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Amman BR, Koroma AH, Schuh AJ, Conteh I, Sealy TK, Foday I, Johnny J, Bakarr IA, Whitmer SLM, Wright EA, Gbakima AA, Graziano J, Bangura C, Kamanda E, Osborne A, Saidu E, Musa JA, Bangura DF, Williams SMT, Fefegula GM, Sumaila C, Jabaty J, James FH, Jambai A, Garnett K, Kamara TF, Towner JS, Lebbie A. Sosuga Virus Detected in Egyptian Rousette Bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Sierra Leone. Viruses 2024; 16:648. [PMID: 38675988 PMCID: PMC11054331 DOI: 10.3390/v16040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sosuga virus (SOSV), a rare human pathogenic paramyxovirus, was first discovered in 2012 when a person became ill after working in South Sudan and Uganda. During an ecological investigation, several species of bats were sampled and tested for SOSV RNA and only one species, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERBs; Rousettus aegyptiacus), tested positive. Since that time, multiple other species have been sampled and ERBs in Uganda have continued to be the only species of bat positive for SOSV infection. Subsequent studies of ERBs with SOSV demonstrated that ERBs are a competent host for SOSV and shed this infectious virus while exhibiting only minor infection-associated pathology. Following the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, surveillance efforts focused on discovering reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens resulted in the capture and testing of many bat species. Here, SOSV RNA was detected by qRT-PCR only in ERBs captured in the Moyamba District of Sierra Leone in the central region of the country. These findings represent a substantial range extension from East Africa to West Africa for SOSV, suggesting that this paramyxovirus may occur in ERB populations throughout its sub-Saharan African range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Amman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Alusine H. Koroma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Immah Conteh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Ibrahim Foday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Jonathan Johnny
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Ibrahim A. Bakarr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Emily A. Wright
- Oak Ridge Institute Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA;
| | - Aiah A. Gbakima
- National Public Health Agency, Wilberforce, 42A Main Mottor Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - James Graziano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Camilla Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Emmanuel Kamanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Augustus Osborne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Emmanuel Saidu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Jonathan A. Musa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Doris F. Bangura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Sammuel M. T. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - George M. Fefegula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Christian Sumaila
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Juliet Jabaty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Fatmata H. James
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
| | - Amara Jambai
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Brookfields, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - Kate Garnett
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Brookfields, Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - Thomas F. Kamara
- National Protected Area Authority, 4-6 FA John Avenue, Main Congo Town Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (A.J.S.); (T.K.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Aiah Lebbie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone; (A.H.K.); (I.C.); (I.F.); (J.J.); (I.A.B.); (C.B.); (E.K.); (A.O.); (E.S.); (J.A.M.); (D.F.B.); (S.M.T.W.); (G.M.F.); (C.S.); (J.J.); (F.H.J.)
