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Moritaka SS, Lebedev VS. Orientational effects in the polarized absorption spectra of molecular aggregates. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074901. [PMID: 38364011 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical analysis of polarized absorption spectra and linear dichroism of cyanine dye aggregates whose unit cells contain two molecules. The studied threadlike ordered system with a molecular exciton delocalized along its axis can be treated as two chains of conventional molecular aggregates, rotated relative to each other at a certain angle around the aggregate axis. Our approach is based on the general formulas for the effective cross section of light absorption by a molecular aggregate and key points of the molecular exciton theory. We have developed a self-consistent theory for describing the orientational effects in the absorption and dichroic spectra of such supramolecular structures with nonplanar unit cell. It is shown that the spectral behavior of such systems exhibits considerable distinctions from that of conventional cyanine dye aggregates. They consist in the strong dependence of the relative intensities of the J- and H-type spectral bands of the aggregate with a nonplanar unit cell on the angles determining the mutual orientations of the transition dipole moments of constituting molecules and the aggregate axis as well as on the polarization direction of incident light. The derived formulas are reduced to the well-known analytical expressions in the particular case of aggregates with one molecule in the unit cell. The calculations performed within the framework of our excitonic theory combined with available vibronic theory allow us to quite reasonably explain the experimental data for the pseudoisocyanine bromide dye aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Moritaka
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - V S Lebedev
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninskiy Prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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2
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Cano-Velázquez MS, Hendriks AL, Picelli L, van Veldhoven RPJ, Fiore A. Temperature-Compensated Solution Concentration Measurements Using Photonic Crystal Fiber-Tip Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7703. [PMID: 37765760 PMCID: PMC10537503 DOI: 10.3390/s23187703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fiber optic sensors with temperature compensation for the accurate measurement of ethanol concentration in aqueous solutions. The device consists of two photonic crystal (PhC) fiber-tip sensors: one measures the ethanol concentration via refractive index (RI) changes and the other one is isolated from the liquid for the independent measurement of temperature. The probes utilize an optimized PhC design providing a Lorentzian-like, polarization-independent response, enabling a very low imprecision (pm-level) in the wavelength determination. By combining the information from the two probes, it is possible to compensate for the effect that the temperature has on the concentration measurement, obtaining more accurate estimations of the ethanol concentration in a broad range of temperatures. We demonstrate the simultaneous and single-point measurements of temperature and ethanol concentration in water, with sensitivities of 19 pm/°C and ∼53 pm/%, in the ranges of 25 °C to 55 °C and 0 to 50% (at 25 °C), respectively. Moreover, a maximum error of 1.1% in the concentration measurement, with a standard deviation of ≤0.8%, was obtained in the entire temperature range after compensating for the effect of temperature. A limit of detection as low as 0.08% was demonstrated for the concentration measurement in temperature-stable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mildred S Cano-Velázquez
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur L Hendriks
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Picelli
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rene P J van Veldhoven
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Fiore
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Esmeryan KD, Lazarov Y, Grakov T, Fedchenko YI, Vergov LG, Staykov S. Metal-Phenolic Film Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance as a Selective Sensor for Methanol Detection in Alcoholic Beverages. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1274. [PMID: 37374859 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The facile real-time monitoring of methyl content in fermented beverages is of fundamental significance in the alcohol and restaurant industry, since as little as 4 mL of methanol entering the blood may cause intoxication or blindness. So far, the practical applicability of available methanol sensors, including the piezoresonance analogs, is somewhat limited to laboratory use due to the complexity and bulkiness of the measuring equipment involving multistep procedures. This article introduces a hydrophobic metal-phenolic film-coated quartz crystal microbalance (MPF-QCM) as a novel streamlined detector of methanol in alcoholic drinks. Unlike other QCM-based alcohol sensors, our device operates under saturated vapor pressure conditions, permitting rapid detection of methyl fractions up to seven times below the tolerable levels in spirits (e.g., whisky) while effectively suppressing the cross-sensitivity to interfering chemical compounds such as water, petroleum ether or ammonium hydroxide. Furthermore, the good surface adhesion of metal-phenolic complexes endows the MPF-QCM with superior long-term stability, contributing to the repeatable and reversible physical sorption of the target analytes. These features, combined with the lack of mass flow controllers, valves and connecting pipes delivering the gas mixture, outline the likelihood for future design of a portable MPF-QCM prototype suitable to point-of-use analysis in drinking establishments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karekin D Esmeryan
