1
|
Hurtado-Perez AE, Toledano-Ayala M, Cruz-Albarran IA, Lopez-Zúñiga A, Moreno-Perez JA, Álvarez-López A, Rodriguez-Resendiz J, Perez-Ramirez CA. Use of Technologies for the Acquisition and Processing Strategies for Motion Data Analysis. Biomimetics (Basel) 2025; 10:339. [PMID: 40422169 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics10050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2025] [Revised: 05/08/2025] [Accepted: 05/13/2025] [Indexed: 05/28/2025] Open
Abstract
This review provides an in-depth examination of the technologies and methods used for the acquisition and processing of kinetic and kinematic variables in human motion analysis. This review analyzes the capabilities and limitations of motion-capture cameras (MCCs), inertial measurement units (IMUs), force platforms, and other prototype technologies. The role of advanced processing techniques, including filtering and transformation methods, and the increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for data classification is also discussed. These advancements enhance the precision and efficiency of biomechanical analyses, paving the way for more accurate assessments of human movement patterns. The review concludes by providing guidelines for the effective application of these technologies in both clinical and research settings, emphasizing the need for comprehensive validation to ensure reliability. This comprehensive overview serves as a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in the field of biomechanics, guiding the selection and application of appropriate technologies and methodologies for human movement analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres Emilio Hurtado-Perez
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Manuel Toledano-Ayala
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Tequexquite, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Accesibilidad e Innovación Social, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas S/N, Ejido Bolaños, Querétaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Irving A Cruz-Albarran
- C.A. Sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicados a Modelos Biomédicos y Mecánicos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus San Juan del Rio, Rio Moctezuma 249, Col. San Cayetano, San Juan del Río 76807, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Lopez-Zúñiga
- Tequexquite, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Accesibilidad e Innovación Social, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas S/N, Ejido Bolaños, Querétaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Jesús Adrián Moreno-Perez
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
- Tequexquite, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Accesibilidad e Innovación Social, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas S/N, Ejido Bolaños, Querétaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Álvarez-López
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Juvenal Rodriguez-Resendiz
- Division de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Perez-Ramirez
- Tequexquite, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Accesibilidad e Innovación Social, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas S/N, Ejido Bolaños, Querétaro 76140, Mexico
- C.A. Sistemas de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicados a Modelos Biomédicos y Mecánicos, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas S/N, Ejido Bolaños, Querétaro 76140, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Iizuka T, Tomita Y. Reliability of motion phase identification for long-track speed skating using inertial measurement units. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18102. [PMID: 39351374 PMCID: PMC11441384 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Precise identification of motion phases in long-track speed skating is critical to characterize and optimize performance. This study aimed to estimate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of movement phase identification using inertial measurement units (IMUs) in long-track speed skating. Methods We analyzed 15 skaters using IMUs attached to specific body locations during a 500m skate, focusing on the stance phase, and identifying three movement events: Onset, Edge-flip, and Push-off. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis. Results Results showed high intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC [1,1]: 0.86 to 0.99; ICC [2,1]: 0.81 to 0.99) across all events. Absolute error ranged from 0.56 to 6.15 ms and from 0.92 to 26.29 ms for intra- and inter-rater reliability, respectively. Minimally detectable change (MDC) ranged from 17.56 to 62.22 ms and from 33.23 to 131.25 ms for intra- and inter-rater reliability, respectively. Discussion Despite some additive and proportional errors, the overall error range was within acceptable limits, indicating negligible systematic errors. The measurement error range was small, demonstrating the accuracy of IMUs. IMUs demonstrate high reliability in movement phase identification during speed skating, endorsing their application in sports science for enhanced kinematic studies and training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Iizuka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kurosawa Hospital, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tomita
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oronowicz J, Frenzel G, Hörterer H, Moksnes H, Ekas GR, Cabri J, Tischer T, Seil R. Sport-specific differences in ACL injury, treatment and return to sports-Ski jumping. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024; 32:1637-1640. [PMID: 38643402 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Oronowicz
