Psychological Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Topical Review

Castro FA, Costa EC, Boullosa D, Astorino TA. Affective valence predictors from real-world based short sprint interval training

Affective valence is typically positive at exercise intensities below the lactate threshold, yet more aversive responses occur at supra-threshold intensities. Nevertheless, the physiological and psychological predictors of affective valence during supramaximal intensities including short sprint interval training (sSIT) have not yet been elucidated. Seventeen (7 women/10 men) moderately active young adults (age ​= ​[28.2 ​± ​5.6] years;V ˙ O2max [maximum oxygen consumption] ​= ​[52.9 ​± ​8.1] mL·kg- 1·min- 1; BMI [body mass index] ​= ​[24 ​± ​2] kg·m- 2) completed four low-volume running sSIT sessions (10 ​× ​4 ​s efforts with 30 ​s of passive recovery). We recorded participants' heart rate (HR), root mean square of successive differences of normal RR intervals (RMSSD), heart rate recovery (HRR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), feeling scale (FS), intention and self-efficacy during, and after each session. Overall, no significant correlation (p ​> ​0.05) was found between FS and baseline clinical outcomes. No significant correlation (p ​> ​0.05) was detected between FS and any training parameter. No significant correlations were noted between FS and exercise task self-efficacy and intentions (p ​> ​0.05). The regression model was significant (F 3,61  ​= ​5.57; p ​= ​0.002) and only three variables significantly entered the generated model: ΔHRRend-120s end (p ​= ​0.002; VIF ​= ​2.58; 40.8%), time ≥ 90% HRpeak (p ​= ​0.001; VIF ​= ​1.26; 31.6%), and RMSSDend (p ​= ​0.025; VIF ​= ​2.23; 27.6%). These findings suggest that HR-based measures, particularly those related to in-task stress (time ≥ 90% HRpeak) and acute recovery (ΔHRRend-120s end, and RMSSDend), may predict affective valence during real-world sSIT.

Associations between daily composition of 24 h physical behavior with affective states and working memory

The daily association between 24-hour physical behavior compositions (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light physical activity (LPA), standing, sedentary, and sleep) and psychological outcomes-such as momentary affective state assessments and working memory-remains understudied. We investigated whether the daily 24-hour compositions, particularly MVPA and SB considering the remaining behaviors, are associated with affective states and working memory. We conducted an ambulatory assessment study with 199 university employees. Physical behaviors were measured continuously via thigh-worn accelerometers throughout the day. Affective states (i.e., valence, energetic arousal, and calmness) and working memory performance (i.e., numeric updating task) were captured up to six times a day via electronic diaries and tasks on a smartphone. We conducted Bayesian multilevel compositional data analysis to analyze within-person, and between-person associations of 24-hour physical behavior composition with affective states, and working memory. Aggregated same-day outcomes were used for main analyses to capture concurrent associations, and next-day outcomes were used for exploratory analyses to capture prospective associations. Concurrent analyses showed that higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity relative to the remaining physical behaviors was associated with 2.49 [95%CI 1.00, 4.06] higher valence and 3.65 [95%CI 2.11, 5.28] higher energetic arousal (but not calmness) ratings at the within-person, but not at the between-person level. Sedentary behavior relative to the remaining physical behaviors was not associated with any affective states. Spending more time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, followed by light physical activity, and standing, each at the expense of the other behaviors was associated with higher affective state ratings on the same day (between-person: ≥1.29 [0.19, 2.51] higher valence, 1.23 [0.04, 2.40] higher calmness; within-person: ≥0.62 [0.04, 1.22] higher valence, ≥ 1.10 [0.63, 1.58] higher energetic arousal, ≥ 0.95 [0.18, 1.74] higher calmness). The 24-hour physical behavior composition was not associated with working memory. Findings underline the importance of the 24-hour composition of physical behavior for mental health, by demonstrating significant concurrent associations with affective states. Even small reallocations of behaviors may positively influence affective states, providing valuable insights for the development of future interventions.

The effects and post-exercise energy metabolism characteristics of different high-intensity interval training in obese adults

This study aimed to compare the effects of two high-intensity interval training modalities on body composition and muscular fitness in obese young adults and examined the characteristics of energy expenditure (EE) after training. Thirty-six obese young adults (eleven female, age: 22.1 ± 2.3 years, BMI: 25.1 ± 1.2 kg/m2) were to Whole-body high-intensity interval training group (WB-HIIT) (n = 12), jump rope high-intensity interval training group (JR-HIIT) (n = 12), or non-training control group (CG) (n = 12). WB-HIIT and JR-HIIT groups performed an 8-week HIIT protocol. WB-HIIT, according to the program of unarmed resistance training, JR-HIIT use rope-holding continuous jump training, each execution of 4 sets of 4 × 30 s training, interval 30 s, inter-set interval 1min, and the control group maintained their regular habits without additional exercise training. Body composition and muscular strength were assessed before and after 8 weeks. Repeated measures analysis of variance and clinical effect analysis using Cohen's effect size were used, with a significance level of p < 0.05. In comparison with the CG group in both experimental groups, Body Mass and BMI significantly reduced (p < 0.05), and Muscular strength significantly improved (p < 0.05).WB-HIIT versus JR-HIIT: Fat Mass (- 1.5 ± 1.6; p = 0.02 vs - 2.3 ± 1.2; p < 0.01) and % Body Fat (- 1.3 ± 1.7; p = 0.05 vs - 1.9 ± 1.9; p < 0.01) the effect is more pronounced in the JR-HIIT group; Muscle Mass (1.5 ± 0.7; p < 0.01 vs - 0.8 ± 1.1; p = 0.07) the effect is more pronounced in the WB-HIIT group. Estimated daily energy intake (122 ± 459 vs 157 ± 313; p > 0.05). Compared to the CG, body composition was significantly improved in both intervention groups. All three groups had no significant changes in visceral adipose tissue (p > 0.05). Significant differences in Lipid and Carbohydrate oxidation and energy output were observed between the two groups, as well as substantial differences in WB-HIIT and JR-HIIT VO2, ventilation, and energy consumption minute during the 0-5 min post-exercise period (p > 0.05). WB-HIIT and JR-HIIT interventions effectively improve the body composition of young adults with obesity, while WB-HIIT additionally improves muscular fitness. After exercise, WB-HIIT produces higher excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and associated lipid and carbohydrate metabolism than JR-HIIT.

Impact of resistance and high-intensity interval training on body composition, physical function, and temporal dynamics of adaptation in older women with impaired cardiometabolic health: a randomized clinical trial

PURPOSE

Physical inactivity is associated with reduced physical fitness (PF) in older women with impaired cardiometabolic health. Although exercise has been shown to improve PF, interindividual variability in response and adaptation changes over time remain unclear. This study evaluated the effects of eight weeks of resistance training (RT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition, isometric strength, and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in older women with impaired cardiometabolic health. Additionally, the study explored the reduction of non-responders (NRs) and adaptation changes over time.

