Diosmin Mitigates Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats: Insights on miR-21 and -155 Expression, Nrf2/HO-1 and p38-MAPK/NF-κB Pathways

The protective effect of Ambrosia maritima versus vitamin D3 against gentamicin-induced acute cortical kidney injury in adult male albino rats: Histological and immunohistochemical study

Gentamicin (GM) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used for severe bacterial infections, but itis associated with acute nephrotoxicity. Ambrosia maritima L. is an annual herbaceous plant that has avariety of medicinal and antioxidant activities. Vitamin D3 is involved in a multitude of biological functions and essential antioxidant pathways. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Damsissa (Ambrosia maritima) versus vitamin D3 against GM-induced nephrotoxicity using 72 male rats that were randomly divided into six groups: control, Damsissa (100 mg/kg/day), vitamin D3 (1000 IU/kg/day), GM(100 mg/kg/day for 7 days), GM + Damsissa, and GM + vitamin D3. Renal function, oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, CAT, SOD, GSH), cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4), and gene expression (Caspase-3, Keap1, PPARγ, Nrf2) were assessed. Histopathological and ultrastructural kidney analyses were conducted using H&E, Masson's trichrome, PCNA staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Blood samples were tested for renal and liver markers (creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT). Damsissa enhanced survival rates, returned the renal indices to near normal, and ameliorated pathological changes based on immunohistopathological and ultrastructural results. They further reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production, optimized oxidative stress markers, and normalized gene expression levels. Both treatments exhibited abundant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which remarkably reduced GM-induced acute kidney injury. These results suggest that both Damsissa and vitamin D3 may exert protective effects against drug-induced nephrotoxicity.

Reno-protective impact of diosmin and perindopril in amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity rat model: modulation of SIRT1/p53/C-FOS, NF-κB-p65, and keap-1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

PURPOSE

Amikacin (AMC), an aminoglycoside antibiotic known for its rapid and potent bactericidal activity, is also associated with nephrotoxicity. Diosmin and perindopril have been reported to improve renal function and hold promise as therapeutic agents for preventing drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Diosmin and perindopril, either alone or in combination, against renal damage induced by AMC toxicity and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The researchers evaluated the impact of Diosmin (50 mg/kg, orally) and perindopril (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on AMC-induced kidney injury (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneally) in rats. Invasive blood pressure, serum kidney function and toxicity parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and renal tissue were assessed. Histopathological changes in the kidney were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the combination pretreatment on kidney injury were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting techniques.

RESULTS

The findings demonstrated that the combination therapy improved kidney function by attenuating pathological changes observed in H&E staining including tubular necrosis and glomerular damage, in addition to reducing levels of kidney function including serum levels of creatinine compared to the AMC group, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) uric acid, and albumin. Mean arterial blood pressure, and toxicity markers including Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), Cystatin-c were also decreased in samples of combination group compared to AMC group. Furthermore, the protective combination therapy downregulated NF-κB-p65, P53, Keap-1, and C-FOS, while upregulating Mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (Iκβ), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings reveal the potential clinical application of combining Diosmin and perindopril to reduce AMC-induced nephrotoxicity, which requires further research in clinical settings.

Bee venom ameliorates gentamicin-induced kidney injury by restoring renal aquaporins and enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in rats

Introduction

Gentamicin (GM) is a frequently used aminoglycoside for managing serious illnesses; nonetheless, renal complications limit its use. Bee venom (BV) is a biological toxin that exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. This study was designed to explore the mitigating effect of BV remediation on GM induced renal injury.

Methods

Twenty male rats were divided into four groups (five rats each), namely, control (saline subcutaneously); BV group (1 mg/kg S/C twice weekly for 1 month); GM group (100 mg/kg i. p. for 1 week); and GM-BV group (the same aforementioned dosages of GM and BV, with GM administered in the last week for 4 weeks).

Results and discussion

BV mitigated the GM-inflicted kidney damage, as evidenced by a substantial improvement in the renal function and oxidative state. In addition, a downregulation in the expression of inflammatory biomarkers (Casp-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB/P65/P50) and an upregulation of oxidative stress marker expression (NRF2) were noticed. BV upregulated the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) and renal water channel proteins (AQP1 and AQP2), which are useful for the early detection of renal injury. Additionally, BV exposure exerted a mitigating effect on the apoptotic cascade, as evidenced by the downregulation of cleaved Caspase-3 (Casp-3) and cytochrome c (Cyto c). BV administration also led to an improvement in RBC, WBC, and platelet counts, along with enhanced Hb levels. Interestingly, BV could protect against GM triggered nephrotoxicity.

