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Rao X, Zhao L, Xu L, Wang Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Chen GY, Liu T, Wang Y. Review of Optical Humidity Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238049. [PMID: 34884052 PMCID: PMC8659510 DOI: 10.3390/s21238049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical humidity sensors have evolved through decades of research and development, constantly adapting to new demands and challenges. The continuous growth is supported by the emergence of a variety of optical fibers and functional materials, in addition to the adaptation of different sensing mechanisms and optical techniques. This review attempts to cover the majority of optical humidity sensors reported to date, highlight trends in design and performance, and discuss the challenges of different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Lukui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - George Y. Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Tongyu Liu
- Laser Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; (L.Z.); (T.L.)
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/GuangDong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.R.); (L.X.); (Y.W.); (K.L.); (Y.W.); (Y.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Yang Y, Su G, Li Q, Zhu Z, Liu S, Zhuo B, Li X, Ti P, Yuan Q. Performance of the highly sensitive humidity sensor constructed with nanofibrillated cellulose/graphene oxide/polydimethylsiloxane aerogel via freeze drying. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1543-1552. [PMID: 35424105 PMCID: PMC8693616 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A kind of capacitive humidity sensor with high sensitivity constructed with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), graphene oxide (GO) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is presented in this work, via a simple ultrasonic dispersion and freeze drying technology. The NFC and GO with a strong adsorption for water molecules were used as a substrate for the promotion of capacitive response of the humidity sensor. Moreover, anhydrous ethanol was added to inhibit the generation of big cracks in the humidity sensor in the freeze drying process, so as to obtain a regular network porous structure, then providing a great deal of conduction channels and active sites for molecular water. Also, the addition of PDMS can effectively enhance the flexibility and stability of its porous structure. The results confirmed that the humidity sensor with 30 wt% GO showed an excellent humidity sensitivity (6576.41 pF/% RH), remarkable reproducibility, low humidity hysteresis characteristic in 11-97% relative humidity (RH) at 25 °C, and short response/recovery times (57 s/2 s). In addition, the presented sensor exhibited small relative deviation of the measured relative humidity value compared with the commercial hygrometer. The realization of the high sensitivity can be attributed to the theories about interaction of the hydrophilic group, proton transfer of water molecules and the three-dimensional network transport structure model. Therefore, the NFC/GO/PDMS humidity sensor finally realizes stable, reproducible and fast humidity sensing via an eco-friendly process, exhibiting promising potential for wide practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Yang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Guoting Su
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Qilin Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Zipiao Zhu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Shaoran Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Bing Zhuo
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Xinpu Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Pu Ti
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
| | - Quanping Yuan
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University Nanning 530004 China
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Donarelli M, Ottaviano L. 2D Materials for Gas Sensing Applications: A Review on Graphene Oxide, MoS₂, WS₂ and Phosphorene. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E3638. [PMID: 30373161 PMCID: PMC6264021 DOI: 10.3390/s18113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
After the synthesis of graphene, in the first year of this century, a wide research field on two-dimensional materials opens. 2D materials are characterized by an intrinsic high surface to volume ratio, due to their heights of few atoms, and, differently from graphene, which is a semimetal with zero or near zero bandgap, they usually have a semiconductive nature. These two characteristics make them promising candidate for a new generation of gas sensing devices. Graphene oxide, being an intermediate product of graphene fabrication, has been the first graphene-like material studied and used to detect target gases, followed by MoS₂, in the first years of 2010s. Along with MoS₂, which is now experiencing a new birth, after its use as a lubricant, other sulfides and selenides (like WS₂, WSe₂, MoSe₂, etc.) have been used for the fabrication of nanoelectronic devices and for gas sensing applications. All these materials show a bandgap, tunable with the number of layers. On the other hand, 2D materials constituted by one atomic species have been synthetized, like phosphorene (one layer of black phosphorous), germanene (one atom thick layer of germanium) and silicone (one atom thick layer of silicon). In this paper, a comprehensive review of 2D materials-based gas sensor is reported, mainly focused on the recent developments of graphene oxide, exfoliated MoS₂ and WS₂ and phosphorene, for gas detection applications. We will report on their use as sensitive materials for conductometric, capacitive and optical gas sensors, the state of the art and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Donarelli
- Sensor Laboratory, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25136 Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 10, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Luca Ottaviano
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 10, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- CNR-SPIN, UOS L'Aquila, Via Vetoio 10, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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Wang L, Yang P, Liu Y, Fang X, Shi X, Wu S, Huang L, Li H, Huang X, Huang W. Scrolling up graphene oxide nanosheets assisted by self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9997-10001. [PMID: 28682391 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03072j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and novel method for the fabrication of high-quality nanoscrolls of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide decorated with silver nanoparticles (GO-Ag) on a gold substrate through a scrolling process assisted by the self-assembly of alkanethiol monolayers. The yield and rate of the scrolling process were highly dependent on the lengths of the alkanethiol molecules, and could be well described by power law functions. Importantly, compared to nanosheets, nanoscrolls of GO and GO-Ag showed superior performance in humidity sensing due to their unique scrolled structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South PuZhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
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A new 3D cupric coordination polymer as chemiresistor humidity sensor: narrow hysteresis, high sensitivity, fast response and recovery. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-017-9079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang H, Ran F, Yang P, Li H. Graphene oxide scroll meshes encapsulated Ag nanoparticles for humidity sensing. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
rGO–Ag scroll meshes shows 3 orders of magnitude higher humidity response compared to that of rGO scroll meshes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Feirong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech)
- Nanjing 211816
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Risos A, Long N, Hunze A, Gouws G. A 3D Faraday Shield for Interdigitated Dielectrometry Sensors and Its Effect on Capacitance. SENSORS 2016; 17:s17010077. [PMID: 28042868 PMCID: PMC5298650 DOI: 10.3390/s17010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interdigitated dielectrometry sensors (IDS) are capacitive sensors investigated to precisely measure the relative permittivity (ϵr) of insulating liquids. Such liquids used in the power industry exhibit a change in ϵr as they degrade. The IDS ability to measure ϵr in-situ can potentially reduce maintenance, increase grid stability and improve safety. Noise from external electric field sources is a prominent issue with IDS. This paper investigates the novelty of applying a Faraday cage onto an IDS as a 3D shield to reduce this noise. This alters the spatially distributed electric field of an IDS affecting its sensing properties. Therefore, dependency of the sensor’s signal with the distance to a shield above the IDS electrodes has been investigated experimentally and theoretically via a Green’s function calculation and FEM. A criteria of the shield’s distance s = s0 has been defined as the distance which gives a capacitance for the IDS equal to 1 − e−2=86.5% of its unshielded value. Theoretical calculations using a simplified geometry gave a constant value for s0/λ = 1.65, where λ is the IDS wavelength. In the experiment, values for s0 were found to be lower than predicted as from theory and the ratio s0/λ variable. This was analyzed in detail and it was found to be resulting from the specific spatial structure of the IDS. A subsequent measurement of a common insulating liquid with a nearby noise source demonstrates a considerable reduction in the standard deviation of the relative permittivity from σunshielded=±9.5% to σshielded=±0.6%. The presented findings enhance our understanding of IDS in respect to the influence of a Faraday shield on the capacitance, parasitic capacitances of the IDS and external noise impact on the measurement of ϵr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Risos
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Nicholas Long
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Arvid Hunze
- Robinson Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Gideon Gouws
- School of Engineering and Computer Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.
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