METHODS

This randomized clinical trial involved 36 older women (64 ± 8.4 years; BMI: 31.8 ± 5.5) with impaired cardiometabolic health, divided into RT-G (n = 12; 62 ± 7 years; BMI: 32.2 ± 4.1), HIIT-G (n = 12; 66 ± 10 years; BMI: 31.2 ± 4.1), and CG (n = 12; 64 ± 9 years; BMI: 31.8 ± 6) groups. RT-G performed elastic band exercises, and HIIT-G performed cycle ergometer intervals. BMI, body fat, lean mass, isometric strength, and 6MWT were measured at baseline and at four and eight weeks. The Student's t-test was applied for normally distributed variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normal variables. Intra- and inter-group differences were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA, considering group, time, and their interaction. Post-hoc comparisons were conducted using the Bonferroni test. Individual responses (IR) were calculated using the equation proposed by Hopkins: SDIR = √(SDExp2 - SDCon2). The prevalence of responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs) was expressed as a percentage, and percentage changes from baseline to weeks four and eight were used to evaluate adaptations dynamics.

RESULTS

By week eight, isometric strength in RT-G significantly improved from 21.3 ± 4.4 to 24.37 ± 3.99 kg (p = 0.027; 95% CI: 1.8, 4.3 kg; Cohen's d = 0.731) and 6MWT distance in HIIT-G increased from 441.0 ± 48.9 to 480.0 ± 53.0 m. (p = 0.002; 95% CI: 22, 55 m; Cohen's d = 0.757). Both protocols reduced NRs for body fat, lean mass, and 6MWT. Responders showed greater adaptations in the first four weeks, stabilizing by week eight.

CONCLUSION

RT and HIIT improved PF in older women with impaired cardiometabolic health, reducing NRs in terms of body composition and 6MWT over eight weeks, with similar adaptation changes over time among the responders. These findings highlight the importance of individualized exercise interventions to maximize health benefits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This study was part of a trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT06201273). Date: 22/12/2023.

Impact of exercise video-guided bodyweight interval training on psychophysiological outcomes in inactive adults with obesity

Purpose

Determine the impact of a 6-week YouTube-instructed bodyweight interval training (BW-IT) program on cardiometabolic health, muscular strength, and factors related to exercise adherence in adults with obesity.

Methods

Fourteen adults (30.7 ± 10.3 yrs, BMI 35.5 ± 5.4 kg/m2) participated in this study. The BW-IT program progressed bi-weekly from a 1:3 to 1:1 work-to-rest ratio, using maximum effort intervals of high knees, squat jumps, scissor jacks, jumping lunges, and burpees. Pre- and post-intervention measures included peak oxygen consumption (V ˙ O2peak), relative quadriceps isometric muscular strength, waist circumference (WC), body composition via bioelectrical impedance, and cardiometabolic blood markers (blood glucose, insulin, lipid panel, and C-reactive protein). Self-efficacy (task and scheduling) and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were also assessed.

Results

Relative isometric muscular strength increased by 12.5% (p = 0.02, dz 0.4) and absoluteV ˙ O2peak by 4.2% (p = 0.03, dz = 0.2). WC reduced by 2.1% (p < 0.001, dz = 0.2). Task self-efficacy was similar pre- to post-intervention (p = 0.53, dz = 0.2), while scheduling self-efficacy was reduced (p < 0.004, dz = 1.1). PACES scores were 9.6% higher week one compared to week six of BW-IT (p = 0.003, dz = 0.6). No changes occurred in body composition or cardiometabolic blood markers.

Conclusion

In previously inactive adults with obesity, 18 sessions of YouTube-instructed bodyweight interval training elicited small to moderate effects on lower extremity muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference. Future studies may benefit from longer interventions and adding a greater variety of calisthenics to determine interventions that improve physiological health and maintain or enhance factors associated with exercise adherence.

Effectiveness and acceptance of virtual reality vs. traditional exercise in obese adults: a pilot randomized trial

Introduction

Obesity is a significant global health concern, increasing the risk of various diseases and health complications. Effective and engaging exercise interventions are urgently needed for obesity management. This pilot study examines the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR)-based exercise compared to traditional exercise, both combined with Self-Determination Theory (SDT)-based counseling, individuals with obesity.

Methods

Forty individuals with overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to either a VR-based exercise group (intervention) or a traditional exercise group (control), with both groups receiving SDT-based counseling over 4 weeks. Assessments were conducted pre- and post-intervention.

Results

Participants in the VR-based exercise group showed significant reductions in BMI (2.6%) and body fat mass (5.3%) and consequently in hips circumference, compared to the control group. They also exhibited greater increases in physical activity levels, and improved psychological outcomes, including basic psychological needs (BPN), self-efficacy, self-esteem, and attitudes toward the program comparing with the control group. Moreover, the intervention group scored higher in interest/enjoyment and attitudes towards exercise compared with the control group and showed great results in perceived enjoyment, intention for future use, usability, and positive perceptions of using the VR system. Based on the participants' interviews, VR-based exercise was found to be more enjoyable and engaging.

Discussion

These findings suggest that VR-based exercise combined with counseling is more effective than traditional exercise in reducing weight, increasing physical activity, and improving psychological outcomes individuals with obesity. The immersive nature of VR may enhance motivation and adherence to exercise programs, offering a promising alternative for obesity management. However, the study's small sample size, short duration, and reliance on self-reported measures may limit its generalizability. Future research should explore long-term adherence, effectiveness in diverse populations, psychological mechanisms behind engagement, and comparisons with emerging fitness technologies like AI-powered platforms.

Impact of exercise training in a hypobaric/normobaric hypoxic environment on body composition and glycolipid metabolism in individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

This study aims to assess the impact of hypoxia training on body composition and glycolipid metabolism in excess body weight or living with obese people through meta-analysis.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of hypoxia training on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism in excess body weight or living with obese people were systematically searched from databases including CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science. The meta-analysis was performed by using Stata 18 and RevMan 5.4 analytic tools. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane evaluation tool, and the level of certainty of evidence was determined by the GRADE framework. Between-study heterogeneity was examined using the I 2 test, and the publication bias was evaluated via the Egger test or funnel plot.