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yuliyan Lazarov
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodor Grakov
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Yulian I Fedchenko
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lazar G Vergov
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan Staykov
- Acoustoelectronics Laboratory, Georgi Nadjakov Institute of Solid State Physics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Pizzoferrato R. Optical Chemical Sensors: Design and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115284. [PMID: 37300010 DOI: 10.3390/s23115284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
More than ever, optical chemical sensing is a thriving research field with a strong outlook in terms of future development and penetration into growing industrial markets [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pizzoferrato
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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5
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Li Z, Zhao Y, You T, Zhu J, Xia M, Lu P, Zhang X, Xu Y. Infrared Evanescent Wave Sensing Based on a Ge 10As 30Se 40Te 20 Fiber for Alcohol Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4841. [PMID: 37430755 DOI: 10.3390/s23104841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Infrared evanescent wave sensing based on chalcogenide fiber is an emerging technology for qualitative and quantitative analysis of most organic compounds. Here, a tapered fiber sensor made from Ge10As30Se40Te20 glass fiber was reported. The fundamental modes and intensity of evanescent waves in fibers with different diameters were simulated with COMSOL. The 30 mm length tapered fiber sensors with different waist diameters, 110, 63, and 31 μm, were fabricated for ethanol detection. The sensor with a waist diameter of 31 μm has the highest sensitivity of 0.73 a.u./% and a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.195 vol.% for ethanol. Finally, this sensor has been used to analyze alcohols, including Chinese baijiu (Chinese distilled spirits), red wine, Shaoxing wine (Chinese rice wine), Rio cocktail, and Tsingtao beer. It is shown that the ethanol concentration is consistent with the nominal alcoholicity. Moreover, other components such as CO2 and maltose can be detected in Tsingtao beer, demonstrating the feasibility of its application in detecting food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tianxiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jihong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Yangtze Optical Fibre and Cable Joint Stock Limited Company (YOFC), Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Mengling Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institut Des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes UMR 6226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Yinsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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The Impact of Acetic Acid on Measuring Ethanol Concentrations in Water and Human Serum Using Short-Wave Infrared Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032980. [PMID: 36769307 PMCID: PMC9918287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol intoxication, although an elemental part of life in many places around the world, still presents several issues associated with excessive consumption. These issues range from drunk driving, violence, and antisocial behavior to self-harm, all exerting an increased cost on the society. Monitoring of intoxication levels can help to limit the impact of these issues by preventing the use of automobiles or heavy machinery and personal monitoring. Previous works on noninvasive measurement of ethanol tissue concentration for estimation of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) performed worst during the first hour of intoxication. Gas chromatography research of intoxication shows that levels of acetic acid rise together at a similar rate as those of ethanol after initial imbibement. In this research, short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy was utilized with the aim of establishing the interaction between ethanol and acetic acid in water and serum mixtures. The most consistent and clear correlation between ethanol and acetic acid was recorded at 2262 and 2302 nm wavelengths. Partial least-squares (PLS) analysis indicates that the most effective region for consideration in measurement of ethanol is the therapeutic window four (IV) due to high variance in vibration of carbon bonds. The behavior of spectra at different concentration ranges was examined and described in detail in relation to the consequence of alcohol measurement. The investigation concluded that ethanol shows distinctive regions of absorbance at wavelengths of 2262 and 2302 nm, with variations arising from increasing concentrations of acetic acid, whilst also showing that therapeutic window four is amongst the most influential regions of the spectrum for SWIR.