Clopidogrel protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through targeting oxidative stress, apoptosis, and coagulation pathways

Gentamicin (Genta)-induced nephrotoxicity poses a significant clinical challenge due to its detrimental effects on kidney function. Clopidogrel (Clop), an antiplatelet drug known for its ability to prevent blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation, also has potential effects on oxidative stress and cell death. This study investigates Clop's protective role against Genta-induced nephrotoxicity, emphasizing the importance of the coagulation cascade. The 32 adult male albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups of eight (n = 8). The first group received only the vehicle. Genta was injected intraperitoneally at 100 mg/kg/day for 8 days in the second group. Groups 3 and 4 received oral Clop at 10 and 20 mg/kg/day for 1 week before Genta delivery and throughout the experiment. Renal tissue showed renal function tests, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic markers, coagulation profile, and fibrin expression. Clop improved Genta-induced kidney function and histopathology. Clop substantially reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress indicators, pro-apoptotic proteins, and fibrin protein. Clop also significantly boosted renal tissue anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic protein expression. Genta-induced nephrotoxicity involves oxidative stress, apoptosis, and coagulation system activation, according to studies. This study underscores that Genta-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and activation of the coagulation system. Clop's protective effects on nephrons are attributed to its anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, presenting it as a promising therapeutic strategy against Genta-induced kidney damage.

The spatiotemporal and paradoxical roles of NRF2 in renal toxicity and kidney diseases

Over 10% of the global population is at risk to kidney disorders. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a pivotal regulator of redox homeostasis, orchestrates antioxidant response that effectively counters oxidative stress and inflammatory response in a variety of acute pathophysiological conditions, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and early stage of renal toxicity. However, if persistently activated, NRF2-induced transcriptional cascade may disrupt normal cell signaling and contribute to numerous chronic pathogenic processes such as fibrosis. In this concise review, we assembled experimental evidence to reveal the cell- and pathophysiological condition-specific roles of NRF2 in renal chemical toxicity, AKI, and chronic kidney disease (CKD), all of which are closely associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. By incorporating pertinent research findings on NRF2 activators, we dissected the spatiotemporal roles of NRF2 in distinct nephrotoxic settings and kidney diseases. Herein, NRF2 exhibits diverse expression patterns and downstream gene profiles across distinct kidney regions and cell types, and during specific phases of nephropathic progression. These changes are directly or indirectly connected to altered antioxidant defense, damage repair, inflammatory response, regulated cell death and fibrogenesis, culminating ultimately in either protective or deleterious outcomes. The spatiotemporal and paradoxical characteristics of NRF2 in mitigating nephrotoxicity suggest that translational application of NRF2 activation strategy for prevention and interventions of kidney injury are unlikely to be straightforward - right timing and spatial precision must be taken into consideration.

The interplay of TapSAKI and NEAT-1 as potential modulators in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury via orchestrating miR-22-3p/TLR4/MyD88/NF-қB/IL-1 β milieu: Novel therapeutic approach of Betanin

INTRODUCTION

Gentamicin (GNT) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is widely prescribed in critically ill patients. However, GNT exerts deleterious effects on renal proximal tubules which could predispose to acute kidney injury (AKI).

AIM

The study aimed to investigate the interplay of TapSAKI, NEAT-1, and miR-22-3p in GNT-induced AKI via modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-қB/IL-1β trajectory. The study was extended to show the role of betanin (BET) in alleviating GNT-induced AKI.

METHODS

BET (25  mg/kg/day) was administered via oral route for 28 consecutive days in addition to GNT (100  mg/kg/day) i.p. during the last 8 days. TapSAKI, NEAT-1, and miR-22-3p gene expressions were measured using RT-PCR. The levels of SCr, urea were measured using colorimetric assay, whereas KIM-1, TLR4, and IL-1β were measured using ELISA technique. Additionally, histopathological examinations were done.

