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Heranjal S, Maciel M, Kamalapally SNR, Ramrakhiani I, Schulz E, Cao S, Liu X, Relich RF, Wek R, Woollam M, Agarwal M. Establishing Healthy Breath Baselines With Tin Oxide Sensors: Fundamental Building Blocks for Noninvasive Health Monitoring. Mil Med 2024; 189:221-229. [PMID: 39160864 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath serve as a source of biomarkers for medical conditions relevant to warfighter health including Corona Virus Disease and other potential biological threats. Electronic noses are integrated arrays of gas sensors that are cost-effective and miniaturized devices that rapidly respond to VOCs in exhaled breath. The current study seeks to qualify healthy breath baselines of exhaled VOC profiles through analysis using a commercialized array of metal oxide (MOX) sensors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subjects were recruited/consented through word of mouth and using posters. For each sample, breath was analyzed using an array of MOX sensors with parameters that were previously established. Data were also collected using a lifestyle questionnaire and from a blood test to assess markers of general health. Sensor data were processed using a feature extraction algorithm, which were analyzed through statistical approaches to identify correlations with confounding factors. Reproducibility was also assessed through relative standard deviation values of sensor features within a single subject and between different volunteers. RESULTS A total of 164 breath samples were collected from different individuals, and 10 of these volunteers provided an additional 9 samples over 6 months for the longitudinal study. First, data from different subjects were analyzed, and the trends of the 17 extracted features were elucidated. This revealed not only a high degree of correlation between sensors within the array but also between some of the features extracted within a single sensor. This helped guide the removal of multicollinear features for multivariate statistical analyses. No correlations were identified between sensor features and confounding factors of interest (age, body mass index, smoking, and sex) after P-value adjustment, indicating that these variables have an insignificant impact on the observed sensor signal. Finally, the longitudinal replicates were analyzed, and reproducibility assessment showed that the variability between subjects was significantly higher than within replicates of a single volunteer (P-value = .002). Multivariate analyses within the longitudinal data displayed that subjects could not be distinguished from one another, indicating that there may be a universal healthy breath baseline that is not specific to particular individuals. CONCLUSIONS The current study sought to qualify healthy baselines of VOCs in exhaled breath using a MOX sensor array that can be leveraged in the future to detect medical conditions relevant to warfighter health. For example, the results of the study will be useful, as the healthy breath VOC data from the sensor array can be cross-referenced in future studies aiming to use the device to distinguish disease states. Ultimately, the sensors may be integrated into a portable breathalyzer or current military gear to increase warfighter readiness through rapid and noninvasive health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaum Heranjal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mariana Maciel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sai Nishith Reddy Kamalapally
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ishan Ramrakhiani
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eray Schulz
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ryan F Relich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ronald Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark Woollam
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Chai Y, Matsushita S. Preparation and Evaluation of PVDF-HFP-Based Gel Electrolyte for Ge-Sensitized Thermal Cell. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1732. [PMID: 38932082 PMCID: PMC11207463 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The semiconductor-sensitized thermal cell (STC) is a new thermoelectric conversion technology. The development of nonliquid electrolytes is the top priority for the practical application of the STC. In this study, a novel gel polymer electrolyte (PH-based GPE) composed of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PH), 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and Cu ions was synthesized and applied to the STC system. The PH-based GPE synthesized at 45 °C showed higher open-circuit voltage (-0.3 V), short-circuit current density (59 μA cm-2) and diffusion coefficient (7.82 × 10-12 m2 s-1), indicating that a well-balanced structure among the NMP molecules was formed to generate a high-efficiency conduction path of the Cu ions. Moreover, the ion diffusion lengths decreased with decreasing content rates of NMP for the PH-based GPEs, indicating that the NMP plays an important role in the diffusion of Cu ions. Furthermore, the activation energy was calculated to be 107 kJ mol-1, and that was smaller compared to 150 kJ mol-1 for the poly(ethylene glycol)-based liquid electrolyte. These results play an important reference role in the development of electrolytes for STC systems. At the same time, they also provide a new avenue and reference indicator for the synthesis of high-performance and safe GPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Chai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Matsushita
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Kanagawa, Japan;
- elleThermo, Ltd., 3-3-6 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan
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Li M, Xiao M, Wang Q, Zhang J, Xue X, Zhao J, Zhang W, Lu C. Mechanically Strong and Electrically Conductive Polyethylene Oxide/Few-Layer Graphene/Cellulose Nanofibrils Nanocomposite Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4152. [PMID: 36500775 PMCID: PMC9737188 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs)/few-layer graphene (FLG) hybrid is mechanically stripped from bamboo pulp and expanded graphene (EG) using a grinder. This strategy is scalable and environmentally friendly for high-efficiency exfoliation and dispersion of graphene in an aqueous medium. The in situ-generated CNFs play a key role in this process, acting as a "green" dispersant. Next, the obtained CNFs-FLG is used as a functional filler in a polyoxyethylene (PEO) matrix. When the composition of CNFs-FLG is 50 wt.%, the resultant PEO/CNFs-FLG nanocomposite film exhibits a Young's modulus of 1.8 GPa and a tensile strength of 25.7 MPa, showing 480% and 260% enhancement as compared to those of the pure PEO film, respectively. Remarkably, the incorporation of CNFs-FLG also provides the nanocomposite films with a stunning electrical conductivity (72.6 S/m). These attractive features make PEO/CNFs-FLG nanocomposite films a promising candidate for future electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Meijie Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qunhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaolin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiangqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Advanced Polymer Materials Research Center of Sichuan University, Shishi 362700, China
| | - Canhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute at Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Advanced Polymer Materials Research Center of Sichuan University, Shishi 362700, China
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Woollam M, Grocki P, Schulz E, Siegel AP, Deiss F, Agarwal M. Evaluating Polyvinylidene Fluoride - Carbon Black Composites as Solid Phase Microextraction Coatings for the Detection of Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jaffari GH, Arooj H, Can MM, Khan NA. Structural and Electrical Response of Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) Copolymer Free Standing Films. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hurriyat Arooj
- Department of Physics Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Musa Mutlu Can
- Renewable Energy and Oxide Hybrid Systems Laboratory Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
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Khalifa M, Anandhan S. Highly sensitive and wearable NO 2gas sensor based on PVDF nanofabric containing embedded polyaniline/g-C 3N 4nanosheet composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:485504. [PMID: 34412041 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1f54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a highly flexible and wearable nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensor was fabricated based on electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/polyaniline (PANi)/graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) blend nanocomposite (EBNC). g-C3N4/PANi nanocomposite (GPC) was synthesized byin situpolymerization technique prior to its incorporation into PVDF nanofibers, which ensured uniformity of dispersion. For the comparison study, PVDF/GPC nanocomposite film was fabricated using doctor blade technique. EBNC sensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility along with quick response and complete recovery. Electrospinning and GPC synergistically improved the performance of the EBNC based gas sensor. The superior gas sensing ability along with its low cost and the use of scalable electrospinning technique could make this system a promising one for the detection of gaseous NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Khalifa
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru 575025, India
- Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, W3C, A-9300 St. Veit/Glan, Klagenfurter Strasse 87-89, Linz, Austria
| | - S Anandhan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangaluru 575025, India
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Hassan T, Salam A, Khan A, Khan SU, Khanzada H, Wasim M, Khan MQ, Kim IS. Functional nanocomposites and their potential applications: A review. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02408-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ko K, Yang SC. Magnetoelectric Membrane Filters of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Cobalt Ferrite Oxide for Effective Capturing of Particulate Matter. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2601. [PMID: 33167528 PMCID: PMC7694521 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, particulate matter (PM) has gradually become a serious public health issue due to its harmful impact on the human body. In this study, we report a novel filtration system for high PM capturing, based on the magnetoelectric (ME) effect that induces an effective surface charge in membrane filters. To elucidate the ME effect on PM capturing, we prepared electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)/CoFe2O4(CFO) membranes and investigated their PM capturing efficiency. After electrical poling under a high electric field of 10 kV/mm, PM-capturing efficiencies of the poled-PVDF/CFO membrane filters were improved with carbon/fluorine(C/F) molar ratios of C/F = 4.81 under Hdc = 0 and C/F = 7.01 under Hdc = 700 Oe, respectively. The result illustrates that electrical poling and a dc magnetic field could, respectively, enhance the surface charge of the membrane filters through (i) a strong beta-phase alignment in PVDF (poling effect) and (ii) an efficient shape change of PVDF/CFO membranes (magnetostriction effect). The diffusion rate of a water droplet on the PVDF/CFO membrane surface is reduced from 0.23 to 0.05 cm2/s by covering the membrane surface with PM. Consequently, the PM capturing efficiency is dramatically improved up to 175% from ME membranes with the poling process and applying a magnetic field. Furthermore, the PM was successfully captured on the prototype real mask derived from the magnetoelectric effect induced by a permanent magnet with a diameter of 2 cm without any external power.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Su-Chul Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR), Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea;
