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Asai N, Shibata Y, Yamada A, Ohashi W, Takayama M, Kawamoto Y, Miyazaki N, Sakanashi D, Ohno T, Nakamura A, Koita I, Suematsu H, Chida S, Ohta T, Kato H, Hagihara M, Hirai J, Mori N, Mikamo H. Epidemiological study of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults during the pandemic of COVID-19. J Infect Chemother 2024:S1341-321X(24)00130-2. [PMID: 38782237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common pathogens in adults admitted to the ICU due to respiratory diseases, no reports regarding the occurrence rate of RSV infections in adults in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic exist. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted this retrospective study to examine the exact occurrence rate of RSV infections in adults. We reviewed all patients (≥18 years) with any respiratory symptoms who received quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using nasopharyngeal samples for respiratory viruses by GeneLEAD at the Aichi Medical University Hospital between November 2022 and November 2023. RESULTS A total of 541 adult patients who underwent PCR test were enrolled in this study. RSV was identified in 18 cases (3.3 %); 8 (1.5 %) upper and 10 (1.8 %) lower respiratory tract infections. Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 were found in 10 (1.8 %) and 61 (11.3 %), respectively. Patients with RSV infections and COVID-19 had more comorbidities than those with Influenza virus infections. As for RSV-associated with lower respiratory tract infection cases, 10 developed acute respiratory failure, resulting in 1 fatal case due to pneumonia and 1 died of septic shock due to ileus. The 30-, 90-day mortality rates were 1 (6 %) and 2 (11 %) respectively. CONCLUSION About 3 % of adults had RSV infections during the COVID-19 pandemic. The outcomes of RSV infections in adults were similar to those by COVID-19. Those with comorbidities should have a preventive method against RSV infections, the same as for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shibata
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Yamada
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Wataru Ohashi
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mina Takayama
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuzuka Kawamoto
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Narimi Miyazaki
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakanashi
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohno
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakamura
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Isao Koita
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suematsu
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sumie Chida
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ohta
- Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideo Kato
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Pharmacy, Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Division of Clinical Medical Science, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mao Hagihara
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology and Biomedical Sciences, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Jun Hirai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mori
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Infectious Control Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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Al Meslamani AZ, Merghani Ali E. Navigating the crossroads: asthma, trained immunity, and infection susceptibility. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38716705 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2353743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Z Al Meslamani
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Merghani Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Merz MP, Seal SV, Grova N, Mériaux S, Guebels P, Kanli G, Mommaerts E, Nicot N, Kaoma T, Keunen O, Nazarov PV, Turner JD. Early-life influenza A (H1N1) infection independently programs brain connectivity, HPA AXIS and tissue-specific gene expression profiles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5898. [PMID: 38467724 PMCID: PMC10928197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity covers a range of physical, social and environmental stressors. Acute viral infections in early life are a major source of such adversity and have been associated with a broad spectrum of later-life effects outside the immune system or "off-target". These include an altered hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and metabolic reactions. Here, we used a murine post-natal day 14 (PND 14) Influenza A (H1N1) infection model and applied a semi-holistic approach including phenotypic measurements, gene expression arrays and diffusion neuroimaging techniques to investigate HPA axis dysregulation, energy metabolism and brain connectivity. By PND 56 the H1N1 infection had been resolved, and there was no residual gene expression signature of immune cell infiltration into the liver, adrenal gland or brain tissues examined nor of immune-related signalling. A resolved early-life H1N1 infection had sex-specific effects. We observed retarded growth of males and altered pre-stress (baseline) blood glucose and corticosterone levels at PND42 after the infection was resolved. Cerebral MRI scans identified reduced connectivity in the cortex, midbrain and cerebellum that were accompanied by tissue-specific gene expression signatures. Gene set enrichment analysis confirmed that these were tissue-specific changes with few common pathways. Early-life infection independently affected each of the systems and this was independent of HPA axis or immune perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam P Merz
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de Université, L-4365, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Central Biobank Charité, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Snehaa V Seal