RESULTS

The present study revealed that the expression of TapSAKI and NEAT-1 were significantly upregulated in GNT-induced AKI group, whereas miR-22-3p was significantly downregulated. There were significant associations between the expression of these non-coding RNAs and TLR4/NF-қB/MyD88/IL-1β axis as well as malondialdehyde and glutathione levels. Favorably, BET pretreated group normalized the levels of SCr, urea, and KIM-1 and showed a significant downregulation of TapSAKI and NEAT-1 and upregulation of miR-22-3p compared with GNT-induced AKI group. Furthermore, BET showed a marked inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-қB/IL-1β cascade compared with non-treated AKI rats. Moreover, BET normalized oxidative stress markers.

CONCLUSION

BET reduced GNT's toxic effects on kidneys through modulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-қB/IL-1β signaling pathway under the influence of lncRNAs TapSAKI, NEAT-1, and miRNA-22-3p, which consequently suppress oxidative stress and inflammation.

Novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-nociceptive effect of myricitrin against reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model in rats: Implication of SIRT1 and miRNAs

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen, also termed sapodilla or chikoo, is a significant plant in ethnomedicine because of its long history of traditional medical applications. In diverse cultures, sapodilla is believed to protect against oxidative stress, inflammation, and some chronic diseases because of its high antioxidant content. The naturally occurring antioxidant myricitrin (MYR) flavonoid is primarily found in the leaves and other plant parts of sapodilla and it is well-known for having therapeutic qualities and possible health advantages.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To appraise the possible impact of MYR on a rat model of reserpine-induced fibromyalgia (FM) and explore its mechanism of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Isolation and identification of MYR with more than 99% purity from Manilkara zapota leaves were primarily done and confirmed through chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. To develop FM model, reserpine (RSP) was injected daily (1 mg/kg, s.c.) for three successive days. Then, MYR (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and pregabalin (PGB, 30 mg/kg, p.o.) were given daily for another five days. Behavioral changes were assessed through open field test (OFT), hot plate test, and forced swimming test (FST). Further analyses of different brain parameters and signaling pathways were performed to assess monoamines levels, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, apoptotic changes as well as silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and micro RNAs (miRNAs) expressions.

RESULTS

From High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, the methanol extract of sapodilla leaves contains 166.17 μg/ml of MYR. Results of behavioral tests showed a significant improvement in RSP-induced nociceptive stimulation, reduced locomotion and exploration and depressive-like behavior by MYR. Biochemical analyses showed that MYR significantly ameliorated the RSP-induced imbalance in brain monoamine neurotransmitters. In addition, MYR significantly attenuated oxidative stress elicited by RSP via up-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein expressions, enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) content in brain. The RSP-provoked inflammatory response was also diminished by MYR treatment as shown by a significant decreased NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome expression along with reduced levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic activity of MYR was demonstrated by a marked rise in Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX)/B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) ratio by lowering Bcl-2 while increasing BAX levels. In addition, MYR treatment significantly boosted the expression of SIRT1 deacetylase in RSP-treated animals. Interestingly, molecular docking showed the ability of MYR to form a stable complex in the binding site of SIRT1. Regarding miRNAs, MYR effectively ameliorated RSP-induced changes in miR-320 and miR-107 gene expressions.

CONCLUSION

Our findings afford new insights into the anti-nociceptive profile of MYR in the RSP-induced FM model in rats. The underlying mechanisms involved direct binding and activation of SIRT1 to influence different signaling cascades, including Nrf2 and NF-κB/NLRP3 together with modulation of miRNAs. However, more in-depth studies are needed before proposing MYR as a new clinically relevant drug in the management of FM.

The ameliorative effect of vinpocetine against gentamicin-induced uterine-injury in rats involves the inflammasome/caspase-1/IL-1β pathway

BACKGROUND

There is limited data regarding the hazardous effect of gentamicin (GM) on the uterus and whether or not vinpocetine (Vinpo) ameliorates it. The present study aimed to identify the possible protective effect of Vinpo in GM-induced uterine injury in rats.

METHODS

Female rats were assorted in control-group, Vinpo-group, GM-group, and Vinpo plus GM group. Serum and uterine GM concentration were measured. Uterine oxidative stress parameters besides inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers were evaluated. Uterine histopathological examination and interlukin-1beta (IL-1β) immune-histochemical study were detected.

RESULTS

GM significantly increased uterine oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers. Histopathological picture of uterine damage and increased IL-1β immunoexpression were detected. Vinpo significantly ameliorated the distributed GM concentration, oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers with a prompt improvement in histopathological picture and a decrease in IL-1β immunoexpression.

CONCLUSION

Vinpo protective effect against GM-induced uterine injury involves modulation of inflammasome/caspase-1/IL-1β signaling pathway.

