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Iemmi T, Menozzi A, Meucci V, Magnini I, Battaglia F, Severino L, Ariano A, Bertini S. Ochratoxin A Levels in Tissues of Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) from Northern Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110706. [PMID: 33171643 PMCID: PMC7695140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, capable of contaminating several foodstuffs. OTA damages primarily the kidneys, and is suspected to be a carcinogenic substance, thus maximum levels for OTA in foodstuffs have been established in the EU. Italian Ministry of Health suggested a maximum level of 1 μg/kg OTA in pork meat and derived products. In this study, OTA concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle of 64 wild boars (Sus scrofa) killed in two areas (area A and B) of Parma province (northern Italy), characterized by different habitat types, were assessed by HPLC-FLD technique. OTA was detected in 54% liver, 52% kidney, and 16% muscle samples. OTA levels were significantly higher in liver and kidney compared with muscle, and were above 1 μg/kg in 19 liver, 17 kidney, and 4 muscle samples. OTA levels in wild boars from area A resulted significantly higher with respect to those from area B, suggesting an environmental influence on OTA contamination in wild boars. This study seems to confirm that wild boar meat is a potential source of OTA, thus monitoring the presence of this mycotoxin in game meat might be recommended to prevent risks for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Iemmi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Menozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Irene Magnini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Federica Battaglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (V.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Lorella Severino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrea Ariano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy; (L.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (T.I.); (I.M.); (S.B.)
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Guerrini A, Altafini A, Roncada P. Assessment of Ochratoxin A Exposure in Ornamental and Self-Consumption Backyard Chickens. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010018. [PMID: 32046067 PMCID: PMC7157540 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that may be present in various food and feed of plant and animal origin, including chicken meat. In Italy, backyard poultry farming is rather widespread. Animals are raised for meat, eggs and for ornamental purpose, and they are often fed with home-made diets not subject to official controls. The purpose of this study was to evaluate exposure of ornamental and backyard chickens to OTA using biliary ochratoxin A as a biomarker. Therefore, bile samples, in addition to kidney, liver and muscle, were collected from 102 chickens reared in 16 farms located in 6 Italian regions. High-performance liquid chromatography method and fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FLD) analysis were carried out firstly on bile from all animals, and OTA was detected in 12 chickens (concentration range 3.83-170.42 µg/L). Subsequently, the kidneys of these chickens were also analysed, and the mycotoxin was not detected. The analytical detection limits (LODs) of OTA in bile and kidney were 2.1 µg/L and 0.1 µg/kg, respectively. In conclusion, these animals were exposed to OTA but their meat can be considered safe, given that this mycotoxin, if present, concentrates highest in kidneys. Biliary ochratoxin A confirms its use as a valid biomarker to assess exposure of poultry to OTA.
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Altafini A, Fedrizzi G, Roncada P. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in typical salami produced in different regions of Italy. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 35:141-148. [PMID: 30460520 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total of 172 different salamis were purchased from farms and small salami factories located in four Italian regions (Piedmont, Veneto, Calabria, and Sicily) and analyzed for the presence of ochratoxin A (OTA). Analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorimetric detector (HPLC-FLD). The detection limit (LOD) for the method used was 0.05 μg/kg, while the quantitation limit (LOQ) was 0.20 μg/kg; the average recovery rate was 89.1%. OTA was detected in 22 salamis, and 3 samples exceeded the Italian guidance value for OTA in pork meat (1 μg/kg). In particular, what emerges from this research is the high percentage of spicy salamis among positive samples (68.2%, 15 out of 22), although spicy salamis are only 27.3% of the total number of samples collected and analyzed. Red chili pepper contaminated by OTA could be responsible for the presence of the mycotoxin in these spicy salamis. It follow that, also the control of some ingredients used in the manufacture of these meat products, like spices, should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Altafini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Reparto chimico degli alimenti, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via P. Fiorini 5, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
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Gan F, Hou L, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Huang D, Chen X, Huang K. Effects of ochratoxin A on ER stress, MAPK signaling pathway and autophagy of kidney and spleen in pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:2277-2286. [PMID: 28699257 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a worldwide mycotoxin found in food and feeds, is a potent nephrotoxin and immunotoxin in animals and humans. This research was conducted to evaluate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, MAPK signaling pathway and autophagy were induced by OTA in kidney and spleen of pigs. Twenty-seven crossbred pigs randomly allocated to 3 groups were fed for 42 days ad libitum a basal diet without (Con group, 0.00 μg OTA/kg) and with supplementation of OTA at 400 (OTA-L group) and 800 μg/kg (OTA-H group). From each group, 6 pigs were randomly selected for blood collection on days 0, 21, and 42 and 3 pigs were randomly selected for tissue collection on day 42. The results showed that OTA at 400 and 800 μg/kg diets significantly increased OTA concentrations in serum and kidney and spleen induced the histopathological lesions of kidney and spleen, decreased TCR-stimulated T lymphocyte viabilities and IL-2 concentration, increased TNF-α concentration, and decreased T-AOC levels. OTA increased glucose regulated protein 78, p38, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and LC3 II and Atg5 protein expression in kidney and spleen of pigs. These results provide new insights into the relationship between OTA and ER stress, p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway and autophagy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Da Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
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Luci G, Intorre L, Ferruzzi G, Mani D, Giuliotti L, Pretti C, Tognetti R, Bertini S, Meucci V. Determination of ochratoxin A in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) by enzymatic digestion (ED) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). Mycotoxin Res 2017; 34:1-8. [PMID: 28856595 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary toxic metabolite synthesized by Aspergillus or Penicillium species, which can contaminate various crops. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified OTA as a group 2B possible human carcinogen. The aim of the present study was to assess OTA concentrations in tissues of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) from Tuscany (Italy). Over a period of 2 years, samples of muscle, liver, and kidney from 48 wild boars were collected and concentrations of OTA were determined by enzymatic digestion (ED) coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The highest concentrations of OTA were found in the kidneys of the 48 wild boars analyzed. No difference in concentrations was found based on years of collection and sex while a significantly higher OTA concentration was found in the kidney of the young wild boars with respect to the adult one. Monitoring the quality of meat destined for transformation is a priority in order to decrease the possibility of toxin carry-over to humans. The present study showed that contamination of wild boar meat products by OTA represents a potential emerging source of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Luci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Intorre
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Ferruzzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Danilo Mani
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Giuliotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosalba Tognetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese lato monte, 56122, San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
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Armorini S, Altafini A, Zaghini A, Roncada P. Ochratoxin A in artisan salami produced in Veneto (Italy). FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2015; 9:9-14. [PMID: 26431067 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2015.1098735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fifty samples of artisan salami purchased in Veneto (Italy) were analysed for the determination of ochratoxin A (OTA). The analytical method, based on a sample preparation procedure with immunoaffinity columns (IACs), together with analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD), has guaranteed a high rate of recovery (about 97%), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), respectively, of 0.06 µg kg(-1) and 0.20 µg kg(-1). OTA was detected in five samples, but only one exceeded the guideline value (1 µg kg(-1)) established by the Italian Ministry of Health for pork meat and derived products. The results would seem to suggest that salami made with the traditional, non-industrial production method can be considered safe as regards contamination by OTA. However, the very high concentration observed in one sample proves that a high OTA contamination is also possible in this type of product. Thus, the controls of mycotoxin contamination must consider also salami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Armorini
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia , Italy
| | - Alberto Altafini
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia , Italy
| | - Anna Zaghini
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia , Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- a Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Ozzano Emilia , Italy
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