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Memon SF, Wang R, Strunz B, Chowdhry BS, Pembroke JT, Lewis E. Novel Corrugated Long Period Grating Surface Balloon-Shaped Heterocore-Structured Plastic Optical Fibre Sensor for Microalgal Bioethanol Production. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1644. [PMID: 36772687 PMCID: PMC9921262 DOI: 10.3390/s23031644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel long period grating (LPG) inscribed balloon-shaped heterocore-structured plastic optical fibre (POF) sensor is described and experimentally demonstrated for real-time measurement of the ultra-low concentrations of ethanol in microalgal bioethanol production applications. The heterocore structure is established by coupling a 250 μm core diameter POF between two 1000 μm diameter POFs, thus representing a large core-small core-large core configuration. Before coupling as a heterocore structure, the sensing region or small core fibre (SCF; i.e., 250 μm POF) is modified by polishing, LPG inscription, and macro bending into a balloon shape to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor. The sensor was characterized for ethanol-water solutions in the ethanol concentration ranges of 20 to 80 %v/v, 1 to 10 %v/v, 0.1 to 1 %v/v, and 0.00633 to 0.0633 %v/v demonstrating a maximum sensitivity of 3 × 106 %/RIU, a resolution of 7.9 × 10-6 RIU, and a limit of detection (LOD) of 9.7 × 10-6 RIU. The experimental results are included for the intended application of bioethanol production using microalgae. The characterization was performed in the ultra-low-level ethanol concentration range, i.e., 0.00633 to 0.03165 %v/v, that is present in real culturing and production conditions, e.g., ethanol-producing blue-green microalgae mixtures. The sensor demonstrated a maximum sensitivity of 210,632.8 %T/%v/v (or 5 × 106 %/RIU as referenced from the RI values of ethanol-water solutions), resolution of 2 × 10-4%v/v (or 9.4 × 10-6 RIU), and LOD of 4.9 × 10-4%v/v (or 2.3 × 10-5 RIU). Additionally, the response and recovery times of the sensor were investigated in the case of measurement in the air and the ethanol-microalgae mixtures. The experimentally verified, extremely high sensitivity and resolution and very low LOD corresponding to the initial rate of bioethanol production using microalgae of this sensor design, combined with ease of fabrication, low cost, and wide measurement range, makes it a promising candidate to be incorporated into the bioethanol production industry as a real-time sensing solution as well as in other ethanol sensing and/or RI sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanober Farheen Memon
- Optical Fibre Sensors Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Optical Fibre Sensors Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bob Strunz
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry
- NCRA-CMS Lab, IICT, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro 76062, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - J. Tony Pembroke
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Elfed Lewis
- Optical Fibre Sensors Research Centre, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
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Liokumovitch E, Glasser Z, Sternklar S. Spectral sensor of the ethanol concentration in water based on photodiode optoelectronic chromatic dispersion. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5076-5079. [PMID: 36181190 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic chromatic dispersion (OED) of a PN-type germanium photodiode is used for spectral sensing of ethanol concentration in water. A concentration sensitivity of 70 ppm is achieved. Spectral sensors based on OED in PN-type photodiodes can serve as low-cost on-chip devices for optical spectroscopy.
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9
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Paprocki S, Qassem M, Kyriacou PA. Review of Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6819. [PMID: 36146167 PMCID: PMC9501510 DOI: 10.3390/s22186819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. This review presents the development and the current state of alcohol intoxication quantifying devices and techniques, separated into six major categories: estimates, breath alcohol devices, bodily fluid testing, transdermal sensors, mathematical algorithms, and optical techniques. Each of these categories was researched by analyzing their respective performances and drawbacks. We found that the major developments in monitoring ethanol intoxication levels aim at noninvasive transdermal/optical methods for personal monitoring. Many of the "categories" of ethanol intoxication systems overlap with each other with to a varying extent, hence the division of categories is based only on the principal operation of the techniques described in this review. In summary, the gold-standard method for measuring blood ethanol levels is through gas chromatography. Early estimation methods based on mathematical equations are largely popular in forensic fields. Breath alcohol devices are the most common type of alcohol sensors on the market and are generally implemented in law enforcement. Transdermal sensors vary largely in their sensing methodologies, but they mostly follow the principle of electrical sensing or enzymatic reaction rate. Optical devices and methodologies perform well, with some cases outperforming breath alcohol devices in terms of the precision of measurement. Other estimation algorithms consider multimodal approaches and should not be considered alcohol sensing devices, but rather as prospective measurement of the intoxication influence. This review found 38 unique technologies and techniques for measuring alcohol intoxication, which is testament to the acute interest in the innovation of noninvasive technologies for assessing intoxication.