Investigation of the effects of crocin on inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, NF-κB, TLR-4 and Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

The primary limitation of gentamicin (Gm) treatment is its potential to induce nephrotoxicity, which can restrict both its duration and efficacy. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Crocin (Cr) against Gm-induced nephrotoxicity and its underlying mechanisms, including inflammation, apoptosis, TLR-4, Nrf-2/HO-1 pathways. 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups for the study. Group I received only saline. Groups II and III were administered 25 and 50 mg/kg of crocin, respectively. Group IV was treated with 80 mg/kg of Gm. Groups V and VI received 25 and 50 mg/kg of crocin, respectively, in addition to Gm administration. Crocin demonstrated protective effects on kidney tissue. It down-regulated the genes NF-κB, COX-2, TLR-4, Bax, and Caspase-3, while up-regulating Bcl-2, Nrf-2, and HO-1. In conclusion, these findings hold promise for the prevention of Gm-induced nephrotoxicity through the modulation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.

Nephroprotective effect of diosmin against sodium arsenite-induced renal toxicity is mediated via attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation in mice

Arsenic compounds, which are used in different industries like pesticide manufacturing, cause severe toxic effects in almost all organs, including the kidneys. Since the primary route of exposure to arsenic is through drinking water, and millions of people worldwide are exposed to unsafe levels of arsenic that can pose a threat to their health, this research was performed to investigate the nephroprotective effects of Diosmin (Dios), a flavonoid found in citrus fruits, against nephrotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite (SA). To induce nephrotoxicity, SA (10 mg/kg, oral gavage) was administered to mice for 30 days. Dios (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, oral gavage) was given to mice for 30 days prior to SA administration. After the study was completed, animals were euthanized and blood and kidney samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological assessments. Results showed that SA-treated mice significantly increased the blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in the serum. This increase was associated with significant kidney tissue damage in SA-treated mice, which was confirmed by histopathological studies. Furthermore, SA enhanced the amounts of renal thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and decreased total thiol reserves, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase. Also, in the SA-exposed group, an increase in the levels of kidney inflammatory biomarkers, including nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was observed. The western blot analysis indicated an elevation in the protein expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B in SA-treated mice. However, pretreatment with Dios ameliorated the SA-related renal damage in mice. Our findings suggest that Dios can protect the kidneys against the nephrotoxic effects of SA by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics.

Febuxostat alleviates Arsenic Trioxide-Induced renal injury in Rats: Insights on the crosstalk between NLRP3/TLR4, Sirt-1/NF-κB/TGF-β signaling Pathways, and miR-23b-3p, miR-181a-5b expression

Febuxostat (FBX), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is known to improve renal function and can show promise as a therapeutic agent for preventing drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of FBX in preventing renal damage caused by arsenic trioxide (ATO) toxicity and uncover the underlying mechanisms. The researchers examined how FBX (10 mg/kg, orally) affected ATO-induced kidney injury (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in rats. Kidney function and toxicity parameters in serum and oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammatory cytokine levels in renal tissue were measured. H&E staining was used to detect histopathological changes in the kidney. Network the molecular mechanisms of FBX in improving kidney injury were investigated using Western blotting and PCR techniques. The findings showed that FBX improved kidney function by inhibiting the pathological changes seen in H&E staining, decreasing levels of probed kidney function and toxicity measures in serum and tissue, and exhibiting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. FBX decreased MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-II, and NADPH oxidase levels, while increased GSH, GPx, SOD, and IL-10 levels. FBX also reduced the expression of NLRP3, ASC, TLR4, and micro-RNA 181a-5b while increased the expression of IKBα, Sirt-1, and micro-RNA 23b-3p, according to Western blotting and PCR results. In conclusion, FBX can play a vital role in reducing kidney injury in cases of ATO-induced nephrotoxicity, though more clinical research needs to be conducted.