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 Avenue de Université, L-4365, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Inserm U1256, NGERE, Nutrition-Génétique Et Exposition Aux Risques Environnementaux, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Mériaux
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Pauline Guebels
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Georgia Kanli
- In Vivo Imaging Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Translational Radiomics, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Elise Mommaerts
- LuxGen Genome Center, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- LuxGen Genome Center, Laboratoire National de Santé, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 3555, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Bioinformatics Platform, Data Integration and Analysis Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- In Vivo Imaging Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Translational Radiomics, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Bioinformatics Platform, Data Integration and Analysis Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Multiomics Data Science Research Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 Rue Henri Koch, 4354, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Jarrell ZR, Lee CM, Kim KH, He X, Smith MR, Raha JR, Bhatnagar N, Orr M, Kang SM, Chen Y, Jones DP, Go YM. Metabolic reprograming and increased inflammation by cadmium exposure following early-life respiratory syncytial virus infection-the involvement of protein S-palmitoylation. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:kfad112. [PMID: 37941452 PMCID: PMC10823773 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection (eRSV) is one of the leading causes of serious pulmonary disease in children. eRSV is associated with higher risk of developing asthma and compromised lung function later in life. Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal, widely present in the environment and in food. We recently showed that eRSV re-programs metabolism and potentiates Cd toxicity in the lung, and our transcriptome-metabolome-wide study showed strong associations between S-palmitoyl transferase expression and Cd-stimulated lung inflammation and fibrosis signaling. Limited information is available on the mechanism by which eRSV re-programs metabolism and potentiates Cd toxicity in the lung. In the current study, we used a mouse model to examine the role of protein S-palmitoylation (Pr-S-Pal) in low dose Cd-elevated lung metabolic disruption and inflammation following eRSV. Mice exposed to eRSV were later treated with Cd (3.3 mg CdCl2/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks (RSV+Cd). The role of Pr-S-Pal was studied using a palmitoyl transferase inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (BP, 10 µM). Inflammatory marker analysis showed that cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory cells were highest in the RSV+Cd group, and BP decreased inflammatory markers. Lung metabolomics analysis showed that pathways including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan, phosphatidylinositol and sphingolipid were altered across treatments. BP antagonized metabolic disruption of sphingolipid and glycosaminoglycan metabolism by RSV+Cd, consistent with BP effect on inflammatory markers. This study shows that Cd exposure following eRSV has a significant impact on subsequent inflammatory response and lung metabolism, which is mediated by Pr-S-Pal, and warrants future research for a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Choon-Myung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Xiaojia He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Matthew R Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
| | - Jannatul R Raha
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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5
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Ge L, Wang Y, Liu Z, Du H, Zhao D. Chitinase 3-like 1 plays a pivotal role in airway response of RSV infection via regulating DC functional transition. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110819. [PMID: 37607465 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) contribute to immune imbalance and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The aim of present study was to explore the mechanism of RSV regulating naive T cell differentiation through DCs. METHODS We generated a Lentivirus shRNA expression vector to knock down CHI3L1 in mouse lungs and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Then we investigated the effect of CHI3L1 knockdown on MAPK/ERK pathway, PI3K/AKT pathway, mature DCs represented by molecular markers, naive T cell differentiation and related cytokine expression in vitro and in vivo models of RSV. RESULTS RSV elevated CHI3L1 expression in lung DCs and BMDCs. Knockdown of CHI3L1 impeded RSV-induced activation of MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, attenuated CD86 and OX40L expression in mature DCs, reduced the proportion of Th2 and Th17 cells, and increased the proportion of Treg cells. In addition, by blocking CHI3L1, RSV-infected mice shown relief of airway resistance, the downregulation of Th2/Th17 like cytokines IL-4, IL-13 and IL-17 levels, and the upregulation of IL-10. CONCLUSION Our data show that CHI3L1 promotes RSV induced immune imbalance and airway hyperresponsiveness by regulating the functional transformation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ge
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Pediatrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, Hubei, China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Children's digital health and data Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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6