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Geldenhuys M, Ross N, Dietrich M, de Vries JL, Mortlock M, Epstein JH, Weyer J, Pawęska JT, Markotter W. Viral maintenance and excretion dynamics of coronaviruses within an Egyptian rousette fruit bat maternal colony: considerations for spillover. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15829. [PMID: 37739999 PMCID: PMC10517123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel coronavirus species of public health and veterinary importance have emerged in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, with bats identified as natural hosts for progenitors of many coronaviruses. Targeted wildlife surveillance is needed to identify the factors involved in viral perpetuation within natural host populations, and drivers of interspecies transmission. We monitored a natural colony of Egyptian rousette bats at monthly intervals across two years to identify circulating coronaviruses, and to investigate shedding dynamics and viral maintenance within the colony. Three distinct lineages were detected, with different seasonal temporal excretion dynamics. For two lineages, the highest periods of coronavirus shedding were at the start of the year, when large numbers of bats were found in the colony. Highest peaks for a third lineage were observed towards the middle of the year. Among individual bat-level factors (age, sex, reproductive status, and forearm mass index), only reproductive status showed significant effects on excretion probability, with reproductive adults having lower rates of detection, though factors were highly interdependent. Analysis of recaptured bats suggests that viral clearance may occur within one month. These findings may be implemented in the development of risk reduction strategies for potential zoonotic coronavirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | | | - Muriel Dietrich
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - John L de Vries
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jonathan H Epstein
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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Jones BD, Kaufman EJ, Peel AJ. Viral Co-Infection in Bats: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:1860. [PMID: 37766267 PMCID: PMC10535902 DOI: 10.3390/v15091860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection is an underappreciated phenomenon in contemporary disease ecology despite its ubiquity and importance in nature. Viruses, and other co-infecting agents, can interact in ways that shape host and agent communities, influence infection dynamics, and drive evolutionary selective pressures. Bats are host to many viruses of zoonotic potential and have drawn increasing attention in their role as wildlife reservoirs for human spillover. However, the role of co-infection in driving viral transmission dynamics within bats is unknown. Here, we systematically review peer-reviewed literature reporting viral co-infections in bats. We show that viral co-infection is common in bats but is often only reported as an incidental finding. Biases identified in our study database related to virus and host species were pre-existing in virus studies of bats generally. Studies largely speculated on the role co-infection plays in viral recombination and few investigated potential drivers or impacts of co-infection. Our results demonstrate that current knowledge of co-infection in bats is an ad hoc by-product of viral discovery efforts, and that future targeted co-infection studies will improve our understanding of the role it plays. Adding to the broader context of co-infection studies in other wildlife species, we anticipate our review will inform future co-infection study design and reporting in bats. Consideration of detection strategy, including potential viral targets, and appropriate analysis methodology will provide more robust results and facilitate further investigation of the role of viral co-infection in bat reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent D. Jones
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Wood MR, de Vries JL, Epstein JH, Markotter W. Variations in small-scale movements of, Rousettus aegyptiacus, a Marburg virus reservoir across a seasonal gradient. Front Zool 2023; 20:23. [PMID: 37464371 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-023-00502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bats are increasingly being recognized as important hosts for viruses, some of which are zoonotic and carry the potential for spillover within human and livestock populations. Biosurveillance studies focused on assessing the risk of pathogen transmission, however, have largely focused on the virological component and have not always considered the ecological implications of different species as viral hosts. The movements of known viral hosts are an important component for disease risk assessments as they can potentially identify regions of higher risk of contact and spillover. As such, this study aimed to synthesize data from both virological and ecological fields to provide a more holistic assessment of the risk of pathogen transmission from bats to people. RESULTS Using radiotelemetry, we tracked the small-scale movements of Rousettus aegyptiacus, a species of bat known to host Marburg virus and other viruses with zoonotic potential, in a rural settlement in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The tracked bats exhibited seasonal variations in their movement patterns including variable usage of residential areas which could translate to contact between bats and humans and may facilitate spillover. We identified a trend for increased usage of residential areas during the winter months with July specifically experiencing the highest levels of bat activity within residential areas. July has previously been identified as a key period for increased spillover risk for viruses associated with R. aegyptiacus from this colony and paired with the increased activity levels, illustrates the risk for spillover to human populations. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes the importance of incorporating ecological data such as movement patterns with virological data to provide a better understanding of the risk of pathogen spillover and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Wood