Results

A total of 32 RCTs with 1,011 participants were included. A meta-analysis of 25 RCTs was performed (499 men and 480 women, Age: 40.25 ± 15.69, BMI: 30.96 ± 3.65). In terms of body composition, the outcome indexes of body fat ratio (MD is -1.16, 95% CI -1.76 to -0.56, P = 0.00) in the hypoxia group were better than the normal oxygen group. There was no significant difference in body mass and BMI between the hypoxia group and the normal-oxygen group (P > 0.05). In terms of lipid and glucose metabolism, no significant changes were found between the hypoxia group and the normoxia group (P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that training in hypoxic environment at altitude 2001-2,500 m could effectively improve body mass, TG and LDL-C (P < 0.05). The effective program to reduce body mass is to carry out moderate intensity training of 45-60 min for ≤8 weeks, ≥4 times a week (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Hypoxic training is essential for reducing body fat ratio in excess body weight or obese people. It is recommended to carry out 45-60 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for ≤8 weeks, ≥4 times a week, in a hypoxia environment of 2,001-2,500 m to lose body mass. The effects of hypoxia training and normoxia training on lipid and glucose metabolism in excess body weight or obese people are the same.

Systematic Review Registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024628550.

Impact of In-Person and Mobile Exercise Coaching on Psychosocial Factors Affecting Exercise Adherence in Inactive Women With Obesity: 20-Week Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Regular exercise may counteract obesity-related health risks, but adherence is low among individuals with obesity. Personal trainers may positively influence exercise behavior by providing motivational support. Individuals who receive regular exercise coaching are more likely to adhere to their exercise routine, compared with those who exercise individually. However, investing in personalized exercise guidance, such as a personal trainer, can be expensive for the individual. Thus, integrating web-based coaching could be a more economically sustainable option, offering both flexibility and reduced costs compared with in-person coaching only. Yet, research is needed to assess the effect of hybrid models in improving psychosocial factors among women with obesity.

OBJECTIVE

This 20-week, pragmatic randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of weekly in-person coaching compared with 2 combinations of in-person and web-based coaching on 5 psychosocial factors in women with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2).

METHODS

Participants were invited through Facebook and Instagram advertisements posted by various fitness clubs across rural and urban locations in Norway (7 different counties and 12 different municipalities). Women with low activity (n=188; <150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity/week; 42.7, SD 10.5 years; mean BMI of 35.1, SD 6.9 kg/m2) were allocated into 3 groups of in-person coaching-weekly (n=47), twice weekly (n=47), and once monthly (n=47)-and as controls (n=47). Those with twice weekly and once monthly in-person coaching received web-based coaching of 15 minutes during weeks without in-person coaching. Data included background variables, motivation (Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2), barriers, self-efficacy (The Self-Efficacy Survey), social support (Social Support Questionnaire), and health-related quality of life (36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]).

RESULTS

A total of 120 (64%) out of 188 participants completed baseline and postintervention assessments. A minor difference was observed in one item of the SF-36, where all intervention groups reported a greater "change in health last year" than the control group (mean difference: 14.2-17.1, 95% CI 2.04-29.5; g=0.79-1.14; P≤.01). No other effects were found on the selected psychosocial factors. It should be noted that controls reported higher intrinsic motivational regulation at baseline than intervention groups (mean difference: 0.43-0.93; P≤.05). All intervention arms exercised more frequently than controls (mean difference: 1.1-1.5; P≤.001), with no differences in weekly exercise frequency between the 3 intervention arms (P=.30).

CONCLUSIONS

We found no effects on motivation, barriers, self-efficacy, perceived social support, or other health domains compared with controls. All intervention groups reported a slight improvement in self-perceived health in 1 of the 8 subscales of the SF-36. Combined in-person and web-based coaching may give a minor improvement in self-perceived health in women with obesity. However, the lack of impact on motivation, barriers, and self-efficacy warrants further research.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05792657; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05792657.

The effects of circuit hydraulic weight interval training on body composition and progression of resistance in recreationally exercising pre- and postmenopausal women: an 18-week quasi-experimental study

Background

The lack of physical activity, stress, and unhealthy eating habits contribute to body mass disorders, which form the basis of most civilization diseases. Mature women are increasingly turning to fitness clubs to improve their physique and protect themselves from diseases and the progressive aging process. The multitude of training systems proposed to women by fitness clubs leads to the search for solutions that will bring positive health results. The response to an exercise stimulus may depend on the menopausal status.

Methods

This quasi-experimental study aimed to determine the effects of 6, 12, and 18 weeks of circuit hydraulic weight interval training (CHWIT) on anthropometric indices, body composition estimated by the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and muscle performance in inactive pre- and post-menopausal women from an urban population. A total of 100 women aged between 35 and 69 (mean 51.5 ± 9.61) years with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.3 (±5.4 kg/m2) were divided by menopausal status and assigned to the training CHWIT group (25 pre- and 25 postmenopausal women) and the control group (25 pre- and 25 postmenopausal women). Each participant from the CHWIT group took part in a total of 54 training sessions, developed for the Mrs.Sporty network, under the constant supervision of a qualified trainer.

Results

After 18 weeks of training in both intervention groups, ANCOVA demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreased body fat (%), reduced thigh and arm circumference, and increased muscle component (kg) as the main part of fat-free body mass. Additionally, premenopausal women decreased their body mass, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences. A significant increase in the muscle component was noticed after 6 weeks of CHWIT in pre-menopausal women and only after 18 weeks in postmenopausal women. Significant progression of resistance (amount of repetitions on hydraulic machines) was observed after 6 weeks and at each subsequent stage of CHWIT in both intervention groups (p < 0.001). No significant differences were found in the controls.

Conclusion

CHWIT is an effective form of training, improving body composition and physical functions in inactive pre- and postmenopausal women. Changes in the muscle component require a longer intervention of physical effort in women after menopause.

Impact of combiner aerobic and resistance training on depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the existing literature and evaluate the efficacy of combined resistance and aerobic training in alleviating depressive symptoms among individuals with depression. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on study region, age, depression severity, intervention duration, intervention frequency, and whether the intervention was supervised or unsupervised.

METHODS

Five databases were thoroughly examined from database establishment until August 20, 2024, to find randomized controlled trials that investigated resistance combined aerobic training impact on depression.

RESULTS

Finally, 27 eligible studies were included, involving a total of 2,342 patients with depression. The outcomes indicated that resistance combined aerobic training notably improved signs of depression in these patients (SMD=-1.39, 95%CI=-1.80 to -0.96, p = 0.000). Subgroup analysis based on study area, age, severity of depressive symptoms, and exercise prescription revealed that resistance combined aerobic training had a particularly significant effect on middle-aged and elderly patients with depression, as well as on those with moderate depression. Additionally, moderate period (9-24 weeks), moderate frequency (3-4 times per week), a total weekly duration of more than 180 min and supervised training displayed the best results.

CONCLUSION

Resistance combined aerobic training serves as an efficient approach to relieve depression-related symptoms, particularly in middle-aged and elderly patients with depression and those with moderate depression. Moderate training intensity, duration, frequency, and total weekly duration offer the greatest benefit.

Impact of resistance training on cardiometabolic health-related indices in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of resistance training on cardiometabolic health-related outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and overweight/obesity.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception up to May 2024. The search strategy included the following keywords: diabetes, resistance exercise and strength training.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES

RCTs published in English comparing resistance training alone with non-exercising standard treatment. Participants were adults diagnosed with T2DM and concurrent overweight/obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2).