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Characterization of Local Structures of Confined Imidazolium Ionic Liquids in PVdF-co-HFP Matrices by High Pressure Infrared Spectroscopy. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101973. [PMID: 33028010 PMCID: PMC7600376 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nanoscale ion ordering of ionic liquids at confined interfaces under high pressures was investigated in this study. 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM][NTf2])/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-co-HFP) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][NTf2])/PVdF-co-HFP were prepared and characterized by using high-pressure infrared spectroscopy. Under ambient pressure, imidazolium C2–H and C4,5–H absorptions were blue-shifted in frequency due to the presence of PVdF-co-HFP. However, the absorption of anionic νa SO2 did not reveal any significant shifts in frequency upon dilution by PVdF-co-HFP. The experimental results suggest that PVdF-co-HFP disturbs the local structures of the imidazolium C–H groups instead of the anionic SO2 groups. The frequency shifts of C4,5–H became dramatic for the mixtures at high pressures. These results suggest that pressure-enhanced ionic liquid–polymer interactions may play an appreciable role in IL-PVdF-co-HFP systems under high pressures. The pressure-induced blue-shifts due to the PVdF-co-HFP additions were more obvious for the [HMIM][NTf2] mixtures than for [EMIM][NTf2] mixtures.
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McGrath LM, Jones J, Carey E, Rohan JF. Ionic Liquid Based Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Use with Germanium Thin Film Anodes in Lithium Ion Batteries. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1429-1436. [PMID: 31867151 PMCID: PMC6909880 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermally stable, flexible polymer gel electrolytes with high ionic conductivity are prepared by mixing the ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (C4mpyrTFSI), LiTFSI and poly(vinylidene difluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP). FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy show that an amorphous film is obtained for high (60 %) C4mpyrTFSI contents. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms that the polymer gels are stable below ∼300 °C in both nitrogen and air environments. Ionic conductivity of 1.9×10-3 S cm-2 at room temperature is achieved for the 60 % ionic liquid loaded gel. Germanium (Ge) anodes maintain a coulombic efficiency above 95 % after 90 cycles in potential cycling tests with the 60 % C4mpyrTFSI polymer gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M. McGrath
- Electrochemical Materials and Energy Group Tyndall National InstituteUniversity College Cork, Lee MaltingsT12 R5CPCorkIreland
| | - John Jones
- Process Analytical Technology LabTU Dublin – Tallaght CampusBlessington Rd, TallaghtD24 FKT9DublinIreland
| | - Edwin Carey
- Process Analytical Technology LabTU Dublin – Tallaght CampusBlessington Rd, TallaghtD24 FKT9DublinIreland
| | - James F. Rohan
- Electrochemical Materials and Energy Group Tyndall National InstituteUniversity College Cork, Lee MaltingsT12 R5CPCorkIreland
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Boubin M, Shrestha S. Microcontroller Implementation of Support Vector Machine for Detecting Blood Glucose Levels Using Breath Volatile Organic Compounds. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2283. [PMID: 31108929 PMCID: PMC6567346 DOI: 10.3390/s19102283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an embedded system-based solution for sensor arrays to estimate blood glucose levels from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a patient's breath. Support vector machine (SVM) was trained on a general-purpose computer using an existing SVM library. A training model, optimized to achieve the most accurate results, was implemented in a microcontroller with an ATMega microprocessor. Training and testing was conducted using artificial breath that mimics known VOC footprints of high and low blood glucose levels. The embedded solution was able to correctly categorize the corresponding glucose levels of the artificial breath samples with 97.1% accuracy. The presented results make a significant contribution toward the development of a portable device for detecting blood glucose levels from a patient's breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boubin
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Sudhir Shrestha
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Department of Engineering Science, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA.
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Chaves Lins L, Livi S, Maréchal M, Duchet-Rumeau J, Gérard JF. Structural dependence of cations and anions to building the polar phase of PVDF. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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