Connection between Radiation-Regulating Functions of Natural Products and miRNAs Targeting Radiomodulation and Exosome Biogenesis

Exosomes are cell-derived membranous structures primarily involved in the delivery of the payload to the recipient cells, and they play central roles in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Radiotherapy is a common cancer treatment that occasionally generates exosomal miRNA-associated modulation to regulate the therapeutic anticancer function and side effects. Combining radiotherapy and natural products may modulate the radioprotective and radiosensitizing responses of non-cancer and cancer cells, but there is a knowledge gap regarding the connection of this combined treatment with exosomal miRNAs and their downstream targets for radiation and exosome biogenesis. This review focuses on radioprotective natural products in terms of their impacts on exosomal miRNAs to target radiation-modulating and exosome biogenesis (secretion and assembly) genes. Several natural products have individually demonstrated radioprotective and miRNA-modulating effects. However, the impact of natural-product-modulated miRNAs on radiation response and exosome biogenesis remains unclear. In this review, by searching through PubMed/Google Scholar, available reports on potential functions that show radioprotection for non-cancer tissues and radiosensitization for cancer among these natural-product-modulated miRNAs were assessed. Next, by accessing the miRNA database (miRDB), the predicted targets of the radiation- and exosome biogenesis-modulating genes from the Gene Ontology database (MGI) were retrieved bioinformatically based on these miRNAs. Moreover, the target-centric analysis showed that several natural products share the same miRNAs and targets to regulate radiation response and exosome biogenesis. As a result, the miRNA-radiomodulation (radioprotection and radiosensitization)-exosome biogenesis axis in regard to natural-product-mediated radiotherapeutic effects is well organized. This review focuses on natural products and their regulating effects on miRNAs to assess the potential impacts of radiomodulation and exosome biogenesis for both the radiosensitization of cancer cells and the radioprotection of non-cancer cells.

Renal mitochondrial restoration by gymnemic acid in gentamicin-mediated experimental nephrotoxicity: evidence from serum, kidney and histopathological alterations

Background: Nephrotoxicity refers to the toxigenic impact of compounds and medications on kidney function. There are a variety of drug formulations, and some medicines that may affect renal function in multiple ways via nephrotoxins production. Nephrotoxins are substances that are harmful to the kidneys. Purpose: This investigation examines the renoprotective effect of gymnemic acid (GA) on Wistar rats in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by analyzing serum, kidney, and histopathological markers. Study-design/methods: The current study investigated the protective effect of GA at doses of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Vitamin E was administered to compare the antioxidant capacity and efficacy of GA. In addition to the treatment groups, 100 mg/kg of gentamicin was administered intraperitoneal for 14 days. At the end of the study protocol, kidney homogenate, blood, and serum were evaluated biochemically. Serum creatinine, blood urea, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mitochondrial dysfunctions, inflammatory cytokines, and renal oxidative stress were examined to assess gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. In addition, the impact of GA on the above-mentioned nephrotoxic markers were evaluated and further confirmed by histological analysis. Results: This study establishes a correlation between antibiotic use, especifically aminoglycosides and acute renal failure. The research demonstrates the nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycosides, inducing mitochondrial ETC-complex dysfunction, and renal tissue inflammation in experimental rats. GA's antioxidant properties restored renal oxidative stress markers, reducing kidney inflammation and injury. Histopathological analysis revealed a significant reduction in renal injury with GA treatment. Additionally, GA demonstrated greater efficacy than Vitamin E in restoring antioxidant potential and mitochondrial enzymes. Conclusion: Consequently, our findings imply that long-term use of GA may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for reducing aminoglycoside toxicity. The current study suggests GA's potential in treating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure, meriting further investigation using advanced techniques.

Parthenolide Phytosomes Attenuated Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats via Activation of Sirt-1, Nrf2, OH-1, and NQO1 Axis

Nephrotoxicity is a serious complication that limits the clinical use of gentamicin (GEN). Parthenolide (PTL) is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from feverfew with various therapeutic benefits. However, PTL possesses low oral bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic protective effects of PTL-phytosomes against GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The PTL was prepared as phytosomes to improve the pharmacological properties with a particle size of 407.4 nm, and surface morphology showed oval particles with multiple edges. Rats were divided into six groups: control, nano-formulation plain vehicle, PTL-phytosomes (10 mg/kg), GEN (100 mg/kg), GEN + PTL-phytosomes (5 mg/kg), and GEN + PTL-phytosomes (10 mg/kg). The administration of PTL-phytosomes alleviated GEN-induced impairment in kidney functions and histopathological damage, and decreased kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). The anti-oxidative effect of PTL-phytosomes was demonstrated by the reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Furthermore, PTL-phytosomes treatment significantly enhanced sirtuin 1 (Sirt-1), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Additionally, PTL-phytosomes treatment exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in the kidney tissue. These findings suggest that PTL-phytosomes attenuate renal dysfunction and structural damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the kidney.