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Malteser St. Mary's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Hörterer
- Chairman Medical Committee FIS, Member Competition Equipment Committee FIS, Rottach-Egern, Germany
| | - Håvard Moksnes
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guri Ranum Ekas
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
- Orthopaedic Department, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Cabri
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science (LIROMS), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Dept. GERO, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas Tischer
- Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Malteser St. Mary's Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Romain Seil
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science (LIROMS), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Neurosciences and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong PW, Tang Y, Lam WK. Biomechanics of step-off drop landings are affected by limb dominance and lead limb in task initiation. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1147-1156. [PMID: 39087569 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2386211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of limb dominance and lead limb in task initiation on the kinetics and kinematics of step-off drop landings. Nineteen male participants performed drop landings led by the dominant and non-dominant limbs at 45-cm and 60-cm drop heights. Ground reaction force (GRF) and lower body kinematic data were collected. Between-limb time differences at the initial ground contact were calculated to indicate temporal asymmetry. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was applied for waveform analysis while two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used for discrete parameters. SPM results revealed greater GRF and lesser ankle dorsiflexion in the lead limb compared to the trail limb in 3 out of 4 landing conditions. The dominant limb displayed a greater forefoot loading rate (45 cm: p=.009, ηp2 = 0.438; 60 cm: p=.035, ηp2 = 0.225) and greater ankle joint quasi-stiffness (45 cm: p < .001, ηp2 = 0.360; 60 cm: p < .001, ηp2 = 0.597) than the non-dominant limb. Not all 380 trials were lead-limb first landings, with a smaller between-limb time difference (p=.009, d = 0.60) at 60 cm (4.1 ± 2.3 ms) than 45 cm (5.6 ± 2.7 ms). In conclusion, the step-off drop landing is not an ideal protocol for examining bilateral asymmetry in lower limb biomechanics due to potential biases introduced by limb dominance and the step-off limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yunqi Tang
- College of Art and Design, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Sports Information and External Affairs Centre, Hong Kong Sports Institutes, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vasavada KD, Shankar DS, Ross KA, Avila A, Buzin S, Jazrawi IB, Carter CW, Chen AL, Borowski LE, Milton HA, Gonzalez-Lomas G. Patient-reported hip pain and function are worse among elite Nordic ski athletes competing in ski jumping versus Nordic combined: a cross-sectional analysis. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:283-289. [PMID: 38278215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nordic ski athletes are at increased risk of developing hip pain and dysfunction secondary to femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), but it is unclear whether hip symptomatology differs between ski jumping (SJ) and Nordic combined (NC) athletes. The purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported hip pain and dysfunction between elite Nordic ski athletes participating in SJ versus NC. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving SJ and NC athletes who competed at the international and U.S. national levels during the 2021-2022 season. Subjects were excluded if they had hip surgery within two years prior to enrollment. Subjects were asked to undergo diagnostic workups for FAIS, including physical examination and plain radiographic imaging. Subjects were asked to complete a survey that collected information on athletic and training history and to complete the hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS). Demographics, athletic/training history, and HOOS sub-scores were compared between the SJ and NC groups using the Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. p-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Twenty-four athletes (13 SJ, 11 NC) were included in the study. There were no statistically significant differences in age, sex, BMI, or age of menarche between the two groups (all p > 0.05). There were also no statistically significant differences in the number of prior sports participated in, total hours of participation in prior sports, or total hours of training in Nordic specialization (all p > 0.05). Among the 18 athletes who underwent physical examination (9 SJ, 9 NC), there were no statistically significant inter-group differences in hip range of motion or incidence of positive impingement tests (all p > 0.05). Among the 19 athletes who underwent imaging (9 SJ, 10 NC), there were no statistically significant inter-group differences in the incidence of cam or pincer morphology in at least one hip (all p > 0.05). SJ athletes had statistically significantly worse HOOS sub-scores for hip symptoms and stiffness, hip function in sports/recreational activities, and hip-related quality of life compared to NC athletes (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Elite SJ athletes have worse self-reported hip function compared to elite NC athletes, despite comparable demographics, athletic history, and duration of ski training. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal D Vasavada