RESULTS

A total of 18 RCTs qualified involving 1180 patients (48.6/51.4 female/male ratio; 63.3±7.0 years; 29.3±4.3 kg/m2). Waist circumference (standardised mean differences (SMD) -0.85 cm, 95% CI -1.66 to -0.04), waist-to-hip ratio (SMD -0.72, 95% CI -1.30 to -0.15), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD +0.40 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.07 to -0.72), triglycerides (SMD -0.54 mg/dL, 95% CI -1.06 to -0.02), fasting blood glucose (SMD -0.65 mmol/L, 95% CI -1.19 to -0.12), fasting insulin (SMD -0.74 uIU/mL, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.36) and glycated haemoglobin (SMD -0.32%, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.01) improved compared with standard treatment. The risk of bias was low to unclear, and the quality of evidence was very low to moderate.

CONCLUSIONS

Resistance training as a standalone exercise intervention in the management and treatment of T2DM with concurrent overweight/obesity is associated with many cardiometabolic benefits when compared with standard treatment without exercise.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42022355612.

Effects of human concurrent aerobic and resistance training on cognitive health: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Background

The rising prevalence of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases, projected to affect 150 million individuals by 2050, highlights the urgent need to enhance neurocognitive health. While both aerobic and resistance training are recognized as effective strategies, their combined effects on cognition remain underexplored.

Objective

This study aimed to determine if concurrent aerobic and resistance training (CT) is effective in enhancing cognitive function.

Methods

Seven English and three Chinese databases were searched from inception to August 2024. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of CT on global cognition across diverse populations were included. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model in R and Stata, supplemented by subgroup and meta-regression analyses to explore variability.

Results

The meta-analysis included 35 RCTs with 5,734 participants, revealing a positive effect of CT on global cognition (g = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17-0.46, p < 0.001). Notably, older adults (≥65 years) exhibited greater cognitive benefits (g = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14-0.51, p < 0.05) compared to younger populations. Significant effects were also observed in clinical populations (g = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11-0.46, p < 0.001). Exercise frequency and duration positively influenced outcomes, with medium-length interventions (13-26 weeks) demonstrating significant effects (g = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.37, p = 0.011).

Conclusion

The findings indicate that CT significantly enhances cognitive health, particularly in older adults and clinical populations. Prioritizing strength training, implementing short- to medium-term interventions (4-26 weeks), and maintaining session durations of 30-60 minutes are crucial for optimizing cognitive benefits.

Effect of very low-carbohydrate high-fat diet and high-intensity interval training on mental health-related indicators in individuals with excessive weight or obesity

Very low carbohydrate high fat (VLCHF) diet and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are widely utilized for weight reduction and cardiorespiratory fitness improvement, respectively. To assess the acceptability of these approaches, it is essential to examine mental health-related indicators. This secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial investigated the isolated and synergistic effects of VLCHF and HIIT on mental health-related indicators in individuals with excessive weight or obesity. Sixty-eight participants (age = 42 ± 10.2; 20-60 years; BMI = 29.8 ± 3.7) were analysed across four groups: HIIT (n = 15, 4 males, 11 females), VLCHF (n = 19, 4 males, 15 females), VLCHF + HIIT (n = 19, 4 males, 15 females), and control (n = 15, 4 males, 11 females). The 12-week intervention, involved VLCHF diet or HIIT sessions, depending on group affiliation and completing online questionnaires via Qualtrics software before and after the intervention. The questionnaires included the 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12) for mental (MHS) and physical health scores (PHS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Using the Kruskal-Wallis test, we found no significant differences in mental health-related indicators between groups after 12 weeks, except for SWLS (p = 0.031; ES = 0.133; medium), which improved significantly in the VLCHF + HIIT group compared to the HIIT group. Our findings indicate that HIIT and VLCHF, alone or combined, do not significantly affect mental health-related indicators.

High-intensity interval training vs. yoga in improving binge eating and physical fitness in inactive young females

Yoga is effective in binge eating disorder (BED) treatment, but it does not seem effective enough to improve low physical fitness. In contrast, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is effective in improving physical fitness but has never been studied in the context of BED. In the study, 47 young inactive females with mild to moderate BED were recruited and randomly assigned to a HIIT group (HIIT), a Yoga group (YG), or a control group (CG; age, 19.47 ± 0.74, 19.69 ± 0.874, and 19.44 ± 0.63 years; BMI, 21.07 ± 1.66, 21.95 ± 2.67, and 20.68 ± 2.61 kg/m2, respectively). The intervention groups participated in 8-week specific exercises, while the CG maintained their usual daily activity. Before and after the training, participants were evaluated for BED using the binge eating scale (BES) and for physical fitness. The obtained data were compared within groups and between groups, and a correlation analysis between BES and physical fitness parameters was performed. After the training, the YG presented significant improvements in BES (- 20.25%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.408), fat mass (FM, - 3.13%, p = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.269), and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, 11.51%, p = 0.000, ηp2 = 0.601), whereas the HIIT showed significant improvements in body weight (BW, - 1.78%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.433), FM (- 3.94%, p = 0.033, ηp2 = 0.285), and BMI (- 1.80%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.428), but not in BES. Comparisons between groups revealed that both HIIT and YG had significantly higher VO2max levels than CG (HIIT 12.82%, p = 0.006, ηp2 = 0.088; YG: 11.90%, p = 0.009, ηp2 = 0.088) with no difference between HIIT and YG. Additionally, YG presented significantly lower BES than both HIIT (15.45%, p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.03) and CG (11.91%, p = 0.022, ηp2 = 0.03). In conclusion, Yoga is an effective treatment for BED, but HIIT is not, despite its high efficacy in improving physical fitness.

Association Between Different Inflammatory Markers and Generalized Abdominal Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study

PURPOSE

Inflammation is strongly correlated with obesity. However, very few studies have reported associations between novel inflammatory markers, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), C-reactive protein (CRP), and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR), and different obesity types. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the associations of these inflammatory markers with generalized and abdominal obesity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included data from 2015 to 2018 obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the associations between different inflammatory biomarkers and obesity. The discriminative capacities of the markers for obesity types were depicted using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, with corresponding area under the curve (AUC) metrics quantifying this discrimination.

RESULTS

After adjusting for confounding variables, generalized obesity was found to be positively associated with an increased risk of NLR by 35%, SII by 52%, CRP by 941%, and CAR by 925%, compared with the reference groups. In the model, the CRP concentration and CAR demonstrated high AUC values of 0.690 and 0.889, respectively, for the identification of generalized and abdominal obesity (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed associations between obesity and inflammatory biomarkers, such as the NLR, SII, CRP, and CAR. CRP is the most sensitive marker for generalized obesity, while CAR shows the strongest association with abdominal obesity. These findings suggest that inflammatory biomarkers may be useful for assessing and managing obesity-related health concerns.