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Dagenais A, Villalba-Guerrero C, Olivier M. Trained immunity: A “new” weapon in the fight against infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147476. [PMID: 36993966 PMCID: PMC10040606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells can potentiate the response to reinfection through an innate form of immunological memory known as trained immunity. The potential of this fast-acting, nonspecific memory compared to traditional adaptive immunological memory in prophylaxis and therapy has been a topic of great interest in many fields, including infectious diseases. Amidst the rise of antimicrobial resistance and climate change—two major threats to global health—, harnessing the advantages of trained immunity compared to traditional forms of prophylaxis and therapy could be game-changing. Here, we present recent works bridging trained immunity and infectious disease that raise important discoveries, questions, concerns, and novel avenues for the modulation of trained immunity in practice. By exploring the progress in bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases, we equally highlight future directions with a focus on particularly problematic and/or understudied pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dagenais
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos Villalba-Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Martin Olivier,
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Chirikov V, Botteman M, Simões EAF. The Long-Term Healthcare Utilization and Economic Burden of RSV Infection in Children ≤5 Years in Japan: Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 14:699-714. [DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s382495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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8
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Challenges in Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults With Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia. Chest 2022; 161:1434-1435. [PMID: 35680305 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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9
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Zhang D, Yang J, Zhao Y, Shan J, Wang L, Yang G, He S, Li E. RSV Infection in Neonatal Mice Induces Pulmonary Eosinophilia Responsible for Asthmatic Reaction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817113. [PMID: 35185908 PMCID: PMC8847141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. Severe respiratory viral infection in early life is intimately associated with childhood recurrent wheezing and is a risk factor for asthma later in life. Although eosinophilic airway inflammation is an important trait in asthma of children, the roles of pulmonary eosinophils in the disease have been inadequately understood. Here, we show that RSV infection in neonatal mice causes eosinophilia after allergen stimulation. We showed that RSV infection in neonatal mice exacerbated allergic asthma to allergen stimulation that was accompanied with increased detection of eosinophils in the lungs. In addition, we also detected accumulation of ILC2, CD4+ T cells, and macrophages. Importantly, adoptive transfer of eosinophils from asthmatic mice with early-life RSV infection exacerbated pulmonary pathologies associated with allergic respiratory inflammation in naive mice in response to foreign antigen. The induction of asthmatic symptoms including AHR, tracheal wall thickening, and mucus production became more severe after further stimulation in those mice. The expression of antigen presentation-related molecules like CD80, CD86, and especially MHC II was markedly induced in eosinophils from OVA-stimulated asthmatic mice. The accumulation of CD4+ T cells in the lungs was also significantly increased as a result of adoptive transfer of eosinophils. Importantly, the deterioration of lung pathology caused by adoptive transfer could be effectively attenuated by treatment with indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Our findings highlight the significance of eosinophil-mediated proinflammatory response in allergic disease associated with early-life infection of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Yancheng Medical Research Centre, Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Centre of Pediatric Diseases, College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Nanjing Children's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Susu He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Yancheng Medical Research Centre, Medical School, Nanjing University, Yancheng, China
| | - Erguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Medical Virology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Achten NB, van Rossum AMC, Bacharier LB, Fitzpatrick AM, Hartert TV. Long-Term Respiratory Consequences of Early-Life Respiratory Viral Infections: A Pragmatic Approach to Fundamental Questions. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:664-670. [PMID: 34942383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early-life viral infection can have profound effects on the developing lung and immune systems, both important in asthma development. For decades, research has aimed to establish whether there is a causal link between these viral infections as an exposure and asthma later in childhood. Establishing causality will remain important, but new insights regarding early-life viral infection as an exposure, the recognition of asthma as a heterogeneous outcome, and the shared genetic susceptibility to both suggest a refocus from answering the theoretical question of causality toward additional pragmatic approaches focusing on improving patient outcomes across the spectrum of respiratory disease. This Clinical Commentary reviews the evidence on the consequences of early-life viral infection and aims to look beyond the question of causality, suggesting a research agenda specifically aimed at what matters for human development, and for the quality of life of current and future patients with wheezing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek B Achten
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie M C van Rossum
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard B Bacharier
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
| | - Anne M Fitzpatrick
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
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11