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Dhruv S Shankar
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Keir A Ross
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Amanda Avila
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Scott Buzin
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Isabella B Jazrawi
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cordelia W Carter
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Andrew L Chen
- The Alpine Clinic, Franconia, NH, 10029, USA; USA Nordic Sport, Park City, UT, 10029, USA
| | - Lauren E Borowski
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA; USA Nordic Sport, Park City, UT, 10029, USA
| | - Heather A Milton
- New York University School of Medicine, Sports Performance Center, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Guillem Gonzalez-Lomas
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jølstad PAH, Gilgien M, Elfmark O. Investigation of individual strategies in the aerial phase in ski jumping. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22505. [PMID: 38110490 PMCID: PMC10728078 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the performance strategy of three ski jumpers during the steady glide phase and explain how different strategical solutions can lead to jumps of roughly the same length. In this study, a total of 24 jumps performed by two World Cup (WC) athletes and one Continental Cup (COC) athlete were measured with a differential Global Navigation Satellite System (dGNSS) on a large ski jumping hill. For each athlete, the continuous position data, velocity, aerodynamic forces and lift-to-drag ratio (LD-ratio) were averaged and compared for the steady glide phase to examine individual jump strategies. The dGNSS yielded accurate measurements of trajectory, velocity and aerodynamic forces, revealing clear differences between the athletes. The largest differences were found between the WC athletes and the COC athlete. The WC athletes focused on maximizing horizontal velocity while the COC athlete minimized vertical velocity. This difference may be explained by the different hill sizes the athletes normally compete on. One of the WC athletes consistently increased their horizontal velocity during the end of the steady glide phase by maintaining a high LD-ratio, which highlights the effect of aerodynamics on the resulting velocity, trajectory and jump length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Gilgien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, 0863, Norway
- Engadin Health and Innovation Foundation, Center of Alpine Sports Biomechanics, Samedan, 7503, Switzerland
| | - Ola Elfmark
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, 5000, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu J, Ma X, Qi S, Liang Z, Wei Z, Li Q, Ni W, Wei S, Zhang S. Key transition technology of ski jumping based on inertial motion unit, kinematics and dynamics. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:21. [PMID: 36864414 PMCID: PMC9983218 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development and innovation of biomechanical measurement methods provide a solution to the problems in ski jumping research. At present, research on ski jumping mostly focuses on the local technical characteristics of different phases, but studies on the technology transition process are less. OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate a measurement system (i.e. the merging of 2D video recording, inertial measurement unit and wireless pressure insole) that can capture a wide range of sport performance and focus on the key transition technical characteristics. METHODS The application validity of the Xsens motion capture system in ski jumping was verified under field conditions by comparing the lower limb joint angles of eight professional ski jumpers during the takeoff phase collected by different motion capture systems (Xsens and Simi high-speed camera). Subsequently, the key transition technical characteristics of eight ski jumpers were captured on the basis of the aforementioned measurement system. RESULTS Validation results indicated that the joint angle point-by-point curve during the takeoff phase was highly correlated and had excellent agreement (0.966 ≤ r ≤ 0.998, P < 0.001). Joint root-mean-square error (RMSE) differences between model calculations were 5.967° for hip, 6.856° for knee and 4.009° for ankle. CONCLUSIONS Compared with 2D video recording, the Xsens system shows excellent agreement to ski jumping. Furthermore, the established measurement system can effectively capture the key transition technical characteristics of athletes, particularly in the dynamic changes of straight turn into arc in inrun, the adjustment of body posture and ski movement during early flight and landing preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglun Yu
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinying Ma
- Foundation Courses Research Center, Silicon Lake College, Kunshan, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liang
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438 China ,grid.412543.50000 0001 0033 4148School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguang Ni
