better hydrophilicity (120 to 60°), smaller crystal size (24 to 16 nm), and more reasonable biodegradability compared to PHB. These changes lead to the improvement of mechanical properties (toughness factor from 300 to 1100), cell behavior (viability from 60 to 100 %), bioactivity (from Ca/P ratio of 0.77 and 1.67), and higher level of alizarin red, and ALP enzyme secretion. Eventually, the osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase expression was also enhanced from ≃2.35 ± 0.15 and 2.1 ± 0.1 folds on the 1st day to ≃12.05 ± 0.35 and 7.95 ± 0.35 folds on 2nd week in PLCs. Accordingly, this newly developed structure could enhance biological responses and promote osteogenesis compared to PHB.

Evaluation of Biocompatibility of PLA/PHB/TPS Polymer Scaffolds with Different Additives of ATBC and OLA Plasticizers

One of the blends that is usable for 3D printing while not being toxic to cell cultures is the lactic acid (PLA)/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blend. The addition of plasticizers can change the rate of biodegradation and the biological behavior of the material. In order to evaluate the potential of the PLA/PHB/TPS material in combination with additives (plasticizers: acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and oligomeric lactic acid (OLA)), for use in the field of biomedical tissue engineering, we performed a comprehensive in vitro characterization of selected mixture materials. Three types of materials were tested: I: PLA/PHB/TPS + 25% OLA, II: PLA/PHB/TPS + 30% ATBC, and III: PLA/PHB/TPS + 30% OLA. The assessment of the biocompatibility of the materials included cytotoxicity tests, such as monitoring the viability, proliferation and morphology of cells and their deposition on the surface of the materials. The cell line 7F2 osteoblasts (Mus musculus) was used in the experiments. Based on the test results, the significant influence of plasticizers on the material was confirmed, with their specific proportions in the mixtures. PLA/PHB/TPS + 25% OLA was evaluated as the optimal material for biocompatibility with 7F2 osteoblasts. The tested biomaterials have the potential for further investigation with a possible change in the proportion of plasticizers, which can have a fundamental impact on their biological properties.

Application of Nanocellulose-Based Aerogels in Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Trends and Outlooks

The complex or compromised bone defects caused by osteomyelitis, malignant tumors, metastatic tumors, skeletal abnormalities, and systemic diseases are difficult to be self-repaired, leading to a non-union fracture. With the increasing demands of bone transplantation, more and more attention has been paid to artificial bone substitutes. As biopolymer-based aerogel materials, nanocellulose aerogels have been widely utilized in bone tissue engineering. More importantly, nanocellulose aerogels not only mimic the structure of the extracellular matrix but could also deliver drugs and bioactive molecules to promote tissue healing and growth. Here, we reviewed the most recent literature about nanocellulose-based aerogels, summarized the preparation, modification, composite fabrication, and applications of nanocellulose-based aerogels in bone tissue engineering, as well as giving special focus to the current limitations and future opportunities of nanocellulose aerogels for bone tissue engineering.

Activated Carbon-Enriched Electrospun-Produced Scaffolds for Drug Delivery/Release in Biological Systems

To vectorize drug delivery from electrospun-produced scaffolds, we introduce a thin outer drug retention layer produced by electrospinning from activated carbon nanoparticles (ACNs)-enriched polycaprolacton (PCL) suspension. Homogeneous or coaxial fibers filled with ACNs were produced by electrospinning from different PCL-based suspensions. Stable ACN suspensions were selected by sorting through solvents, stabilizers and auxiliary components. The ACN-enriched scaffolds produced were characterized for fiber diameter, porosity, pore size and mechanical properties. The scaffold structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was found that ACNs were mainly coated with a polymer layer for both homogeneous and coaxial fibers. Drug binding and release from the scaffolds were tested using tritium-labeled sirolimus. We showed that the kinetics of sirolimus binding/release by ACN-enriched scaffolds was determined by the fiber composition and differed from that obtained with a free ACN. ACN-enriched scaffolds with coaxial and homogeneous fibers had a biocompatibility close to scaffold-free AC, as was shown by the cultivation of human gingival fibroblasts and umbilical vein cells on scaffolds. The data obtained demonstrated that ACN-enriched scaffolds had good physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility and, thus, could be used as a retaining layer for vectored drug delivery.

Pb2+ recovery from real water samples by adsorption onto nano Fe3 O4 /chitosan-acrylamide hydrogel ions in real water samples

This study examined the removal of Pb(II) using magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent from diverse sample waters. Spectrometry was used to track the effects of magnetic acrylamide nanocomposite dose, pH extraction, and contact duration on Pb(II) removal from sample water. This research also looked at adsorption isotherm models for the sorption of Pb(II). The magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent Pb(II) adsorption capability was 31.74 mg/g respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model fits the removal of Pb(II) utilising magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent. In addition, this adsorbent was shown to have a q_max value of 31.74 mg/g of Pb²⁺ ions, which is considered to be of high efficiency for Pb²⁺ ion removal. The studied kinetic models have determined that the pseudo-second-order linear model is more suitable to explain the adsorption of lead (II) on magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent. Also, chemical adsorption is the rate-limiting step in the adsorption process of lead (II) ions.