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Hartwig SM, Miller AM, Varga SM. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Provides Protection against a Subsequent Influenza A Virus Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:720-731. [PMID: 35022269 PMCID: PMC8851717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The presence of multiple heterologous virus infections is routinely observed in a subset of individuals screened for the presence of respiratory viruses. However, the impact overlapping infections has on disease severity and the host immune response is not well understood. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (IAV) are two of the most common respiratory infections observed in hospitalized patients, particularly in the very young and aged populations. In this study, we examined how the order in which BALB/c mice were infected with both RSV and IAV impacts disease severity. RSV infection prior to an IAV infection was associated with decreased weight loss and increased survival as compared with IAV infection alone. In contrast, IAV infection prior to an RSV infection was associated with similar morbidity and mortality as compared with an IAV infection alone. Our results suggest that the order in which viral infections are acquired plays a critical role in the outcome of disease severity and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey M. Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Ann M. Miller
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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12
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Kicman A, Pędzińska-Betiuk A, Kozłowska H. The potential of cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation in respiratory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174560. [PMID: 34648805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of respiratory diseases and complications is increasing. Therefore, new methods of treatment, as well as prevention, need to be investigated. A group of compounds that should be considered for use in respiratory diseases is cannabinoids. There are three groups of cannabinoids - plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous endocannabinoids including the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation. All cannabinoids exert their biological effects through either type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2). In numerous studies (in vitro and in vivo), cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation have shown beneficial anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-fibrotic properties. Although in the respiratory system, most of the studies have focused on the positive properties of cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. There are few research reports discussing the negative impact of these compounds. This review summarizes the properties and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation in various models of respiratory diseases. A short description of the effects selected cannabinoids have on the human respiratory system and their possible use in the fight against COVID-19 is also presented. Additionally, a brief summary is provided of cannabinoid receptors properties and their expression in the respiratory system and cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kicman
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Pędzińska-Betiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Hanna Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
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13
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Liang YY, Li KW, Niu FJ, Li Y, Wei HC, Dai YL, Wang YY, Zhou CZ, Wan XH. Salvia plebeia R. Br. polysaccharides (SPP) against RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) infection: Antiviral effect and mechanisms of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111843. [PMID: 34175821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the antiviral effect of Salvia plebeia R. Br. polysaccharides (SPP) against RSV and underlying mechanisms. METHODS SPP was extracted via alcohol-precipitation method and extract was separated into various fractions using ultrafiltration method. The polysaccharide content was determined using UV-Vis. Antiviral effect of SPP and fractions was measured using MTT method and Reed-Muench method. Sixty Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups, and received either Ribavirin or SPP. Their body weight and food intake were recorded every day throughout the experiment period. The lung index inhibition ratio and pulmonary virus titer were determined followed by the histological analysis of lungs. Furthermore, time-of-addition and effective stage analysis were carried out to determine the mechanism of action. The TLR-3 and TLR-4 levels in the lungs were determined using qRT-PCR. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α in serum were determined using ELISA. RESULTS The SPP content is 4.396%. SPP has shown a good anti-RSV effect both in vitro (TI = 123.041) and in vivo models. The antiviral activity of fractions with molecular weight ≥ 10,000 is found to possess more potent antiviral activity than other fractions. SPP inhibits the RSV proliferation and reduces the lung lesions induced by RSV. The mechanism of action involves the inhibition of TLR-3 and TLR-4 in lungs, up-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-2, and down-regulation of TNF-α in serum. It is also shown to improve the body's immune function. CONCLUSION SPP has a potential to treat diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Liang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China
| | - Kun-Wei Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China
| | - Feng-Jv Niu
- Shandong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China
| | - Hao-Cheng Wei
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China
| | - Yun-Lei Dai
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China
| | - Yun-Yu Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China
| | - Chang-Zheng Zhou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China.
| | - Xin-Huan Wan
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan 250355, China.