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Kelly-Richard A, Albert J. Multiresonant analysis improves the limit of detection of tilted fiber Bragg grating refractometers. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3740-3743. [PMID: 35913303 DOI: 10.1364/ol.462687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multiresonant approach based on tracking 27 cladding mode resonances of tilted fiber Bragg grating refractometers is shown to improve the limit of detection by a factor of 3 to 4 relative to the conventional approach of tracking the single-most sensitive resonance. Limits of detection below 2 × 10-5 in index change are achieved for dilutions of ethanol in water in repeated experiments. In all cases, wavelengths are referenced to the core mode resonance which eliminates the effect of small temperature changes during and between experiments.
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Pereira D, Bierlich J, Kobelke J, Pereira V, Ferreira MS. Optical Fiber Sensor for Monitoring the Evaporation of Ethanol–Water Mixtures. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155498. [PMID: 35898002 PMCID: PMC9331179 DOI: 10.3390/s22155498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An inline optical fiber sensor is proposed to monitor in real time the evaporation process of ethanol–water binary mixtures. The sensor presents two interferometers, a cladding modal interferometer (CMI) and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The CMI is used to acquire the variations in the external medium refractive index, presenting a maximum sensitivity of 387 nm/RIU, and to attain the variation in the sample concentration profile, while the MZI monitors temperature fluctuations. For comparison purposes, an image analysis is also conducted to obtain the droplet profile. The sensor proposed in this work is a promising alternative in applications where a rigorous measurement of volatile organic compound concentrations is required, and in the study of chemical and physical properties related to the evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pereira
- i3N & Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.P.); (V.P.)
| | - Jörg Bierlich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology IPHT, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Jens Kobelke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology IPHT, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany; (J.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Vanda Pereira
- i3N & Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.P.); (V.P.)
- ISOPlexis—Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology Center, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Marta S. Ferreira
- i3N & Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitario de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.P.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234370899
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12
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Shaalan NM, Ahmed F, Rashad M, Saber O, Kumar S, Aljaafari A, Ashoaibi A, Mahmoud AZ, Ezzeldien M. Low-Temperature Ethanol Sensor via Defective Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134439. [PMID: 35806564 PMCID: PMC9267614 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the fabrication of defective-induced nanotubes via the catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and the investigation of their properties toward gas sensing. We have developed defective multi-walled carbon nanotubes with porous and crystalline structures. The catalyst layer used in CNTs’ growth here was based on 18 and 24 nm of Ni, and 5 nm of Cr deposited by the dc-sputtering technique. The CNTs’ defects were characterized by observing the low graphite peak (G-band) and higher defect peaks (D-band) in the Raman spectrum. The defectives sites are the main source of the sensitivity of materials toward different gases. Thus, the current product was used for sensing devices. The device was subjected to various gases such as NO, NO2, CO, acetone, and ethanol at a low operating temperature of 30 °C and a concentration of 50 ppm. The sensor was observed to be less sensitive to most gas while showing the highest response towards ethanol gas. The sensor showed the highest response of 8.8% toward ethanol at 30 °C of 50 ppm, and a low response of 2.8% at 5 ppm, which was investigated here. The signal repeatability of the present sensor showed its capability to detect ethanol at much lower concentrations and at very low operating temperatures, resulting in reliability and saving power consumption. The gas sensing mechanism of direct interaction between the gas molecules and nanotube surface was considered the main. We have also proposed a sensing mechanism based on Coulomb dipole interaction for the physical adsorption of gas molecules on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagih M. Shaalan
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; (M.R.); (A.Z.M.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-135897114
| | - Faheem Ahmed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohamed Rashad
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; (M.R.); (A.Z.M.)
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Saber
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Shalendra Kumar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Abdullah Aljaafari
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Adil Ashoaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (O.S.); (S.K.); (A.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Amera Z. Mahmoud
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt; (M.R.); (A.Z.M.)
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Art at ArRass, Qassim University, ArRass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ezzeldien
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
- Metallurgy & Material Science Tests (MMST) Lab., Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
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