1
|
Alshehade SA, Almoustafa HA, Alshawsh MA, Chik Z. Flow cytometry-based quantitative analysis of cellular protein expression in apoptosis subpopulations: A protocol. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33665. [PMID: 39040270 PMCID: PMC11260931 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry techniques utilizing dual staining with annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) provide a robust method for quantitatively analyzing apoptosis induction. Annexin V binds phosphatidylserine exposed on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during early apoptosis, while PI permeates late apoptotic/necrotic cells. Simultaneous staining allows differentiation of viable, early apoptotic, and late apoptotic/necrotic populations. This approach can be enhanced by using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies to stain specific proteins, enabling the simultaneous tracking of protein expression changes in defined cell subpopulations during apoptosis. This multiparametric approach provides key insights into signaling regulation and the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic response to cytotoxic treatments. Here we present a protocol that combines annexin V-FITC/PI staining with APC-conjugated antibody labeling in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells treated with doxorubicin. This protocol enables both the quantitative assessment of apoptosis induction and the tracking of decreased CD44 expression from viable to apoptotic cells. This protocol also provides guidelines for appropriate filter selection, compensation controls, gating strategies, and troubleshooting. This robust protocol holds significant potential for elucidating signaling networks involved in apoptosis and therapeutic resistance across various cellular models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Abdalrazak Alshehade
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Bio Medical Sciences, MAHSA University, 42610, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan A. Almoustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Bioequivalence and Testing Centre (UBAT), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Zamri Chik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Universiti Malaya Bioequivalence and Testing Centre (UBAT), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phatak N, Bhattacharya S, Shah D, Manthalkar L, Sreelaya P, Jain A. CD44 targeted delivery of hyaluronic acid-coated polymeric nanoparticles against colorectal cancer. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1613-1634. [PMID: 37830460 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-polysarcosine (PSAR) coupled sorafenib tosylate (SF) polymeric nanoparticles for targeted colon cancer therapy. Materials & methods: PLGA-PSAR shells were encapsulated with SF via nanoprecipitation. Interactions were examined with transmission electron microscopy, revealing formulation component interactions. Results: The optimized HA-coated polymeric nanoparticles (238.8 nm, -6.1 mV, 68.361% entrapment) displayed enhanced controlled release of SF. These formulations showed superior cytotoxicity against HCT116 cell lines compared with free drug (p < 0.05). In vivo tests on male albino Wistar rats demonstrated improved pharmacokinetics, targeting and biocompatibility. HA-coated PLGA-PSAR-coupled SF polymeric nanoparticles hold potential for effective colorectal therapy. Conclusion: Colon cancer may be precisely targeted by HA-coated PLGA-PSA-coupled SF polymeric nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Phatak
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Disha Shah
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Laxmi Manthalkar
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Putrevu Sreelaya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Arinjay Jain
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mukhopadhyay A, Gope A, Choudhury K, Chatterjee J, Mukherjee R. Modulation of Biophysical Cues in Nature Inspired Patterning of Porous Silk Fibroin Scaffold for Replenishable Controlled Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300119. [PMID: 37269219 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
While a sticking plasteris enough for healing of most of the minor cuts they may get routinely, critical situations like surgical, gunshot, accidental or diabetic wounds;lacarations and other cutaneous deep cuts may require implants and simultaneous medications for healing. From the biophysical standpoint, an internal force-based physical surface stimulusis crucial for cellular sensing during wound repair. In this paper, the authors report the fabrication of a porous, biomimmetically patterned silk fibroin scaffold loaded with ampicillin, which exhibits controlled release of the drug along with possible replenishment of the same. In vitro swelling study reveals that the scaffolds with hierarchical surface patterns exhibit lower swelling and degradation than other types of scaffolds. The scaffolds, that show remarkable broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy, exhibit Korsemeyer-Peppas model for the ampicillin release patterns due to the structural hydrophobicity imparted by the patterns. Four distinct cell-matrix adhesion regimes are investigated for the fibroblasts to eventually form cell sheets all over the hierarchical surface structures. 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA) fluorescent staining clearly demonstrate the superiority of patterned surface over its other variants. A comparative immunofluorescence study among collagen I, vinculin, and vimentin expressions substantiated the patterned surface to be superior to others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurup Mukhopadhyay
- Multimodal Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Ayan Gope
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Kabita Choudhury