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J Low de Vries
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan H Epstein
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Paskey AC, Lim XF, Ng JHJ, Rice GK, Chia WN, Philipson CW, Foo R, Cer RZ, Long KA, Lueder MR, Glang L, Frey KG, Hamilton T, Mendenhall IH, Smith GJ, Anderson DE, Wang LF, Bishop-Lilly KA. Genomic Characterization of a Relative of Mumps Virus in Lesser Dawn Bats of Southeast Asia. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030659. [PMID: 36992368 PMCID: PMC10053730 DOI: 10.3390/v15030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of genomic surveillance on emerging diseases continues to be highlighted with the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Here, we present an analysis of a new bat-borne mumps virus (MuV) in a captive colony of lesser dawn bats (Eonycteris spelaea). This report describes an investigation of MuV-specific data originally collected as part of a longitudinal virome study of apparently healthy, captive lesser dawn bats in Southeast Asia (BioProject ID PRJNA561193) which was the first report of a MuV-like virus, named dawn bat paramyxovirus (DbPV), in bats outside of Africa. More in-depth analysis of these original RNA sequences in the current report reveals that the new DbPV genome shares only 86% amino acid identity with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of its closest relative, the African bat-borne mumps virus (AbMuV). While there is no obvious immediate cause for concern, it is important to continue investigating and monitoring bat-borne MuVs to determine the risk of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Paskey
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Justin H. J. Ng
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Gregory K. Rice
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Casandra W. Philipson
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060, USA
| | - Randy Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Regina Z. Cer
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kyle A. Long
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Matthew R. Lueder
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Lindsay Glang
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Frey
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Gavin J. Smith
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Danielle E. Anderson
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Correspondence:
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Detection and Characterization of an H9N2 Influenza A Virus in the Egyptian Rousette Bat in Limpopo, South Africa. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020498. [PMID: 36851712 PMCID: PMC9958621 DOI: 10.3390/v15020498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bats have been shown to host various novel bat-specific influenza viruses, including H17N10 and H18N11 in the Americas and the H9N2 subtype from Africa. Rousettus aegyptiacus (Egyptian Rousette bat) is recognized as a host species for diverse viral agents. This study focused on the molecular surveillance of a maternal colony in Limpopo, South Africa, between 2017-2018. A pan-influenza hemi-nested RT-PCR assay targeting the PB1 gene was established, and influenza A virus RNA was identified from one fecal sample out of 860 samples. Genome segments were recovered using segment-specific amplification combined with standard Sanger sequencing and Illumina unbiased sequencing. The identified influenza A virus was closely related to the H9N2 bat-influenza virus, confirming the circulation of this subtype among Egyptian fruit bat populations in Southern Africa. This bat H9N2 subtype contained amino acid residues associated with transmission and virulence in either mammalian or avian hosts, though it will likely require additional adaptations before spillover.
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Ramanantsalama RV, Goodman SM, Dietrich M, Lebarbenchon C. Interaction between Old World fruit bats and humans: From large scale ecosystem services to zoonotic diseases. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106462. [PMID: 35421381 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The Old World tropical and subtropical frugivorous bat genus Rousettus (Pteropodidae) contains species with broad distributions, as well as those occurring in restricted geographical areas, particularly islands. Herein we review the role of Rousettus as a keystone species from a global "One Health" approach and related to ecosystem functioning, zoonotic disease and public health. Rousettus are efficient at dispersing seeds and pollinating flowers; their role in forest regeneration is related to their ability to fly considerable distances during nightly foraging bouts and their relatively small body size, which allows them to access fruits in forested areas with closed vegetation. Rousettus are also reservoirs for various groups of pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa), which, by definition, are infectious agents causing disease. The study of day roosts of different species of Rousettus and the successful establishment of captive breeding colonies have provided important details related to the infection dynamics of their associated pathogens. Large-scale conversion of forested areas into agricultural landscapes has increased contact between humans and Rousettus, therefore augmenting the chances of infectious agent spillover. Many crucial scientific details are still lacking related to members of this genus, which have direct bearing on the prevention of emerging disease outbreaks, as well as the conservation of these bats. The public should be better informed on the capacity of fruit bats as keystone species for large scale forest regeneration and in spreading pathogens. Precise details on the transmission of zoonotic diseases of public health importance associated with Rousettus should be given high priority.