The acute effect of time-restricted feeding (12 & 16 h) and varying exercise intensities on fat-oxidation rate in inactive young adults - a randomized control trial

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a dietary pattern that alternates between periods of fasting and feeding, which has gained significant attention in recent years. The 16/8 approach consists of fasting for 16 h and feeding for an 8-h window, while the 12/12 method consists of fasting for 12 h and a 12-h feeding window. Limited research exists comparing the effects of these methods coupled with physical activity (PA). The aim of this investigation was to examine the acute effects between conditions of varying TRF durations (12 and 16 h) and PA intensities on the fat oxidation rate (FOR). It was hypothesized that i) the TRF16 conditions would exhibit higher FORmax and that PA would enhance these effects, and ii) High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) would result in greater effects on FORmax compared to Low-Moderate Intensity Steady State Continuous Training (MICT) PA.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Eighteen young adults (age: 23 ± 2.0 yrs., body mass index: 23.5 ± 2.8 kg·m-2) were recruited and participated in the supervised intervention. The discrete component open circuit spirometry system was used to measure oxygen consumption (VO2), and Frayne's equation was used to determine the FOR plus FORmax. ANOVA was used to determine pre/post-intervention differences in FORmax. The FORmax for the TRF16 + HIIT intervention was significantly higher than the TRF12 (mean difference = 0.099 g·min-1, p = 0.011, 95% CI 0.017 to 0.180) and TRF16 fast alone (mean difference = 0.093 g·min-1, p = 0.002, 95% CI 0.027 to 0.159). The FORmax for TRF12 + HIIT intervention was significantly higher than the TRF12 fast alone (mean difference = 0.070 g·min-1, p = 0.023, 95% CI 0.007 to 0.134). The TRF16 + HIIT intervention was also significantly higher than the TRF12 fast alone (mean difference = 0.099 g·min-1, p = 0.011, 95% CI 0.017 to 0.180).

CONCLUSION

This study contributes to the ever-growing body of literature on the acute effects of TRF and PA on young adult males and females. The findings suggest that the TRF16 + HIIT PA intervention results in the highest FORmax.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Retrospective Registration ISRCTN # 10076373 (October 6, 2023).

Association between lifestyle factors and mental health in apparently healthy young men

OBJECTIVE

The study aims to explore the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors (physical activity, sedentary time, body composition, muscle strength) and mental health, and predict future changes in mental health.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 133 men (age: 29.03 ± 6.605 years, BMI: 23.58 ± 2.688 kg/m²) to assess baseline body composition, muscle strength, sedentary time, and mental health, with follow-up at 3 months. F-tests were employed to compare the differences in mental health on sedentary time and body composition variables. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine correlations between variables.

RESULTS

Spearman's correlation analysis showed that sedentary time, muscle strength and mental health of the subjects were significantly correlated. BMI, BFM, BFMI, PBF were higher in subjects with ≥ 4 h of sedentary time than in the other two shorter sedentary time groups. Subjects with higher PBF (p = 0.047, η2 = 0.030) and BFM (p = 0.032, η2 = 0.035) had severer depression. Subjects who sat for ≥ 4 h at a time were more severely depressed than those who sat for 2-4 h (p = 0.020). Change in depression was significantly negatively correlated with BMI, BFM, BFMI and PBF. Subjects with higher PBF (p = 0.023, η2 = 0.050) and BFM (p = 0.005, η2 = 0.075) at the baseline had less change in depression.

CONCLUSION

A Significant correlation was found between sedentary time, body composition and mental health, and baseline body composition predicted changes in mood three months later.

Health and fitness trends in the post-COVID-19 era in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study

The health and fitness (H&F) sector is rapidly evolving and appears to be a vibrant space for industry stakeholders with a great potential globally. This observational study aimed to identify the most popular trends related to H&F services in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for the first time, focused on the industry status after the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and aimed to detect potential differences with the recent results observed in other countries or regions. Additionally, a chi-square analysis was applied to determine the significant differences between trends and demographics, such as sex, age, experience, and work status. A national online survey was conducted, and applied the methodology of similar international surveys that have been carried out by the American College of Sports Medicine since 2006. In particular, simple random sampling was utilized through an online questionnaire sent to 2771 professionals involved in the UAE's H&F sector. In total, 322 responses were collected with a response rate of 11.6%. The 10 most popular H&F trends in the UAE during the post-COVID-19 era were exercise for weight loss, personal training, traditional strength training, employing certified exercise professionals, boxing, kickboxing, mixed martial arts, youth athletic development, high-intensity interval training, massage, bodyweight training, and wearable technologies. Exercise for weight loss (p = 0.001) and lifestyle medicine (p = 0.032) were more popular among females compared to males, while traditional strength training (p = 0.035) was reported more frequently by males. Going to health clubs and spas (p = 0.001) and practicing yoga (p = 0.011) were more popular trends among middle-aged (36-64 years) respondents compared to young ones (18-34 years). Athletic development (p = 0.042) was more frequently reported by non-practitioners (students) compared to practitioners (part- and full-time employees). The present results are partially in line with those reported in other recent national, regional, and global surveys, which investigated the top H&F trends after the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, the main outcomes of this study indicate that the industry stakeholders should focus on in-person H&F services since trends related to technology and digital services are not currently popular nationwide. Moreover, the majority of the top trends were more traditional and rooted activities, which showed that the current status of the H&F sector has established particular training services, programs, and products in the UAE.

Impact of Fruit and Vegetable Enzyme Supplementation on Aerobic Performance and Lactate Response in Older Adults Following High-Intensity Interval Exercise Through Exergaming: Randomized Experimental Matched-Pair Study

Background

Exercise offers substantial health benefits but can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, especially in high-intensity formats such as high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE). Exergaming has become an effective, enjoyable fitness tool for all ages, particularly older adults. Enzyme supplements may enhance exercise performance by improving lactate metabolism and reducing oxidative stress.

Objective

This study investigates the efficacy of fruit and vegetable enzyme supplementation in modulating fatigue and enhancing aerobic capacity in older adults following HIIE through exergaming.

Methods

The study recruited 16 older adult female participants and allocated them into 2 distinct groups (enzyme and placebo) based on their pretest lactate levels. This division used pairwise grouping to guarantee comparability between the groups, ensuring the integrity of the results. They engaged in HIIE using Nintendo Switch Ring Fit Adventure, performing 8 sets of 20 seconds of maximum effort exercise interspersed with 30 seconds of rest, totaling 370 seconds of exercise. Key metrics assessed included blood lactate levels, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and training impulse. Participants in the enzyme group were administered a fruit and vegetable enzyme supplement at a dosage of 30 mL twice daily over a period of 14 days.