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735Physical Education College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Shengnian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McCabe MV, Van Citters DW, Chapman RM. Developing a method for quantifying hip joint angles and moments during walking using neural networks and wearables. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2023; 26:1-11. [PMID: 35238719 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2044028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying hip angles/moments during gait is critical for improving hip pathology diagnostic and treatment methods. Recent work has validated approaches combining wearables with artificial neural networks (ANNs) for cheaper, portable hip joint angle/moment computation. This study developed a Wearable-ANN approach for calculating hip joint angles/moments during walking in the sagittal/frontal planes with data from 17 healthy subjects, leveraging one shin-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a force-measuring insole for data capture. Compared to the benchmark approach, a two hidden layer ANN (n = 5 nodes per layer) achieved an average rRMSE = 15% and R2=0.85 across outputs, subjects and training rounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan V McCabe
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Chapman
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zou T, Huang H, Huang X, Chen J, Pan X, Xin J. Wearable knee joint fatigue estimating system based on curvature and pressure sensing. Technol Health Care 2022; 30:1489-1502. [PMID: 35599513 DOI: 10.3233/thc-213579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The injury of the knee joint is found to be directly related to the fatigue caused by excessive exercise. Many previous studies used wearable devices to measure the angle of knee joint during activities, but did not pay enough attention to the load of knee joint related to the fatigue degree of it. OBJECTIVE: A wearable embedded system was designed to sense the motion state and load of knee joint and uses the sensoring data to estimate and predict the fatigue degree of knee joint during exercise in real time, so as to prevent it from being injured. METHODS: An economical wearable system is designed to measure the parameters of the knee joint during exercises. Then the warning message and recommended healthy lasting time are able to be sent to users to avoid excessive exercise. 24 healthy volunteers aged 20–25 years were involved in the experiments. Two famous evaluation scales for knee joint from Department of Orthopedics (Lysholm score and IKDC score) were adopted to evaluate the protective effect. RESULTS: After 14 days of the first stage testing, all the participants with wearable devices reported healthy knee joint state to verify the effectiveness of the system. For the second stage, the testing group equipped with wearable warning devices did not receive obvious change in the two scales. However, Lysholm score of control group dropped by at least 7.4 and IKDC score dropped by at least 11.1 which were significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: Only using human perception to prevent knee joint fatigue had a risk of failure while the designed wearable system could protect the knee successfully from injuries during exercises, such as running, badminton, table tennis and basketball. Moreover, female gender and a high BMI value may be two factors that increase the risk of knee injuries during sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengyue Zou
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haojun Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xuanyu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jialun Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodong Pan
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiawei Xin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Preatoni E, Bergamini E, Fantozzi S, Giraud LI, Orejel Bustos AS, Vannozzi G, Camomilla V. The Use of Wearable Sensors for Preventing, Assessing, and Informing Recovery from Sport-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: A Systematic Scoping Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3225. [PMID: 35590914 PMCID: PMC9105988 DOI: 10.3390/s22093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable technologies are often indicated as tools that can enable the in-field collection of quantitative biomechanical data, unobtrusively, for extended periods of time, and with few spatial limitations. Despite many claims about their potential for impact in the area of injury prevention and management, there seems to be little attention to grounding this potential in biomechanical research linking quantities from wearables to musculoskeletal injuries, and to assessing the readiness of these biomechanical approaches for being implemented in real practice. We performed a systematic scoping review to characterise and critically analyse the state of the art of research using wearable technologies to study musculoskeletal injuries in sport from a biomechanical perspective. A total of 4952 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases; 165 were included. Multiple study features-such as research design, scope, experimental settings, and applied context-were summarised and assessed. We also proposed an injury-research readiness classification tool to gauge the maturity of biomechanical approaches using wearables. Five main conclusions emerged from this review, which we used as a springboard to propose guidelines and good practices for future research and dissemination in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezio Preatoni
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elena Bergamini
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
- Health Sciences and Technologies—Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie I. Giraud
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; (E.P.); (L.I.G.)
| | - Amaranta S. Orejel Bustos
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy; (E.B.); (A.S.O.B.); (V.C.)
- Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System (BOHNES), University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza L. de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stenseth OMR, Barli SF, Martin RK, Engebretsen L. Injuries in elite women's ski jumping: a cohort study following three International Ski Federation (FIS) World Cup seasons from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. Br J Sports Med 2021; 56:35-40. [PMID: 34893472 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define incidence and injury patterns of International Ski Federation (FIS) World Cup (WC) women ski jumpers over three seasons. METHODS Ski jump athletes competing in the Women's FIS WC were recruited for prospective injury surveillance from 2017-2018 to 2019-2020. Team representatives recruited the athletes annually and prospectively recorded all injuries requiring medical attention. Retrospective end-of-season interviews corroborated injury surveillance. Medical doctors collected and processed the data. The 4-month competitive season was used to calculate the annual incidence of injuries per 100 athletes per season. Injury type, location, severity and aetiology were reported. RESULTS Athletes from 19 nations were enrolled equalling 205 athlete-seasons. Mean age was 21.2 years (SD=3.8). Thirty-nine injury events resulted in 54 total injuries (26.3 injuries/100 athletes/season). Injuries were mostly acute (83%) and occurred on the ski jump hill (78%). The most common injury location was the knee (n=18, 33%). Crash landings were the most common cause of injury events (70%). Nearly half of the acute ski jump injury events occurred in snowy, windy or cloudy conditions (44%) and/or during telemark landings (46%), and most jumps (96%) were shorter than hill size. One third of the injuries were severe, and 78% of severe injuries involved the knee. CONCLUSION Acute injury events occur relatively frequently in elite women ski jumpers, most resulting in time-loss from sport and a significant proportion involving serious knee injuries. Crash landing was the leading cause of injury. This baseline information can be used to guide and evaluate future efforts at injury prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleane Marthea Rebne Stenseth
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway .,The Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Fløtlien Barli
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - R Kyle Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- The Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Oslo, Norway.,University of Oslo, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Experimental Validation of Real-Time Ski Jumping Tracking System Based on Wearable Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237780. [PMID: 34883784 PMCID: PMC8659670 DOI: 10.3390/s21237780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For sports scientists and coaches, its crucial to have reliable tracking systems to improve athletes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the validity of a wearable real-time tracking system (WRRTS) for the quantification of ski jumping. The tracking system consists of wearable trackers attached to the ski bindings of the athletes and fixed antennas next to the jumping hill. To determine the accuracy and precision of the WRRTS, four athletes of the German A or B National Team performed 35 measured ski jumps. The WRRTS was used to measure the 3D positions and ski angles during the jump. The measurements are compared with camera measurements for the in-flight parameters and the official video distance for the jumping distance to assess their accuracy. We statistically evaluated the different methods using Bland–Altman plots. We thereby find a mean absolute error of 0.46 m for the jumping distance, 0.12 m for the in-flight positions, and 0.8°, and 3.4° for the camera projected pitch and V-style opening angle, respectively. We show the validity of the presented WRRTS to measure the investigated parameters. Thus, the system can be used as a tracking system during training and competitions for coaches and sports scientists. The real-time feature of the tracking system enables usage during live TV broadcasting.
