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Yang X, Wei A, Cao X, Wang Z, Wan H, Wang B, Peng H. Identification and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Ricin Toxin. Molecules 2024; 29:1435. [PMID: 38611715 PMCID: PMC11012547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant-derived toxin ricin is classified as a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) and currently lacks effective clinical antidotes. The toxicity of ricin is mainly due to its ricin toxin A chain (RTA), which has become an important target for drug development. Previous studies have identified two essential binding pockets in the active site of RTA, but most existing inhibitors only target one of these pockets. In this study, we used computer-aided virtual screening to identify a compound called RSMI-29, which potentially interacts with both active pockets of RTA. We found that RSMI-29 can directly bind to RTA and effectively attenuate protein synthesis inhibition and rRNA depurination induced by RTA or ricin, thereby inhibiting their cytotoxic effects on cells in vitro. Moreover, RSMI-29 significantly reduced ricin-mediated damage to the liver, spleen, intestine, and lungs in mice, demonstrating its detoxification effect against ricin in vivo. RSMI-29 also exhibited excellent drug-like properties, featuring a typical structural moiety of known sulfonamides and barbiturates. These findings suggest that RSMI-29 is a novel small-molecule inhibitor that specifically targets ricin toxin A chain, providing a potential therapeutic option for ricin intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (X.Y.)
- Department of Operational Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Aili Wei
- Department of Operational Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xiyuan Cao
- Department of Operational Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (X.Y.)
| | - Hongzhi Wan
- Department of Operational Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; (X.Y.)
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Operational Medicine, Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin 300050, China
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Lin R, Jia Z, Chen H, Xiong H, Bian C, He X, Wei B, Fu J, Zhao M, Li J. Ferrostatin‑1 alleviates liver injury via decreasing ferroptosis following ricin toxin poisoning in rat. Toxicology 2024; 503:153767. [PMID: 38437911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic plant toxin that can cause multi-organ failure, especially liver dysfunction, and is a potential bioterrorism agent. Despite the serious public health challenge posed by ricin, effective therapeutic for ricin-induced poisoning is currently unavailable. Therefore, it is important to explore the mechanism of ricin poisoning and develop appropriate treatment protocols accordingly. Previous studies have shown that lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation are associated with ricin poisoning. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death caused by excessive accumulation of lipid peroxide. The role and mechanism of ferroptosis in ricin poisoning are unclear and require further study. We investigated the effect of ferroptosis on ricin-induced liver injury and further elucidated the mechanism. The results showed that ferroptosis occurred in the liver of ricin-intoxicated rats, and Ferrostatin‑1 could ameliorate hepatic ferroptosis and thus liver injury. Ricin induced liver injury by decreasing hepatic reduced glutathione and the protein level of glutathione peroxidase 4 and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, increasing iron, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial damage, whereas Ferrostatin‑1 pretreatment increased hepatic reduced glutathione and the protein level of glutathione peroxidase 4 and Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 11, decreased iron, malondialdehyde, and reactive oxygen species, and ameliorated mitochondrial damage, thereby alleviated liver injury. These results suggested that ferroptosis exacerbated liver injury after ricin poisoning and that inhibition of ferroptosis may be a novel strategy for the treatment of ricin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijiao Lin
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zijie Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongli Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cunhao Bian
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Bi Wei
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junfeng Fu
- Criminal Investigation Detachment of Liangjiang New Area Branch, Chongqing Public Security Bureau, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Minzhu Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Chen W, Luo H, Zhong Z, Wei J, Wang Y. The safety of Chinese medicine: A systematic review of endogenous substances and exogenous residues. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154534. [PMID: 36371955 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safety and toxicity have become major challenges in the internationalization of Chinese medicine. Inspite of its wide application, security problems of Chinese medicine still occur from time to time, raising widespread concerns about its safety. Most of the studies either only partially discussed the intrinsic toxicities or extrinsic harmful residues in Chinese medicine, or briefly described detoxification and attenuation methods. It is necessary to systematically discuss Chinese medicine's extrinsic and intrinsic toxic components and corresponding toxicity detoxification or detection methods as a whole. PURPOSE This review comprehensively summarizes various toxic components in Chinese medicine from intrinsic and extrinsic. Then the corresponding methods for detoxification or detection of toxicity are highlighted. It is expected to provide a reference for safeguards for developing and using Chinese medicine. METHODS A literature search was conducted in the databases, including PubMed, Web of Science,Wan-fang database, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Keywords used were safety, toxicity, intrinsic toxicities, extrinsic harmful residues, alkaloids, terpene and macrolides, saponins, toxic proteins, toxic crystals, minerals, heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, sulfur dioxide, detoxification, detection, processing (Paozhi), compatibility (Peiwu), Chinese medicine, etc., and combinations of these keywords. All selected articles were from 2006 to 2022, and each was assessed critically for our exclusion criteria. Studies describe the classification of toxic components of Chinese medicine, the toxic effects and mechanisms of Chinese medicine, and the corresponding methods for detoxification or detection of toxicity. RESULTS The toxic components of Chinese medicines can be classified as intrinsic toxicities and extrinsic harmful residues. Firstly, we summarized the intrinsic toxicities of Chinese medicine, the adverse effects and toxicity mechanisms caused by these components. Next, we focused on the detoxification or attenuation methods for intrinsic toxicities of Chinese medicine. The other main part discussed the latest progress in analytical strategies for exogenous hazardous substances, including heavy metals, pesticides, and mycotoxins. Beyond reviewing mainstream instrumental methods, we also introduced the emerging biochip, biosensor and immuno-based techniques. CONCLUSION In this review, we provide an overall assessment of the recent progress in endogenous toxins and exogenous hazardous substances concerning Chinese medicine, which is expected to render deeper insights into the safety of Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Chen
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Hua Luo
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China; College of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China.