Results

The enzyme group showed significantly lower blood lactate levels compared to the placebo group, notably after the fourth (mean 4.29, SD 0.67 vs mean 6.34, SD 1.17 mmol/L; P=.001) and eighth (mean 5.84, SD 0.63 vs mean 8.20, SD 1.15 mmol/L; P<.001) exercise sessions. This trend continued at 5 minutes (mean 6.85, SD 0.82 vs mean 8.60, SD 1.13 mmol/L; P=.003) and 10 minutes (mean 5.91, SD 1.16 vs mean 8.21, SD 1.27 mmol/L; P=.002) after exercise. Although both groups exceeded 85% of their estimated maximum heart rate during the exercise, enzyme supplementation did not markedly affect the perceived intensity or effort.

Conclusions

The study indicates that fruit and vegetable enzyme supplementation can significantly reduce blood lactate levels in older adults following HIIE through exergaming. This suggests a potential role for these enzymes in modulating lactate production or clearance during and after high-intensity exercise. These findings have implications for developing targeted interventions to enhance exercise tolerance and recovery in older adults.

Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on glycemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Structured aerobic or resistance training alone seems to be a beneficial tool for improving glucose homeostasis, chronic systemic inflammation, resting cardiovascular function, and mental health in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available data on the effectiveness of combined aerobic and resistance training (CART) on glycemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL) in overweight and obese individuals with T2DM.

Methods

A database search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception up to May 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess eligible studies, and the GRADE method to evaluate the reliability of evidence. A random-effects model was used, and data were analyzed using standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42022355612).

Results

A total of 21,612 studies were retrieved; 20 studies were included, and data were extracted from 1,192 participants (mean age: 57 ± 7 years) who met the eligibility criteria. CART demonstrated significant improvements in body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, CRF, and QoL compared to ST. These findings highlight the significance of exercise interventions such as CART as essential elements within comprehensive diabetes management strategies, ultimately enhancing overall health outcomes in individuals with T2DM and overweight/obesity.No differences were found in resting heart rate between CART and ST. An uncertain risk of bias and poor quality of evidence were found among the eligible studies.

Conclusion

These outcomes show clear evidence considering the positive role of CART in inducing beneficial changes in various cardiometabolic and mental health-related indicators in patients with T2DM and concurrent overweight/obesity. More studies with robust methodological design are warranted to examine the dose-response relationship, training parameters configuration, and mechanisms behind these positive adaptations.

Changes in Muscle Mass and Strength in Adolescents Following High-Intensity Functional Training with Bodyweight Resistance Exercises in Physical Education Lessons

(1) Background: The growing prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and declining physical fitness among children and adolescents due to sedentary lifestyles has increased attention toward preventive intervention to tackle this issue. This study investigated the age-related effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), based on bodyweight resistance exercises conducted during physical education lessons, on muscle mass and strength improvement. (2) Methods: Adolescent males (n = 116) were allocated to four HIFT experimental groups (EGs) and four standard physical education program control groups (CGs) according to age (15, 16, 17, and 18 years [y]). The changes in muscle mass (absolute and relative to height [SMI]), hand-grip strength (HGS), sit-ups (SUs), and standing broad jump (SBJ) were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni tests. (3) Results: HIFT significantly increased muscle mass and scores in all strength tests (p < 0.01), while chronological age was significant for HGS (p < 0.01). Interactions between HIFT and chronological age categories were observed for HGS (p = 0.01) and SBJ (p < 0.03). Detailed post hoc tests revealed improvement in muscle mass across all chronological age categories for both approaches (p < 0.05). The 18y-EG group improved HGS over their control peers (p < 0.01), the EG groups significantly improved their SU results (p < 0.01), and SBJ improved in the 15y-EG and 18y-EG groups compared to their control (p < 0.01). (4) Conclusions: This research highlights the effectiveness of a school-based HIFT program in promoting muscle mass gains and enhancing muscle strength among adolescents. The findings offer valuable insights for implementing bodyweight exercises during physical education classes.

Home-based circuit training improves blood lipid profile, liver function, musculoskeletal fitness, and health-related quality of life in overweight/obese older adult patients with knee osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND

There is strong evidence showing the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and knee pain resulting from osteoarthritis. Regular exercise has been reported as a foundational piece of the preventive therapy puzzle for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. Nonetheless, evidence-based exercise protocols for people with comorbidities, such as obesity, T2DM, and KOA are limited. Therefore, the present trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week home-based circuit training (HBCT) protocol on various indices related to cardiometabolic health, musculoskeletal fitness, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among overweight/obese older adult patients with KOA and T2DM during the COVID-19 lockdown.

METHODS

This is a randomized controlled trial study registered at the National Medical Research Register (ID: RSCH ID-21-01180-KGTNMRR ID-21-02367-FUM) and obtained approval on December 9, 2021. Seventy overweight or obese patients with KOA and T2DM (62.2 ± 6.1 years; 56% female) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 35, HBCT) or the no-exercise control group (n = 35, CON). HBCT performed a 12-week progressive protocol (seven exercises; 15-30 repetitions per exercise, 1 min passive rest between exercises; 2-4 rounds per session; 20-60 min total session duration). Blood samples were collected, and assays were performed to assess the lipid profile, liver function, and fasting blood glucose (FBG). In addition, the 30-s Chair Stand Test (30CST) was used to evaluate lower body muscular strength and endurance while the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used to evaluate lower limb function, mobility, and the risk of falls for all the participants. HRQoL was assessed using the Osteoarthritis Knee and Hip Quality of Life (OAKHQoL). All the assessments were conducted at pre-, mid-, and post-training stages during the application or practice of the exercise protocol, rather than during the training sessions themselves.

RESULTS

HBCT significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, FBG and knee pain (p < 0.05). Furthermore, HBCT induced meaningful increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), lower body muscular strength, endurance, function, mobility, and HRQoL in overweight/obese older adults with T2DM and KOA (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The present outcomes recommend that an injury-free HBCT program may improve various indicators related to cardiometabolic health, musculoskeletal fitness, and HRQoL in elderly with overweight/obesity, T2DM and KOA. These findings offer valuable insights for clinicians and practitioners seeking evidence-based exercise interventions tailored for patients managing substantial metabolic and musculoskeletal health challenges in clinical practice.

Is Frequency of Practice of Different Types of Physical Activity Associated with Health and a Healthy Lifestyle at Different Ages?