Collapse
|
13
|
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Kinesio Taping Improves Range of Motion of Ankle Dorsiflexion and Balance Ability in Chronic Stroke Patients. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111426. [PMID: 34828473 PMCID: PMC8619064 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) pattern Kinesio taping (KT) application on the ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (DF-ROM) and balance ability in patients with chronic stroke. This crossover study included 18 patients with stroke. The subjects were randomly assigned to three interventions: barefoot, ankle KT (A-KT), and PNF-KT. The A-KT was applied to the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles, and subtalar eversion. The PNF-KT was applied on the extensor hallucis, extensor digitorum, and TA muscles. DR-ROM was measured using the iSen™, a wearable sensor. Balance ability was assessed based on static balance, measured by the Biodex Balance System (BBS), and dynamic balance, measured by the timed up and go (TUG) test and dynamic gait index (DGI). Compared with the barefoot and A-KT interventions, PNF-KT showed significant improvements in the ankle DF-ROM and BBS scores, TUG, and DGI. PNF-KT, for functional muscle synergy, improved the ankle DF-ROM and balance ability in patients with chronic stroke. Therefore, the application of PNF-KT may be a feasible therapeutic method for improving ankle movement and balance in patients with chronic stroke. Additional research is recommended to identify the long-term effects of the PNF-KT.
Collapse
|
14
|
Elfmark O, Ettema G, Groos D, Ihlen EAF, Velta R, Haugen P, Braaten S, Gilgien M. Performance Analysis in Ski Jumping with a Differential Global Navigation Satellite System and Video-Based Pose Estimation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5318. [PMID: 34450758 PMCID: PMC8399095 DOI: 10.3390/s21165318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the explanatory power of a sensor fusion of two complementary methods to explain performance and its underlying mechanisms in ski jumping. A differential Global Navigation Satellite System (dGNSS) and a markerless video-based pose estimation system (PosEst) were used to measure the kinematics and kinetics from the start of the in-run to the landing. The study had two aims; firstly, the agreement between the two methods was assessed using 16 jumps by athletes of national level from 5 m before the take-off to 20 m after, where the methods had spatial overlap. The comparison revealed a good agreement from 5 m after the take-off, within the uncertainty of the dGNSS (±0.05m). The second part of the study served as a proof of concept of the sensor fusion application, by showcasing the type of performance analysis the systems allows. Two ski jumps by the same ski jumper, with comparable external conditions, were chosen for the case study. The dGNSS was used to analyse the in-run and flight phase, while the PosEst system was used to analyse the take-off and the early flight phase. The proof-of-concept study showed that the methods are suitable to track the kinematic and kinetic characteristics that determine performance in ski jumping and their usability in both research and practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Elfmark
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, 5000 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Gertjan Ettema
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (G.E.); (D.G.); (E.A.F.I.)
| | - Daniel Groos
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (G.E.); (D.G.); (E.A.F.I.)
| | - Espen A. F. Ihlen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway; (G.E.); (D.G.); (E.A.F.I.)
| | - Rune Velta
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 4014 Oslo, Norway; (R.V.); (P.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Per Haugen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 4014 Oslo, Norway; (R.V.); (P.H.); (M.G.)
| | - Steinar Braaten
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, 5000 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Matthias Gilgien
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 4014 Oslo, Norway; (R.V.); (P.H.); (M.G.)