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Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Induced Lesions, Tissue Tropism and Host Responses following Experimental Infection of Egyptian Rousette Bats ( Rousettus aegyptiacus) with the Zoonotic Paramyxovirus, Sosuga Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061278. [PMID: 35746749 PMCID: PMC9227259 DOI: 10.3390/v14061278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological and experimental infection studies have identified Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs; Rousettus aegyptiacus: family Pteropodidae) as a reservoir host for the zoonotic rubula-like paramyxovirus Sosuga virus (SOSV). A serial sacrifice study of colony-bred ERBs inoculated with wild-type, recombinant SOSV identified small intestines and salivary gland as major sites of viral replication. In the current study, archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from the serial sacrifice study were analyzed in depth—histologically and immunohistochemically, for SOSV, mononuclear phagocytes and T cells. Histopathologic lesion scores increased over time and viral antigen persisted in a subset of tissues, indicating ongoing host responses and underscoring the possibility of chronic infection. Despite the presence of SOSV NP antigen and villus ulcerations in the small intestines, there were only mild increases in mononuclear phagocytes and T cells, a host response aligned with disease tolerance. In contrast, there was a statistically significant, robust and targeted mononuclear phagocyte cell responses in the salivary glands at 21 DPI, where viral antigen was sparse. These findings may have broader implications for chiropteran–paramyxovirus interactions, as bats are hypothesized to be the ancestral hosts of this diverse virus family and for ERB immunology in general, as this species is also the reservoir host for the marburgviruses Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV) (family Filoviridae).
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Mortlock M, Geldenhuys M, Dietrich M, Epstein JH, Weyer J, Pawęska JT, Markotter W. Seasonal shedding patterns of diverse henipavirus-related paramyxoviruses in Egyptian rousette bats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24262. [PMID: 34930962 PMCID: PMC8688450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bat-borne viruses in the Henipavirus genus have been associated with zoonotic diseases of high morbidity and mortality in Asia and Australia. In Africa, the Egyptian rousette bat species (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is an important viral host in which Henipavirus-related viral sequences have previously been identified. We expanded these findings by assessing the viral dynamics in a southern African bat population. A longitudinal study of henipavirus diversity and excretion dynamics identified 18 putative viral species circulating in a local population, three with differing seasonal dynamics, and the winter and spring periods posing a higher risk of virus spillover and transmission. The annual peaks in virus excretion are most likely driven by subadults and may be linked to the waning of maternal immunity and recolonization of the roost in early spring. These results provide insightful information into the bat-host relationship that can be extrapolated to other populations across Africa and be communicated to at-risk communities as a part of evidence-based public health education and prevention measures against pathogen spillover threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinda Mortlock
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- grid.503393.fUMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion Island France
| | - Jonathan H. Epstein
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa ,grid.420826.a0000 0004 0409 4702EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001 USA
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa ,grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
| | - Janusz T. Pawęska
- grid.49697.350000 0001 2107 2298Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa ,grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2131 South Africa
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Ayolabi CI, Olusola BA, Lawal AA, Chibuike AD, Nzekwue BN. Detection of novel paramyxoviruses in Chaerephon bat species in Nigeria and phylogenetics of paramyxoviruses co-evolution with bats in Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:117-135. [PMID: 34817117 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bat paramyxoviruses (PmV) are a diverse group of viruses and include zoonotic viruses such as henipaviruses. Members of this group in other continents have been associated with severe respiratory and neurological infections in animals and humans. Furthermore, despite the richness of diverse bat species that can transmit this virus in African countries like Nigeria, there is very scanty information as to the presence and co-evolution of paramyxoviruses in bats. There is a need for continuous surveillance of zoonotic viruses and their biological reservoirs as this will help in the prevention and management of pathogens' spillovers. This study detected novel paramyxoviruses in Chaerephon nigeriae bat species found in Badagry, Lagos. Phylogenetic analyses of paramyxovirus sequences' co-evolution with frugivorous and insectivorous bats circulating in African countries were also performed using sequences of African origin available in the Database of Bat-Associated Viruses (DBatVir: http://www.mgc.ac.cn/DBatVir/). Oral swabs (n = 18) and blood samples (n = 32) were collected from C. nigeriae bats in Badagry, Lagos. The L gene of bat paramyxovirus was detected in all oral swabs using PCR techniques. Six of the amplicons were successfully sequenced. Estimated phylogenies placed the sequences in close relationship with those isolated from insectivorous bats. Phylogenetic analyses of previously sequenced isolates in the African region showed the likelihood of different co-evolution mechanisms of paramyxoviruses with frugivorous bats compared with insectivorous bats. This may be due to codon usage bias of the L gene. Spatial distribution of paramyxoviruses in African countries showed limited ongoing surveillance of this virus in the continent, especially in southern and northern countries. Extensive surveillance of paramyxoviruses with possible zoonotic potentials among bat species in the continent is recommended. This will provide further insights into co-evolution as well as prevent possible spillover into the human population.