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Kempa J, O’Shea-Stone G, Moss CE, Peters T, Marcotte TK, Tripet B, Eilers B, Bothner B, Copié V, Pincus SH. Distinct Metabolic States Are Observed in Hypoglycemia Induced in Mice by Ricin Toxin or by Fasting. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120815. [PMID: 36548712 PMCID: PMC9782143 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemia may be induced by a variety of physiologic and pathologic stimuli and can result in life-threatening consequences if untreated. However, hypoglycemia may also play a role in the purported health benefits of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction. Previously, we demonstrated that systemic administration of ricin toxin induced fatal hypoglycemia in mice. Here, we examine the metabolic landscape of the hypoglycemic state induced in the liver of mice by two different stimuli: systemic ricin administration and fasting. Each stimulus produced the same decrease in blood glucose and weight loss. The polar metabolome was studied using 1H NMR, quantifying 59 specific metabolites, and untargeted LC-MS on approximately 5000 features. Results were analyzed by multivariate analyses, using both principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), to identify global metabolic patterns, and by univariate analyses (ANOVA) to assess individual metabolites. The results demonstrated that while there were some similarities in the responses to the two stimuli including decreased glucose, ADP, and glutathione, they elicited distinct metabolic states. The metabolite showing the greatest difference was O-phosphocholine, elevated in ricin-treated animals and known to be affected by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. Another difference was the alternative fuel source utilized, with fasting-induced hypoglycemia primarily ketotic, while the response to ricin-induced hypoglycemia involves protein and amino acid catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kempa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Galen O’Shea-Stone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Corinne E. Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Tami Peters
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Tamera K. Marcotte
- Animal Resources Center, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Brian Tripet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Brian Eilers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Valérie Copié
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (S.H.P.)
| | - Seth H. Pincus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (S.H.P.)
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Falach R, Goldvaser M, Halpern P, Rosner A, Sapoznikov A, Gal Y, Goren O, Sabo T, Kronman C, Katalan S. Pathophysiological profile of awake and anesthetized pigs following systemic exposure to the highly lethal ricin toxin. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022; 60:76-82. [PMID: 34080504 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1933513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor bean plant), is one of the most lethal toxins known. To date, no in-depth study of systemic exposure to ricin in a standardized large animal model has been reported. This study details for the first time the pathophysiological hemodynamic profile following systemic/intramuscular exposure to the ricin toxin in a porcine model by comprehensive cardiorespiratory monitoring of awake and anesthetized pigs. Unlike respiratory exposure to ricin, which is characterized by the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, following intramuscular exposure to ricin respiratory parameters were grossly unaffected, however the hemodynamics of both awake and anesthetize pigs were unsustainably compromised. We show that in the early phase until approximately 24 h post-exposure, cardiac output is not impaired although one of its components, stroke volume, is relatively low. This is due to compensatory increase in heart rate, which eventually becomes insufficient. Later, distributive shock develops, characterized by severe vasodilatation (decreased systemic vascular resistance), low central venous oxygen saturation and elevation of venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference indicating increase in tissue oxygen demand not met by cardiac supply. These findings serve as a basis for further studies to evaluate the ability of supportive treatments such as vasoactive and inotropic drugs, to postpone the hemodynamic deterioration and thus expand the therapeutic window for the anti-ricin treatment. Such studies are of crucial importance for judicious treatment of victims of acts of bioterrorism or of intentional self-poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Michael Goldvaser
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Orr Goren
- Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care Division, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Shahaf Katalan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
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Intramuscular Exposure to a Lethal Dose of Ricin Toxin Leads to Endothelial Glycocalyx Shedding and Microvascular Flow Abnormality in Mice and Swine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212345. [PMID: 34830227 PMCID: PMC8618821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin isolated from the castor bean (Ricinus communis) is one of the most potent and lethal molecules known. While the pathophysiology and clinical consequences of ricin poisoning by the parenteral route, i.e., intramuscular penetration, have been described recently in various animal models, the preceding mechanism underlying the clinical manifestations of systemic ricin poisoning has not been completely defined. Here, we show that following intramuscular administration, ricin bound preferentially to the vasculature in both mice and swine, leading to coagulopathy and widespread hemorrhages. Increased levels of circulating VEGF and decreased expression of vascular VE-cadherin caused blood vessel impairment, thereby promoting hyperpermeability in various organs. Elevated levels of soluble heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid and syndecan-1 were measured in blood samples following ricin intoxication, indicating that the vascular glycocalyx of both mice and swine underwent extensive damage. Finally, by using side-stream dark field intravital microscopy imaging, we determined that ricin poisoning leads to microvasculature malfunctioning, as manifested by aberrant blood flow and a significant decrease in the number of diffused microvessels. These findings, which suggest that glycocalyx shedding and microcirculation dysfunction play a major role in the pathology of systemic ricin poisoning, may serve for the formulation of specifically tailored therapies for treating parenteral ricin intoxication.