- Center of Alpine Sports Biomechanics, Engadin Health and Innovation Foundation, 7503 Samedan, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jordan MJ, Morris N, Lane M, Barnert J, MacGregor K, Heard M, Robinson S, Herzog W. Monitoring the Return to Sport Transition After ACL Injury: An Alpine Ski Racing Case Study. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:12. [PMID: 33345007 PMCID: PMC7739580 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpine ski racing is an extreme sport and ski racers are at high risk for ACL injury. ACL injury impairs neuromuscular function and psychological readiness putting alpine skiers with ACL injury at high risk for ACL reinjury. Consequently, return to sport training and testing protocols are recommended to safeguard ACL injured athletes against reinjury. The aim of this paper was to present a real-world example of a return to sport training plan for a female elite alpine ski racer who sustained an ACL injury that was supported by an interdisciplinary performance team (IPT) alongside neuromuscular testing and athlete monitoring. A multi-faceted return to sport training plan was developed by the IPT shortly after the injury event that accounted for the logistics, healing, psychological readiness, functional milestones, work capacity and progression to support the return to sport/return to performance transition. Neuromuscular testing was conducted at several timepoints post-injury. Importantly, numerous pre-injury tests provided a baseline for comparison throughout the recovery process. Movement competencies and neuromuscular function were assessed, including an evaluation of muscle properties (e.g., the force-velocity and force-length relationships) to assist the IPT in pinpointing trainable deficits and managing the complexities of the return to sport transition. While the athlete returned to snow 7 months post-injury, presenting with interlimb asymmetries below 10%, functional and strength deficits persisted up to 18 months post-injury. More research is required to establish a valid return to sport protocol for alpine ski racers with ACL injury to safeguard against the high risk for ACL reinjury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jordan
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Morris
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mike Lane
- Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Mark Heard
- Banff Sports Medicine Centre, Banff, AB, Canada
| | | | - Walter Herzog
- Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sport Biomechanics Applications Using Inertial, Force, and EMG Sensors: A Literature Overview. Appl Bionics Biomech 2020; 2020:2041549. [PMID: 32676126 PMCID: PMC7330631 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2041549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, a number of technological developments have advanced the spread of wearable sensors for the assessment of human motion. These sensors have been also developed to assess athletes' performance, providing useful guidelines for coaching, as well as for injury prevention. The data from these sensors provides key performance outcomes as well as more detailed kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data that provides insight into how the performance was obtained. From this perspective, inertial sensors, force sensors, and electromyography appear to be the most appropriate wearable sensors to use. Several studies were conducted to verify the feasibility of using wearable sensors for sport applications by using both commercially available and customized sensors. The present study seeks to provide an overview of sport biomechanics applications found from recent literature using wearable sensors, highlighting some information related to the used sensors and analysis methods. From the literature review results, it appears that inertial sensors are the most widespread sensors for assessing athletes' performance; however, there still exist applications for force sensors and electromyography in this context. The main sport assessed in the studies was running, even though the range of sports examined was quite high. The provided overview can be useful for researchers, athletes, and coaches to understand the technologies currently available for sport performance assessment.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fang X, Grüter B, Piprek P, Bessone V, Petrat J, Holzapfel F. Ski Jumping Trajectory Reconstruction Using Wearable Sensors via Extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother with State Constraints. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071995. [PMID: 32252478 PMCID: PMC7180840 DOI: 10.3390/s20071995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To satisfy an increasing demand to reconstruct an athlete’s motion for performance analysis, this paper proposes a new method for reconstructing the position and velocity in the context of ski jumping trajectories. Therefore, state-of-the-art wearable sensors, including an inertial measurement unit, a magnetometer, and a GPS logger are used. The method employs an extended Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother with state constraints to estimate state information offline from recorded raw measurements. In comparison to the classic inertial navigation system and GPS integration solution, the proposed method includes additional geometric shape information of the ski jumping hill, which are modeled as soft constraints and embedded into the estimation framework to improve the position and velocity estimation accuracy. Results for both simulated measurement data and real measurement data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Moreover, a comparison between jump lengths obtained from the proposed method and video recordings shows the relative root-mean-square error of the reconstructed jump length is below 1.5 m depicting the accuracy of the algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Fang
- Institute of Flight System Dynamics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (B.G.); (P.P.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-289-16059
| | - Benedikt Grüter
- Institute of Flight System Dynamics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (B.G.); (P.P.); (F.H.)
| | - Patrick Piprek
- Institute of Flight System Dynamics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (B.G.); (P.P.); (F.H.)
| | - Veronica Bessone
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (V.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Johannes Petrat
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (V.B.); (J.P.)