Physical activity (PA) has been shown to be related to physical and mental health. Yet there are few studies on how the frequency of PA relates to health and a healthy lifestyle. We aimed to investigate how the frequency of different PAs is associated with the following health indicators: body mass index (BMI), substance consumption, physical health, and mental health. We focused on three types of PA: (1) medium- to high-intensity aerobic exercise; (2) low- to medium-intensity relaxing exercise; and (3) outdoor leisure PA. A total of 9617 volunteers, aged 19 to 81, participated in the study. The relationships between the frequencies of the three types of PA and health-related and sociodemographic factors were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression. We found that women more frequently engaged in PA type 2, and men in types 1 and 3. A higher frequency of PA was associated with lower BMI and less or no smoking behavior; higher education (PAs 1 and 3); higher age (PAs 2 and 3); better physical health (PAs 1 and 3); and better mental health (PA 3). In conclusion, higher frequency of different PAs was significantly associated with better physical and mental health, less smoking, higher age, and a higher level of education.

Clinical value and mechanistic analysis of HIIT on modulating risk and symptoms of depression: A systematic review

Background

The exact causal mechanisms of depression remain unclear due to the complexity of the triggers, which has led to limitations in treating depression using modern drugs. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is as effective as medication in treating depression without toxic side effects. Typically, HIIT requires less time commitment (i.e., shorter exercise duration) and exhibits pronounced benefits on depressive symptoms than other forms of physical exercise. This review summarizes the risk reduction and clinical effects of HIIT for depression and discusses the underlying mechanisms, providing a theoretical basis for utilizing HIIT in treating depression.

Methods

A database search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception up to October 2022. The methodological quality of the included literature was evaluated by the physiotherapy evidence database (PEDro) scale criteria. The review focused on evaluating the changes in depression risk or symptoms of HIIT interventions in healthy individuals, patients with depression, and patients with other disorders co-morbid with depression. Consequently, the mechanisms associated with depression related HIIT were summarized.

Results

A total of 586 participants (52 % female; mean age: 43.58±8.93 years) from 22 studies were included. Implementing HIIT using different exercise types alleviates depressive symptoms in individuals with depression and in individuals with depression who have exhibited comorbidities and reduced depression scale scores in subjects immediately after acute exercise. In addition, the long-interval HIIT and short-interval HIIT in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular or psychiatric disorders may reduce depressive symptoms via complex exercise-related changes on several levels, including by effecting the following measures: releasing monoamines, reducing neuronal death, inducing neurogenesis, modulating the functional homeostasis of the HPA axis, and enhancing the level of inflammation in the body.

Conclusion

HIIT is a relatively safe and effective antidepressant, which may involve multiple neurobiological mechanisms (release of monoamines, reducing neuronal death, inducing neurogenesis, modulating the functional homeostasis of the HPA axis, and enhancing the level of inflammation in the body), thereby reducing the risk or symptoms of depression in participants.

Effects of combined aerobic exercise and diet on cardiometabolic health in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Lifestyle modifications involving diet and exercise are recommended for patients diagnosed with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The purpose of this review was to systematically evaluate the effects of combined aerobic exercise and diet (AEDT) on various cardiometabolic health-related indicators among individuals with obesity and T2DM.

METHODOLOGY

A comprehensive search of the PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases was conducted for this meta-analysis. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to evaluate eligible studies, and the GRADE tool was used to rate the certainty of evidence. A random-effects model for continuous variables was used, and the results were presented as mean differences or standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

A total of 16,129 studies were retrieved; 20 studies were included, and data were extracted from 1,192 participants. The findings revealed significant improvements in body mass index, body weight, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin, glycated hemoglobin, leptin, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin (p < 0.05) compared to the standard treatment (ST) group. No significant differences were observed between the AEDT and ST groups in fat mass, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. The present findings are based on low- to moderate-quality evidence.

CONCLUSIONS

AEDT may be a critical behavior for holistic cardiometabolic health-related benefits as a contemporary anti-obesity medication due to its significant positive impact on patients with obesity and T2DM. Nevertheless, further robust evidence is necessary to determine whether AEDT is an effective intervention for lowering cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors among individuals with obesity and T2DM.

Health and fitness trends in Iran for 2024: A cross-sectional study

The health and fitness sector is evolving and appears to be an important field not only for consumers but also for gym operators/managers, exercise professionals, training providers and educators with great potential worldwide. Our aim of this cross-sectional survey was to investigate the most attractive health and fitness trends in Iran for the first time and to observe any potential differences with the recent results reported in other regions. A national online survey was conducted, using the methodology of similar international surveys conducted by the American College of Sports Medicine since 2007. In total, a web-based questionnaire was sent to 7158 professionals who worked in the Iranian health and fitness industry. A total of 408 responses were collected with a response rate of 5.7%. The 10 most important health and fitness trends in Iran for 2024 were strength training with free weights, exercise for weight loss, group training, low-cost and budget gyms, dance-based workouts, outdoor activities, Pilates, bodyweight training, core training and aquatic exercise. The present findings are not fully aligned with those reported for the top health and fitness trends internationally, showing that trends related to technology and health are not yet popular nationwide. Such outcomes may support all industry stakeholders with making important business decisions, professional development opportunities and innovative concepts to enhance customer engagement through positive exercise experiences.

Physical Activity, Body Image, and Emotional Intelligence Differences in Adults with Overweight and Obesity

Physical activity (PA) and emotional intelligence (EI) are integral parts of human nature. Body image (BI) and body mass index (BMI) may be indications of the psycho-emotional and physical health of human beings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between PA and EI of Greek adults living with overweight and obesity, as well as to identify the BI and EI differences in this population. A cross-sectional study design was used, involving 216 participants (65% females) of whom 51.4% were young adults (20-40 years), 48.6% were middle-aged adults (41-60 years), while 51.4% of participants were living with overweight or obesity. According to the results, all indicators of PA had very low correlations with EI factors, while statistically significant correlations were observed only for PA at work and the total score of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire with the use of emotions (r = 0.16 and r = 0.17, respectively, p < 0.05). Women had significantly higher EI scores than men regarding the care and empathy factor, while the individuals with obesity had lower scores in the use of emotions factor. Regarding BI, young adults who were satisfied with their BI had better control of feelings than the middle-aged adult counterparts. In conclusion, BI satisfaction and EI may differ between individuals living with overweight and obesity in both genders. Younger individuals with obesity may compensate better for their BI and better control their emotions. On the other side, PA does not seem to have an important role in these associations.

Health and fitness trends in Southern Europe for 2023: A cross-sectional survey

The physical activity, exercise and wellness sector is rapidly growing and seems to be an exciting field for business and professional development with great potential globally. The purpose of this observational and cross-sectional study was to determine the most popular health and fitness trends in Southern Europe for the first time, including data from Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece and Cyprus, and to investigate any potential differences in this area compared to the Pan-European and global fitness trends for 2023. A national online survey was conducted in five Southern European countries, using the methodology of similar regional and worldwide surveys conducted by the American College of Sports Medicine since 2007. In total, a web-based questionnaire was sent to 19,887 professionals who worked in the Southern European physical activity, exercise and wellness sector. A total of 2645 responses were collected from five national surveys with an overall mean response rate of 13.3%. The ten most important fitness trends in Southern Europe for 2023 were personal training, licensure for fitness professionals, exercise is medicine, employing certified fitness professionals, functional fitness training, small group training, high-intensity interval training, fitness programs for older adults, post-rehabilitation classes and body weight training. The present findings are aligned with those reported for the European and worldwide fitness trends.