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Bucaretchi F, Borrasca-Fernandes CF, Prado CC, Lanaro R, Costa JL, Petroni OM, Giraldi T, Blotta MHSL, Justo-Junior AS, Sousa NL, Aragão FJL, De Capitani EM, Hyslop S. Near-fatal poisoning after ricin injection. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 59:158-168. [PMID: 32475181 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1771358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a near-fatal poisoning after intentional injection of ricin from a castor bean (Ricinus communis) extract. CASE REPORT A 21 year-old man self-injected ∼3 mL of a castor bean extract intramuscularly and subcutaneously in the left antecubital fossa. Upon admission to our ED (1 h post-exposure; day 1, D1) he was awake and alert, but complained of mild local pain and showed slight local edema and erythema. He evolved to refractory shock (∼24 h post-exposure) that required the administration of a large volume of fluids and high doses of norepinephrine and vasopressin, mainly from D2 to D4. During this period, he developed clinical and laboratory features compatible with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction, capillary leak syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, necrotizing fasciitis and possible compartment syndrome. The patient underwent forearm fasciotomy on D4 and there was progressive improvement of the hemodynamic status from D7 onwards. Wound management involved several debridements, broad-spectrum antibiotics and two skin grafts. Major laboratory findings within 12 days post-exposure revealed hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis and increases in cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α), troponin and creatine kinase. Ricin A-chain (ELISA) was detected in serum up to D3 (peak at 24 h post-exposure), with ∼79% being excreted in the urine within 64 h post-exposure. Ricinine was detected in serum and urine by LC-MS up to D5. A ricin A-chain concentration of 246 µg/mL was found in the seed extract, corresponding to the injection of ∼738 µg of ricin A-chain (∼10.5 µg/kg). The patient was discharged on D71, with limited range of motion and function of the left forearm and hand. CONCLUSION Ricin injection resulted in a near-fatal poisoning that evolved with septic shock-like syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction and necrotizing fasciitis, all of which were successfully treated with supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Bucaretchi
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla F Borrasca-Fernandes
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Camila C Prado
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lanaro
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Costa
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Otávio M Petroni
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tiago Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Heloísa S L Blotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Amauri S Justo-Junior
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália L Sousa
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Francisco J L Aragão
- Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M De Capitani
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Campinas Poison Control Center, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Falach R, Sapoznikov A, Evgy Y, Aftalion M, Makovitzki A, Agami A, Mimran A, Lerer E, Ben David A, Zichel R, Katalan S, Rosner A, Sabo T, Kronman C, Gal Y. Post-Exposure Anti-Ricin Treatment Protects Swine Against Lethal Systemic and Pulmonary Exposures. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060354. [PMID: 32481526 PMCID: PMC7354453 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor bean plant), is one of the most lethal toxins known. To date, there is no approved post-exposure therapy for ricin exposures. This work demonstrates for the first time the therapeutic efficacy of equine-derived anti-ricin F(ab’)2 antibodies against lethal pulmonary and systemic ricin exposures in swine. While administration of the antitoxin at 18 h post-exposure protected more than 80% of both intratracheally and intramuscularly ricin-intoxicated swine, treatment at 24 h post-exposure protected 58% of the intramuscular-exposed swine, as opposed to 26% of the intratracheally exposed animals. Quantitation of the anti-ricin neutralizing units in the anti-toxin preparations confirmed that the disparate protection conferred to swine subjected to the two routes of exposure stems from variance between the two models. Furthermore, dose response experiments showed that approximately 3 times lesser amounts of antibody are needed for high-level protection of the intramuscularly compared to the intratracheally intoxicated swine. This study, which demonstrates the high-level post-exposure efficacy of anti-ricin antitoxin at clinically relevant time-points in a large animal model, can serve as the basis for the formulation of post-exposure countermeasures against ricin poisoning in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Yentl Evgy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Arik Makovitzki
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.M.); (E.L.); (A.B.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Avi Agami
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.M.); (E.L.); (A.B.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Avishai Mimran
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.M.); (E.L.); (A.B.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Elad Lerer
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.M.); (E.L.); (A.B.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Alon Ben David
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.M.); (E.L.); (A.B.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ran Zichel
- Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (A.M.); (A.A.); (A.M.); (E.L.); (A.B.D.); (R.Z.)
| | - Shahaf Katalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel;
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel;
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +972–8–9381522 (C.K.); +972–8–9381479 (Y.G.)
| | - Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel; (R.F.); (A.S.); (Y.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.K.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +972–8–9381522 (C.K.); +972–8–9381479 (Y.G.)
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