- Olympic Training Center of Bavaria, 80809 Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Holzapfel
- Institute of Flight System Dynamics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; (B.G.); (P.P.); (F.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hendry D, Leadbetter R, McKee K, Hopper L, Wild C, O’Sullivan P, Straker L, Campbell A. An Exploration of Machine-Learning Estimation of Ground Reaction Force from Wearable Sensor Data. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030740. [PMID: 32013212 PMCID: PMC7038404 DOI: 10.3390/s20030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a wearable sensor system, using machine-learning models, capable of accurately estimating peak ground reaction force (GRF) during ballet jumps in the field. Female dancers (n = 30) performed a series of bilateral and unilateral ballet jumps. Dancers wore six ActiGraph Link wearable sensors (100 Hz). Data were collected simultaneously from two AMTI force platforms and synchronised with the ActiGraph data. Due to sensor hardware malfunctions and synchronisation issues, a multistage approach to model development, using a reduced data set, was taken. Using data from the 14 dancers with complete multi-sensor synchronised data, the best single sensor was determined. Subsequently, the best single sensor model was refined and validated using all available data for that sensor (23 dancers). Root mean square error (RMSE) in body weight (BW) and correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess the GRF profile, and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess model peak GRF accuracy. The model based on sacrum data was the most accurate single sensor model (unilateral landings: RMSE = 0.24 BW, r = 0.95; bilateral landings: RMSE = 0.21 BW, r = 0.98) with the refined model still showing good accuracy (unilateral: RMSE = 0.42 BW, r = 0.80; bilateral: RMSE = 0.39 BW, r = 0.92). Machine-learning models applied to wearable sensor data can provide a field-based system for GRF estimation during ballet jumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica Hendry
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryan Leadbetter
- Curtin University, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kristoffer McKee
- Curtin University, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Luke Hopper
- Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, Perth WA 6050, Australia
| | - Catherine Wild
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Peter O’Sullivan
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Amity Campbell
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Development of a Bendable Outsole Biaxial Ground Reaction Force Measurement System. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112641. [PMID: 31212655 PMCID: PMC6603735 DOI: 10.3390/s19112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable ground reaction force (GRF) measurement systems make it possible to measure the GRF in any environment, unlike a commercial force plate. When performing kinetic analysis with the GRF, measurement of multiaxial GRF is important for evaluating forward and lateral motion during natural gait. In this paper, we propose a bendable GRF measurement system that can measure biaxial (vertical and anterior-posterior) GRF without interrupting the natural gait. Eight custom small biaxial force sensors based on an optical sensing mechanism were installed in the proposed system. The interference between two axes on the custom sensor was minimized by the independent application of a cantilever structure for the two axes, and the hysteresis and repeatability of the custom sensor were investigated. After developing the system by the installation of force sensors, we found that the degree of flexibility of the developed system was comparable to that of regular shoes by investigating the forefoot bending stiffness. Finally, we compared vertical GRF (vGRF) and anterior-posterior GRF (apGRF) measured from the developed system and force plate at the same time when the six subjects walked, ran, and jumped on the force plate to evaluate the performance of the GRF measurement system.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ski Position during the Flight and Landing Preparation Phases in Ski Jumping Detected with Inertial Sensors. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112575. [PMID: 31174278 PMCID: PMC6603655 DOI: 10.3390/s19112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Ski movement plays an important role during landing preparation, as well as in the whole ski jumping performance. Good landing preparation timing and correct ski position increase the jump length and reduce the impact forces. Inertial motion units (IMUs) placed on the skis could constitute a promising technology for analyzing the ski movements during training. During regular summer trainings, 10 elite athletes (17 ± 1 years) performed jumps while wearing IMUs and wireless force insoles. This set-up enabled the analysis of a possible correlation between ski movements and ground reaction force (GRF) during landing impact. The results showed that the pitch during the landing preparation is the most influential movement on the impact kinetic variables since it is related to the angle of attack, which affects the aerodynamics. The ski position at 0.16 s before landing did not influence the kinetics because the athlete was too close to the ground. During the impact, the roll angle did not correlate with GRF. Moreover, each athlete showed a different movement pattern during the flight phase. Concluding, the combination of IMUs and force insoles is a promising set-up to analyze ski jumping performance thanks to the fast placement, low weight, and high reliability.
Collapse
|