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14
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Merz MP, Turner JD. Is early life adversity a trigger towards inflammageing? Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111377. [PMID: 33905877 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are many 'faces' of early life adversity (ELA), such as childhood trauma, institutionalisation, abuse or exposure to environmental toxins. These have been implicated in the onset and severity of a wide range of chronic non-communicable diseases later in life. The later-life disease risk has a well-established immunological component. This raises the question as to whether accelerated immune-ageing mechanistically links early-life adversity to the lifelong health trajectory resulting in either 'poor' or 'healthy' ageing. Here we examine observational and mechanistic studies of ELA and inflammageing, highlighting common and distinct features in these two life stages. Many biological processes appear in common including reduction in telomere length, increased immunosenescence, metabolic distortions and chronic (viral) infections. We propose that ELA shapes the developing immune, endocrine and nervous system in a non-reversible way, creating a distinct phenotype with accelerated immunosenescence and systemic inflammation. We conclude that ELA might act as an accelerator for inflammageing and age-related diseases. Furthermore, we now have the tools and cohorts to be able to dissect the interaction between ELA and later life phenotype. This should, in the near future, allow us to identify the ecological and mechanistic processes that are involved in 'healthy' or accelerated immune-ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam P Merz
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 avenue de Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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15
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Wanka L, Jappe U. Trained immunity and allergy: State of the art and future perspectives. Allergy 2021; 76:1265-1267. [PMID: 33037616 DOI: 10.1111/all.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Wanka
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Research Center Borstel ‐ Leibniz Lung CenterPriority Area Asthma and AllergyAirway Research Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Borstel Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Research Center Borstel ‐ Leibniz Lung CenterPriority Area Asthma and AllergyAirway Research Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Borstel Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, MK III Airway Research Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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16
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Chen L, Han X, Li Y, Zhang C, Xing X. The Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Adult Patients With Pneumonia Related to Three Paramyxoviruses. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:574128. [PMID: 33537323 PMCID: PMC7848145 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.574128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) are paramyxoviruses (PMVs) that are important etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia. However, current knowledge about the clinical features and outcomes of PMV-related pneumonia (PMV-p) is limited. We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and disease severity in immunocompetent adults hospitalized with hMPV-related pneumonia (hMPV-p), hPIV-related pneumonia (hPIV-p), or RSV-related pneumonia (RSV-p). Methods: We retrospectively recruited 488 patients with PMV-p (153 with RSV-p, 137 with hMPV-p, and 198 with hPIV-p) from five teaching hospitals in China during 2011–2019. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors to distinguish hMPV-p/hPIV-p from RSV-p and evaluate the effects of virus types on the clinical outcomes. Results: Compared with RSV-p, sputum production [odds ratio (OR) 5.029, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.452–10.312, P < 0.001] was positively associated with hMPV-p, while solid malignant tumor (OR 0.346, 95% CI 0.126–0.945, P = 0.038), nasal congestion (OR 0.102, 95% CI 0.041–0.251, P < 0.001), and respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min (OR 0.296, 95% CI 0.136–0.640, P = 0.002) were negatively related to hMPV-p. Sputum production (OR 13.418, 95% CI 6.769–26.598, P < 0.001) was positively associated with hPIV-p, while nasal congestion (OR 0.194, 95% CI 0.098–0.387, P < 0.001), dyspnea (OR 0.469, 95% CI 0.272–0.809, P < 0.001), and respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min (OR 0.090, 95% CI 0.032–0.257, P < 0.001) on admission were negatively related to hPIV-p. After adjustment for confounders, multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that hMPV-p (OR 0.355, 95% CI 0.135–0.932, P = 0.035) and hPIV-p (OR 0.311, 95% CI 0.121–0.784, P = 0.013) were associated with decreased 30-day mortality compared with RSV-p. RSV infection (OR 4.183, 95% CI 1.709–10.236, P = 0.002) was identified as an independent predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with PMV-p. Conclusion: RSV-p caused more severe disease than hMPV-p and hPIV-p. Although some clinical features are helpful for distinguishing the diseases, etiologic diagnosis is critical in the management of the PMV-p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiudi Han
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - YanLi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Huimin Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiqian Xing
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The 2nd People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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17
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Control of IFN-I responses by the aminopeptidase IRAP in neonatal C57BL/6 alveolar macrophages during RSV infection. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:949-962. [PMID: 33846534 PMCID: PMC8221999 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants, in whom, the sensing of RSV by innate immune receptors and its regulation are still poorly described. However, the severe bronchiolitis following RSV infection in neonates has been associated with a defect in type I interferons (IFN-I) production, a cytokine produced mainly by alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection in adults. In the present study, neonatal C57BL/6 AMs mobilized very weakly the IFN-I pathway upon RSV infection in vitro and failed to restrain virus replication. However, IFN-I productions by neonatal AMs were substantially increased by the deletion of Insulin-Responsive AminoPeptidase (IRAP), a protein previously involved in the regulation of IFN-I production by dendritic cells. Moreover, neonatal IRAPKO AMs showed a higher expression of IFN-stimulated genes than their wild-type C57BL/6 counterpart. Interestingly, depletion of IRAP did not affect adult AM responses. Finally, we demonstrated that newborn IRAPKO mice infected with RSV had more IFN-I in their lungs and eliminated the virus more efficiently than WT neonates. Taken together, early-life susceptibility to RSV infection may be related to an original age-dependent suppressive function of IRAP on the IFN-I driven-antiviral responses in neonatal AMs.