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Vora NM, Osinubi MOV, Davis L, Abdurrahman M, Adedire EB, Akpan H, Aman-Oloniyo AF, Audu SW, Blau D, Dankoli RS, Ehimiyein AM, Ellison JA, Gbadegesin YH, Greenberg L, Haberling D, Hutson C, Idris JM, Kia GSN, Lawal M, Matthias SY, Mshelbwala PP, Niezgoda M, Ogunkoya AB, Ogunniyi AO, Okara GC, Olugasa BO, Ossai OP, Oyemakinde A, Person MK, Rupprecht CE, Saliman OA, Sani M, Sanni-Adeniyi OA, Satheshkumar PS, Smith TG, Soleye MO, Wallace RM, Yennan SK, Recuenco S. Bat and Lyssavirus Exposure among Humans in Area that Celebrates Bat Festival, Nigeria, 2010 and 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:1399-1408. [PMID: 32568051 PMCID: PMC7323560 DOI: 10.3201/eid2607.191016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Using questionnaires and serologic testing, we evaluated bat and lyssavirus exposure among persons in an area of Nigeria that celebrates a bat festival. Bats from festival caves underwent serologic testing for phylogroup II lyssaviruses (Lagos bat virus, Shimoni bat virus, Mokola virus). The enrolled households consisted of 2,112 persons, among whom 213 (10%) were reported to have ever had bat contact (having touched a bat, having been bitten by a bat, or having been scratched by a bat) and 52 (2%) to have ever been bitten by a bat. Of 203 participants with bat contact, 3 (1%) had received rabies vaccination. No participant had neutralizing antibodies to phylogroup II lyssaviruses, but >50% of bats had neutralizing antibodies to these lyssaviruses. Even though we found no evidence of phylogroup II lyssavirus exposure among humans, persons interacting with bats in the area could benefit from practicing bat-related health precautions.
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Overview of Bat and Wildlife Coronavirus Surveillance in Africa: A Framework for Global Investigations. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050936. [PMID: 34070175 PMCID: PMC8158508 DOI: 10.3390/v13050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had devastating health and socio-economic impacts. Human activities, especially at the wildlife interphase, are at the core of forces driving the emergence of new viral agents. Global surveillance activities have identified bats as the natural hosts of diverse coronaviruses, with other domestic and wildlife animal species possibly acting as intermediate or spillover hosts. The African continent is confronted by several factors that challenge prevention and response to novel disease emergences, such as high species diversity, inadequate health systems, and drastic social and ecosystem changes. We reviewed published animal coronavirus surveillance studies conducted in Africa, specifically summarizing surveillance approaches, species numbers tested, and findings. Far more surveillance has been initiated among bat populations than other wildlife and domestic animals, with nearly 26,000 bat individuals tested. Though coronaviruses have been identified from approximately 7% of the total bats tested, surveillance among other animals identified coronaviruses in less than 1%. In addition to a large undescribed diversity, sequences related to four of the seven human coronaviruses have been reported from African bats. The review highlights research gaps and the disparity in surveillance efforts between different animal groups (particularly potential spillover hosts) and concludes with proposed strategies for improved future biosurveillance.