Polyurethane/Liquid Crystal Microfibers with pDNA Polyplex Loadings for the Optimal Release and Promotion of HUVEC Proliferation

Fiber structures with connected pores resemble the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissues, and show high potential for promoting the formation of natural functional tissue. The geometry of composite fibers produced by electrospinning is similar to that of the living-tissue ECM, in terms of structural complexity. The introduction of liquid crystals does not affect the morphology of fibers. The composite mat shows better hydrophilicity, with higher content of liquid crystal. At the same time, the higher the content of liquid crystal, the lower the modulus and tensile strength, and the higher the breaking energy and the elongation at break. Additionally, the factors affecting fibers are also investigated in this study. The addition of liquid crystals to the fibers' matrix can slow down the release of pDNA, which is the most common vehicle for genetic engineering, and the encapsulation of pDNA polymer into the fiber matrix can maintain biological activity. The continued release of the pDNA complex was achieved in this study through liquid crystals, and the effective release is controllable. In addition, the integration of liquid crystals into fibers with pDNA polymers can cause a faster transfection rate and promote HUVEC (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) growth. It is possible to combine electrospun fibers containing LC (liquid crystal) with pDNA condensation technology to achieve the goal of a sustained release. The production of inductable tissue-building equipment can manipulate the required signals at an effective level in the local tissue microenvironment.

Comprehensive Study on the Reinforcement of Electrospun PHB Scaffolds with Composite Magnetic Fe3O4-rGO Fillers: Structure, Physico-Mechanical Properties, and Piezoelectric Response

This is a comprehensive study on the reinforcement of electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) scaffolds with a composite filler of magnetite-reduced graphene oxide (Fe₃O₄-rGO). The composite filler promoted the increase of average fiber diameters and decrease of the degree of crystallinity of hybrid scaffolds. The decrease in the fiber diameter enhanced the ductility and mechanical strength of scaffolds. The surface electric potential of PHB/Fe₃O₄-rGO composite scaffolds significantly increased with increasing fiber diameter owing to a greater number of polar functional groups. The changes in the microfiber diameter did not have any influence on effective piezoresponses of composite scaffolds. The Fe₃O₄-rGO filler imparted high saturation magnetization (6.67 ± 0.17 emu/g) to the scaffolds. Thus, magnetic PHB/Fe₃O₄-rGO composite scaffolds both preserve magnetic properties and provide a piezoresponse, whereas varying the fiber diameter offers control over ductility and surface electric potential.

Advances in Biodegradable Soft Robots

Biodegradable soft robots have been proposed for a variety of intelligent applications in soft robotics, flexible electronics, and bionics. Biodegradability offers an extraordinary functional advantage to soft robots for operations accompanying smart shape transformation in response to external stimuli such as heat, pH, and light. This review primarily surveyed the current advanced scientific and engineering strategies for integrating biodegradable materials within stimuli-responsive soft robots. It also focused on the fabrication methodologies of multiscale biodegradable soft robots, and highlighted the role of biodegradable soft robots in enhancing the multifunctional properties of drug delivery capsules, biopsy tools, smart actuators, and sensors. Lastly, the current challenges and perspectives on the future development of intelligent soft robots for operation in real environments were discussed.

Application of artificial neural networks to predict Young's moduli of cartilage scaffolds: An in-vitro and micromechanical study

In this study, four-phase Gelatin-Polypyrrole-Akermanite-Magnetite scaffolds were fabricated and analyzed using in-vitro tests and numerical simulations. Such scaffolds contained various amounts of Magnetite bioceramics as much as 0, 5, 10, and 15 wt% of Gelatin-Polypyrrole-Akermanite biocomposite. X-ray diffraction analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were conducted. Swelling and degradation of the scaffolds were studied by immersing them in phosphate-buffered saline, PBS, solution. Magnetite bioceramics decreased the swelling percent and degradation duration. By immersing scaffolds in simulated body fluid, the highest formation rate of Apatite was observed in the 15 wt% Magnetite samples. The mean pore size was in an acceptable range to provide suitable conditions for cell proliferation. MG-63 cells were cultured on extracts of the scaffolds for 24, 48, and 72 h and their surfaces for 24 h. Cell viabilities and cell morphologies were assessed. Afterward, micromechanical models with spherical and polyhedral voids and artificial neural networks were employed to predict Young's moduli of the scaffolds. Based on the results of finite element analyses, spherical-shaped void models made the best predictions of elastic behavior in the 0, 5 wt% Magnetite scaffolds compared to the experimental data. Results of the simulations and experimental tests for the ten wt% Magnetite samples were well matched in both micromechanical models. In the 15 wt% Magnetite sample, models with polyhedral voids could precisely predict Young's modulus of such scaffolds.