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18
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Sarinho E, Goudouris E, Solé D. BCG vaccine: Worrying proposal for COVID-19. Vaccine 2020; 39:460-462. [PMID: 33341305 PMCID: PMC7745307 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is proven to be effective in protecting against severe tuberculosis. It has been suggested to be able to exert a non-specific beneficial effect as protection against other infectious diseases. The duration of protection against tuberculosis is estimated to be from 10 to 15 years, but the duration of the protection against other infections is not known, maybe up to 20 years, maybe much shorter than that. We don’t know it for sure. BCG induced trained immunity paradigm is based on experimental models, cohort studies with low number of individuals, and some epidemiological data in which other possible interfering factors are not controlled. The titles and scopes of scientific articles should be cautiously considered as they can promote indications of getting vaccinated or revaccinated with BCG, before its effectiveness is confirmed and recommendations are published. Besides, revaccination with BCG can put at serious risk patients with primary or secondary immunodeficiency. Maybe BCG vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 deaths or reducing its severity, but may the effect of this vaccine be relevant even with poor health politics and assistance? It is very difficult to compare the epidemiologic data about COVID-19 in different countries. There are countless factors, mainly social and related to the healthcare system, which can be more decisive than the hypothesis of trained immunity induced by BCG. Until now, we can say that BCG’s protective role is, at least, insufficient, given many other factors that corroborate SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Sarinho
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Avenida Parnamirim n° 327 ap 1303, ZC 52060-000 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ekaterini Goudouris
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Professor Luis Cantanhede n° 77 ap 101, ZC 22245-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Dirceu Solé
- Federal University of São Paulo State (UNIFESP), Rua Mirassol n° 236 ap72, ZC 04044-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Pratomo IP, Ariane A, Tedjo A, Heryanto R, Paramita RI. Xanthine oxidase inhibition in SARS-CoV-2 infection: the mechanism and potency of allopurinol and febuxostat in COVID-19 management. MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDONESIA 2020. [DOI: 10.13181/mji.rev.204641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection cases has been increasing globally, including in Indonesia. Definitive therapy for COVID-19 has not yet been found; hence, repurposed drugs for COVID-19 have been considered and have been practiced by several researchers in the world. This literature review investigates the action of xanthine oxidase as a component of the biomolecular pathway against severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2, the cause of COVID-19, and describes the mechanism and potential of uric acid drugs (allopurinol and febuxostat) as prophylaxis and curative therapy for COVID-19.