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Amman BR, Schuh AJ, Sealy TK, Spengler JR, Welch SR, Kirejczyk SGM, Albariño CG, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Experimental infection of Egyptian rousette bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Sosuga virus demonstrates potential transmission routes for a bat-borne human pathogenic paramyxovirus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008092. [PMID: 32119657 PMCID: PMC7067492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2012, a wildlife biologist became severely ill after becoming infected with a novel paramyxovirus, termed Sosuga virus. In the weeks prior to illness, the patient worked with multiple species of bats in South Sudan and Uganda, including Egyptian rousette bats (ERBs: Rousettus aegyptiacus). A follow-up study of Ugandan bats found multiple wild-caught ERBs to test positive for SOSV in liver and spleen. To determine the competency of these bats to act as a natural reservoir host for SOSV capable of infecting humans, captive-bred ERBs were inoculated with a recombinant SOSV, representative of the patient's virus sequence. The bats were inoculated subcutaneously, sampled daily (blood, urine, fecal, oral and rectal swabs) and serially euthanized at predetermined time points. All inoculated bats became infected with SOSV in multiple tissues and blood, urine, oral, rectal and fecal swabs tested positive for SOSV RNA. No evidence of overt morbidity or mortality were observed in infected ERBs, although histopathological examination showed subclinical disease in a subset of tissues. Importantly, SOSV was isolated from oral/rectal swabs, urine and feces, demonstrating shedding of infectious virus concomitant with systemic infection. All bats euthanized at 21 days post-inoculation (DPI) seroconverted to SOSV between 16 and 21 DPI. These results are consistent with ERBs being competent reservoir hosts for SOSV with spillover potential to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shannon G. M. Kirejczyk
- Emory University, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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14
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Markotter W, Coertse J, De Vries L, Geldenhuys M, Mortlock M. Bat-borne viruses in Africa: a critical review. J Zool (1987) 2020; 311:77-98. [PMID: 32427175 PMCID: PMC7228346 DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, bat‐borne zoonoses emerged in the past few decades resulting in large outbreaks or just sporadic spillovers. In addition, hundreds of more viruses are described without any information on zoonotic potential. We discuss important characteristics of bats including bat biology, evolution, distribution and ecology that not only make them unique among most mammals but also contribute to their potential as viral reservoirs. The detection of a virus in bats does not imply that spillover will occur and several biological, ecological and anthropogenic factors play a role in such an event. We summarize and critically analyse the current knowledge on African bats as reservoirs for corona‐, filo‐, paramyxo‐ and lyssaviruses. We highlight that important information on epidemiology, bat biology and ecology is often not available to make informed decisions on zoonotic spillover potential. Even if knowledge gaps exist, it is still important to recognize the role of bats in zoonotic disease outbreaks and implement mitigation strategies to prevent exposure to infectious agents including working safely with bats. Equally important is the crucial role of bats in various ecosystem services. This necessitates a multidisciplinary One Health approach to close knowledge gaps and ensure the development of responsible mitigation strategies to not only minimize risk of infection but also ensure conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Markotter
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - J Coertse
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - L De Vries
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M Geldenhuys
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
| | - M Mortlock
- Department of Medical Virology Centre for Viral Zoonoses Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa
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15
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Peel AJ, Wells K, Giles J, Boyd V, Burroughs A, Edson D, Crameri G, Baker ML, Field H, Wang LF, McCallum H, Plowright RK, Clark N. Synchronous shedding of multiple bat paramyxoviruses coincides with peak periods of Hendra virus spillover. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 8:1314-1323. [PMID: 31495335 PMCID: PMC6746281 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1661217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Within host-parasite communities, viral co-circulation and co-infections of hosts are the norm, yet studies of significant emerging zoonoses tend to focus on a single parasite species within the host. Using a multiplexed paramyxovirus bead-based PCR on urine samples from Australian flying foxes, we show that multi-viral shedding from flying fox populations is common. We detected up to nine bat paramyxoviruses shed synchronously. Multi-viral shedding infrequently coalesced into an extreme, brief and spatially restricted shedding pulse, coinciding with peak spillover of Hendra virus, an emerging fatal zoonotic pathogen of high interest. Such extreme pulses of multi-viral shedding could easily be missed during routine surveillance yet have potentially serious consequences for spillover of novel pathogens to humans and domestic animal hosts. We also detected co-occurrence patterns suggestive of the presence of interactions among viruses, such as facilitation and cross-immunity. We propose that multiple viruses may be interacting, influencing the shedding and spillover of zoonotic pathogens. Understanding these interactions in the context of broader scale drivers, such as habitat loss, may help predict shedding pulses of Hendra virus and other fatal zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