Role of Mind-Body Fitness in Obesity

Various mind-body fitness modalities such as Pilates, yoga, Tai Chi, and Qigong have become an accepted part of the physical activity, exercise, and leisure sector, serving several populations eligible for meditative movement activities. However, no robust evidence is present in the current literature supporting the efficacy of these meditative movement activities on health, fitness, and well-being markers among obese adults. Interestingly, the feasibility and safety of mind-body fitness programs in this cohort are still questionable. However, the limited available data show the beneficial role of such alternative exercise options in improving numerous physical fitness and cardiometabolic health-related indicators. The major role of mind-body fitness in obese individuals is to promote muscle control, body functionality, flexibility, and balance while reducing physical limitations, chronic pain, and stress through sessions integrating body postures, efficient breathing patterns, meditation, and relaxation. Such a bodily movement-based approach may be associated with increased physical performance and improved cardiometabolic as well as mental health. However, data on anthropometric characteristics, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors modification are somewhat equivocal. Future studies are needed to investigate a wider spectrum of physical fitness and cardiometabolic health parameters, since obese people are likely to demonstrate poor functional capacity, impaired glucose control, lipid disorder, and abnormal blood pressure levels.

Psychophysiological Adaptations to Yoga Practice in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Topical Review

Physical activity has been documented as a foundational approach for weight management and obesity, improving several cardiometabolic and mental health indices. However, it is not clear whether yoga practice can induce beneficial improvements in anthropometric and body composition parameters, performance, metabolic health, and well-being among overweight/obese people. The aim of this topical review was to catalog training studies examining the psychophysiological responses to yoga interventions in order to detect which outcomes have been investigated, the research methods applied, and the conclusions. The inclusion/exclusion criteria were met by 22 published articles involving 1178 (56% female) overweight/obese participants. This brief review on yoga-induced adaptations demonstrates that this widely used meditative movement activity can meaningfully improve the vast majority of the selected markers. These beneficial alterations are focused mostly on various anthropometric and body composition variables, cardiovascular disease risk factors, physical fitness parameters, quality of life, and stress in previously inactive overweight/obese individuals. Instead, yoga-based physical exercise interventions investigating anxiety, depression, mood state, exercise enjoyment, affect valence, and adherence were limited. Further research should focus on the yoga intervention configuration and potential mechanisms behind favorable changes in various psychophysiological indices through large-scale, rigorously designed randomized controlled trials implementing long-term interventions in overweight/obese individuals.

Psychophysiological Adaptations to Pilates Training in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Topical Review

The prevalence of overweightness and obesity has been documented as a major public health issue since it has increased at an alarming rate worldwide. Structured physical exercise programs have been reported as an essential strategy for preventing, managing, and treating obesity, inducing critical improvements in various physiological and psychological markers. However, it is unclear whether Pilates training can elicit positive changes in body composition, physical fitness, cardiometabolic health, and well-being among overweight and obese populations. The purpose of this topical review was to catalog studies investigating the physiological and psychological adaptations to Pilates training in order to identify what outcomes have been assessed, the research methods used, and the results. The inclusion/exclusion criteria were met by 14 published articles involving 582 participants (83% female) who were overweight or obese. The present topical review on Pilates training-induced adaptations shows that this widely used exercise type can significantly improve the majority of the selected indicators. These beneficial changes are frequently focused on anthropometric parameters, body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism, as well as blood pressure in sedentary overweight or obese women. Specialized equipment-based Pilates interventions and trials investigating various mental health indices were limited. Further research is warranted in this area, emphasizing the Pilates training configuration and potential mechanisms behind positive alterations in several psychophysiological markers through large-scale randomized controlled trials with superior methodological quality, implementing long-term interventions in various populations that are overweight and obese.

Very Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training Mitigates Negative Health Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic-Induced Physical Inactivity

Initially, we aimed to investigate the impact of a one-year worksite low-volume, high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT) on cardiometabolic health in 114 sedentary office workers. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, LOW-HIIT was discontinued after 6 months and participants were followed up for 6 months to analyze physical activity/exercise behavior and outcome changes during lockdown. Health examinations, including cardiopulmonary exercise testing and the assessment of cardiometabolic markers were performed baseline (T-1), after 6 months (T-2, termination of worksite LOW-HIIT) and 12 months (T-3, follow-up). Cycle ergometer LOW-HIIT (5 × 1 min at 85-95% HRmax) was performed 2×/week. For follow-up analyses, participants were classified into three groups: HIIT-group (continued home-based LOW-HIIT), EX-group (continued other home-based exercises), and NO-EX-group (discontinued LOW-HIIT/exercise). At T-2, VO2max (+1.5 mL/kg/min, p = 0.002), mean arterial blood pressure (MAB, -4 mmHg, p < 0.001), HbA1c (-0.2%, p = 0.005) and self-reported quality of life (QoL, +5 points, p < 0.001) were improved. At T-3, HIIT-group maintained VO2max and QoL and further improved MAB. EX-group maintained MAB and QoL but experienced a VO2max decrease. In NON-EX, VO2max, MAB and QoL deteriorated. We conclude that LOW-HIIT can be considered a promising option to improve cardiometabolic health in real-life conditions and to mitigate physical inactivity-related negative health impacts during lockdowns.

The Effect of Self-Selected Exercise Workloads on Perceived Enjoyment and Self-Efficacy in Sedentary Adults

Self-selected workloads are shown to be more enjoyable than researcher-selected workloads. In addition, it is unclear if sedentary adults find aerobic interval or continuous exercise more pleasant. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two acute bouts (interval vs. continuous) of self-selected moderate-intensity treadmill exercises on perceived enjoyment and self-efficacy towards exercise in a sedentary cohort. Methods: Sixteen sedentary adults completed two 30 min bouts of moderate-intensity treadmill activity, one interval and one continuous. Participants blindly (could not see speed, grade, and heart rate) selected their own treadmill workload with guidance from the Borg RPE 6-20 scale. Post-exercise self-efficacy and perceived enjoyment were assessed using the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, respectively. Exercise workloads using treadmill speed and grade and exercise heart rate were compared between trials. Results: No significant differences were found between conditions for self-selected workloads (p = 0.62), self-efficacy (p = 0.58), perceived enjoyment (p = 0.41), and heart rate (p = 0.12). Discussion: Sedentary individuals reported no difference in self-efficacy or perceived exercise enjoyment. Participants were, however, adequate in self-selecting their own intensities with RPE guidance as there were no differences in the workloads across conditions. These results suggest that when able to self-select moderate-intensity exercise workloads, sedentary individuals equally enjoy both interval and continuous exercise.