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20
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van Eeden C, Khan L, Osman MS, Cohen Tervaert JW. Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction and Its Role in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6351. [PMID: 32883007 PMCID: PMC7503862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When facing an acute viral infection, our immune systems need to function with finite precision to enable the elimination of the pathogen, whilst protecting our bodies from immune-related damage. In many instances however this "perfect balance" is not achieved, factors such as ageing, cancer, autoimmunity and cardiovascular disease all skew the immune response which is then further distorted by viral infection. In SARS-CoV-2, although the vast majority of COVID-19 cases are mild, as of 24 August 2020, over 800,000 people have died, many from the severe inflammatory cytokine release resulting in extreme clinical manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Severe complications are more common in elderly patients and patients with cardiovascular diseases. Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in modulating the immune response and in both of these patient groups, NK cell effector functions are blunted. Preliminary studies in COVID-19 patients with severe disease suggests a reduction in NK cell number and function, resulting in decreased clearance of infected and activated cells, and unchecked elevation of tissue-damaging inflammation markers. SARS-CoV-2 infection skews the immune response towards an overwhelmingly inflammatory phenotype. Restoration of NK cell effector functions has the potential to correct the delicate immune balance required to effectively overcome SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Willem Cohen Tervaert
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (C.v.E.); (L.K.); (M.S.O.)
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21
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Laubreton D, Drajac C, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Lo-Man R, Riffault S, Descamps D. Regulatory B Lymphocytes Colonize the Respiratory Tract of Neonatal Mice and Modulate Immune Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to RSV Infection in IL-10-Dependant Manner. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080822. [PMID: 32751234 PMCID: PMC7472339 DOI: 10.3390/v12080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the prevalent pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in children. The presence of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg) has been associated with a poor control of RSV infection in human newborns and with bronchiolitis severity. So far, little is known about how nBreg may contribute to neonatal immunopathology to RSV. We tracked nBreg in neonatal BALB/c mice and we investigated their impact on lung innate immunity, especially their crosstalk with alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection. We showed that the colonization by nBreg during the first week of life is a hallmark of neonatal lung whereas this population is almost absent in adult lung. This particular period of age when nBreg are abundant corresponds to the same period when RSV replication in lungs fails to generate a type-I interferons (IFN-I) response and is not contained. When neonatal AMs are exposed to RSV in vitro, they produce IFN-I that in turn enhances IL-10 production by nBreg. IL-10 reciprocally can decrease IFN-I secretion by AMs. Thus, our work identified nBreg as an important component of neonatal lungs and pointed out new immunoregulatory interactions with AMs in the context of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, U1173, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
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22
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Holuka C, Merz MP, Fernandes SB, Charalambous EG, Seal SV, Grova N, Turner JD. The COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Our Early Life Environment, Life Trajectory and Socioeconomic Status Determine Disease Susceptibility and Severity? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5094. [PMID: 32707661 PMCID: PMC7404093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A poor socioeconomic environment and social adversity are fundamental determinants of human life span, well-being and health. Previous influenza pandemics showed that socioeconomic factors may determine both disease detection rates and overall outcomes, and preliminary data from the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic suggests that this is still true. Over the past years it has become clear that early-life adversity (ELA) plays a critical role biasing the immune system towards a pro-inflammatory and senescent phenotype many years later. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) appear to be particularly sensitive to the early life social environment. As we understand more about the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 it appears that a functional CTL (CD8+) response is required to clear the infection and COVID-19 severity is increased as the CD8+ response becomes somehow diminished or exhausted. This raises the hypothesis that the ELA-induced pro-inflammatory and senescent phenotype may play a role in determining the clinical course of COVID-19, and the convergence of ELA-induced senescence and COVID-19 induced exhaustion represents the worst-case scenario with the least effective T-cell response. If the correct data is collected, it may be possible to separate the early life elements that have made people particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 many years later. This will, naturally, then help us identify those that are most at risk from developing the severest forms of COVID-19. In order to do this, we need to recognize socioeconomic and early-life factors as genuine medically and clinically relevant data that urgently need to be collected. Finally, many biological samples have been collected in the ongoing studies. The mechanisms linking the early life environment with a defined later-life phenotype are starting to be elucidated, and perhaps hold the key to understanding inequalities and differences in the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Holuka
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Myriam P. Merz
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Sara B. Fernandes
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Eleftheria G. Charalambous
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Snehaa V. Seal
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
- Calbinotox, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lorraine University, 54506 Nancy, France
| | - Jonathan D. Turner
- Immune Endocrine Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-4345 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (C.H.); (M.P.M.); (S.B.F.); (E.G.C.); (S.V.S.); (N.G.)
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