| | - Konstans Wells
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University , Swansea , Wales , UK
| | - John Giles
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Victoria Boyd
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong , Vic , Australia
| | - Amy Burroughs
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong , Vic , Australia
| | - Daniel Edson
- Department of Agriculture, Animal Health Policy Branch , Canberra , ACT , Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong , Vic , Australia
| | - Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory , Geelong , Vic , Australia
| | - Hume Field
- EcoHealth Alliance , New York , NY , USA.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland , Gatton , Queensland , Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School , Singapore
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland , Australia
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman , Montana , USA
| | - Nicholas Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, the University of Queensland , Gatton , Queensland , Australia
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A structure-based rationale for sialic acid independent host-cell entry of Sosuga virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21514-21520. [PMID: 31591233 PMCID: PMC6815108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906717116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bat-borne paramyxovirus, Sosuga virus (SosV), is one of many paramyxoviruses recently identified and classified within the newly established genus Pararubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae The envelope surface of SosV presents a receptor-binding protein (RBP), SosV-RBP, which facilitates host-cell attachment and entry. Unlike closely related hemagglutinin neuraminidase RBPs from other genera of the Paramyxoviridae, SosV-RBP and other pararubulavirus RBPs lack many of the stringently conserved residues required for sialic acid recognition and hydrolysis. We determined the crystal structure of the globular head region of SosV-RBP, revealing that while the glycoprotein presents a classical paramyxoviral six-bladed β-propeller fold and structurally classifies in close proximity to paramyxoviral RBPs with hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) functionality, it presents a receptor-binding face incongruent with sialic acid recognition. Hemadsorption and neuraminidase activity analysis confirms the limited capacity of SosV-RBP to interact with sialic acid in vitro and indicates that SosV-RBP undergoes a nonclassical route of host-cell entry. The close overall structural conservation of SosV-RBP with other classical HN RBPs supports a model by which pararubulaviruses only recently diverged from sialic acid binding functionality.
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18
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Markotter W, Geldenhuys M, Jansen van Vuren P, Kemp A, Mortlock M, Mudakikwa A, Nel L, Nziza J, Paweska J, Weyer J. Paramyxo- and Coronaviruses in Rwandan Bats. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4030099. [PMID: 31269631 PMCID: PMC6789848 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A high diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses have been detected in different bat species at study sites worldwide, including Africa, however no biosurveillance studies from Rwanda have been reported. In this study, samples from bats collected from caves in Ruhengeri, Rwanda, were tested for the presence of corona- and paramyxoviral RNA using reverse transcription PCR assays. Positive results were further characterized by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. In addition to morphological identification of bat species, we also did molecular confirmation of species identities, contributing to the known genetic database available for African bat species. We detected a novel Betacoronavirus in two Geoffroy’s horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus clivosus) bats. We also detected several different paramyxoviral species from various insectivorous bats. One of these viral species was found to be homologous to the genomes of viruses belonging to the Jeilongvirus genus. Additionally, a Henipavirus-related sequence was detected in an Egyptian rousette fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). These results expand on the known diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses and their geographical distribution in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa.
| | - Marike Geldenhuys
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Petrus Jansen van Vuren
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Alan Kemp
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Marinda Mortlock
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Rwanda Development Board, Department of tourism and Conservation, P.O Box 6239, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Louis Nel
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Julius Nziza
- Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project, P.O Box 115, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Janusz Paweska
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Weyer
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health laboratory Services, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa
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