- Department of Microbiology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700014, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- Dr.B.C.Roy Multi-Specialty Medical Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elzayat EM, Sherif AY, Nasr FA, Attwa MW, Alshora DH, Ahmad SF, Alqahtani AS. Enhanced Codelivery of Gefitinib and Azacitidine for Treatment of Metastatic-Resistant Lung Cancer Using Biodegradable Lipid Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5364. [PMID: 37570067 PMCID: PMC10419431 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a formidable challenge in clinical practice owing to its metastatic nature and resistance to conventional treatments. The codelivery of anticancer agents offers a potential solution to overcome resistance and minimize systemic toxicity. The encapsulation of these agents within nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) provides a promising strategy to enhance lymphatic delivery and reduce the risk of relapse. This study aimed to develop an NLC formulation loaded with Gefitinib and Azacitidine (GEF-AZT-NLC) for the treatment of metastatic-resistant lung cancer. The physicochemical properties of the formulations were characterized, and in vitro drug release was evaluated using the dialysis bag method. The cytotoxic activity of the GEF-AZT-NLC formulations was assessed on a lung cancer cell line, and hemocompatibility was evaluated using suspended red blood cells. The prepared formulations exhibited nanoscale size (235-272 nm) and negative zeta potential values (-15 to -31 mV). In vitro study revealed that the GEF-AZT-NLC formulation retained more than 20% and 60% of GEF and AZT, respectively, at the end of the experiment. Hemocompatibility study demonstrated the safety of the formulation for therapeutic use, while cytotoxicity studies suggested that the encapsulation of both anticancer agents within NLCs could be advantageous in treating resistant cancer cells. In conclusion, the GEF-AZT-NLC formulation developed in this study holds promise as a potential therapeutic tool for treating metastatic-resistant lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M. Elzayat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Abdelrahman Y. Sherif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Fahd A. Nasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.N.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Doaa H. Alshora
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (E.M.E.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ali S. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.N.); (A.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eid EEM, Almaiman AA, Alshehade SA, Alsalemi W, Kamran S, Suliman FO, Alshawsh MA. Characterization of Thymoquinone-Sulfobutylether-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex for Anticancer Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104096. [PMID: 37241838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a quinone derived from the black seed Nigella sativa and has been extensively studied in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical research due to its therapeutic potential and pharmacological properties. Although the chemopreventive and potential anticancer effects of TQ have been reported, its limited solubility and poor delivery remain the major limitations. In this study, we aimed to characterize the inclusion complexes of TQ with Sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) at four different temperatures (293-318 K). Additionally, we compared the antiproliferative activity of TQ alone to TQ complexed with SBE-β-CD on six different cancer cell lines, including colon, breast, and liver cancer cells (HCT-116, HT-29, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, SK-BR-3, and HepG2), using an MTT assay. We calculated the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) using the van't Holf equation. The inclusion complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), and molecular dynamics using the PM6 model. Our findings revealed that the solubility of TQ was improved by ≥60 folds, allowing TQ to penetrate completely into the cavity of SBE-β-CD. The IC50 values of TQ/SBE-β-CD ranged from 0.1 ± 0.01 µg/mL against SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells to 1.2 ± 0.16 µg/mL against HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells, depending on the cell line. In comparison, the IC50 values of TQ alone ranged from 0.2 ± 0.01 µg/mL to 4.7 ± 0.21 µg/mL. Overall, our results suggest that SBE-β-CD can enhance the anticancer effect of TQ by increasing its solubility and bioavailability and cellular uptake. However, further studies are necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and potential side effects of using SBE-β-CD as a drug delivery system for TQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eltayeb E M Eid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer A Almaiman
- Unit of Scientific Research, Applied College, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wardah Alsalemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sareh Kamran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - FakhrEldin O Suliman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 36, Muscat 123, Oman
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease via Antioxidant Activities in C57BL/6 Obese Mice and Palmitic-Oleic Acid-Induced Steatosis in HepG2 Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010109. [PMID: 36678606 PMCID: PMC9866040 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent form of liver disease. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq, a traditional plant in South Asia, has previously been shown to attenuate obesity and hyperglycaemic conditions. Eight weeks of feeding C57BL/6 mice with the standardized O. aristatus extract (400 mg/kg) inhibited the progression of NAFLD. Liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase were significantly reduced in treated mice by 74.2% ± 7.69 and 52.8% ± 7.83, respectively. Furthermore, the treated mice showed a reduction in serum levels of glucose (50% ± 5.71), insulin (70.2% ± 12.09), total cholesterol (27.5% ± 15.93), triglycerides (63.2% ± 16.5), low-density lipoprotein (62.5% ± 4.93) and atherogenic risk index relative to the negative control. Histologically, O. aristatus reversed hepatic fat accumulation and reduced NAFLD severity. Notably, our results showed the antioxidant activity of O. aristatus via increased superoxide dismutase activity and a reduction of hepatic malondialdehyde levels. In addition, the levels of serum pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6 and TNFα) decreased, indicating anti-inflammatory activity. The aqueous, hydroethanolic and ethanolic fractions of O. aristatus extract significantly reduced intracellular fat accumulation in HepG2 cells that were treated with palmitic-oleic acid. Together, these findings suggest that antioxidant activities are the primary mechanism of action of O. aristatus underlying the anti-NAFLD effects.
Collapse
|