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Yuan Y, Fang A, Wang Z, Chen H, Fu ZF, Zhou M, Zhao L. The matrix protein of lyssavirus hijacks autophagosome for efficient egress by recruiting NEDD4 through its PPxY motif. Autophagy 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38566321 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2338575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lyssaviruses are well-known worldwide and often cause fatal encephalitis. Previous studies have shown that autophagy is beneficial for the replication of rabies virus (RABV), the representative lyssavirus, but the detailed mechanism remains obscure. In this study, we showed that the rabies virus matrix protein (RABV-M) used its PPxY motif to interact with the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4. NEDD4 then recruited MAP1LC3/LC3 via its LC3-interacting region (LIR). Interestingly, after binding to the ubiquitinated RABV-M, NEDD4 could bind more LC3 and enhance autophagosome accumulation, while NEDD4 knockdown significantly reduced M-induced autophagosome accumulation. Further study revealed that RABV-M prevented autophagosome-lysosome fusion and facilitated viral budding. Inhibition of RABV-M-induced autophagosome accumulation reduced the production of extracellular virus-like particles. We also found that M proteins of most lyssaviruses share the same mechanism to accumulate autophagosome by hijacking NEDD4. Collectively, this study revealed a novel strategy for lyssaviruses to achieve efficient viral replication by exploiting the host autophagy system.Abbreviations: ABLV: Australian bat lyssavirus; ATG5: autophagy related 5; Baf A1:bafilomycin A1;co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EBLV:European bat lyssavirus; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST:glutathione S-transferase; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hourspost-transfection; LIR: LC3-interactingregion;MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mCherry:red fluorescent protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; NC: negativecontrol; MVB: multivesicular body; NEDD4: neural precursorcell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4; RABV: rabies virus;SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VLP: virus-like particle; VPS4B: vacuolarprotein sorting 4B; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WB:western blotting; WT: wild-type; μm: micrometer; μM: micromole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - An Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Ruhs EC, Chia WN, Foo R, Peel AJ, Li Y, Larman HB, Irving AT, Wang L, Brook CE. Applications of VirScan to broad serological profiling of bat reservoirs for emerging zoonoses. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1212018. [PMID: 37808979 PMCID: PMC10559906 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1212018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bats are important providers of ecosystem services such as pollination, seed dispersal, and insect control but also act as natural reservoirs for virulent zoonotic viruses. Bats host multiple viruses that cause life-threatening pathology in other animals and humans but, themselves, experience limited pathological disease from infection. Despite bats' importance as reservoirs for several zoonotic viruses, we know little about the broader viral diversity that they host. Bat virus surveillance efforts are challenged by difficulties of field capture and the limited scope of targeted PCR- or ELISA-based molecular and serological detection. Additionally, virus shedding is often transient, thus also limiting insights gained from nucleic acid testing of field specimens. Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq), a broad serological tool used previously to comprehensively profile viral exposure history in humans, offers an exciting prospect for viral surveillance efforts in wildlife, including bats. Methods Here, for the first time, we apply PhIP-Seq technology to bat serum, using a viral peptide library originally designed to simultaneously assay exposures to the entire human virome. Results Using VirScan, we identified past exposures to 57 viral genera-including betacoronaviruses, henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, and filoviruses-in semi-captive Pteropus alecto and to nine viral genera in captive Eonycteris spelaea. Consistent with results from humans, we find that both total peptide hits (the number of enriched viral peptides in our library) and the corresponding number of inferred past virus exposures in bat hosts were correlated with poor bat body condition scores and increased with age. High and low body condition scores were associated with either seropositive or seronegative status for different viruses, though in general, virus-specific age-seroprevalence curves defied assumptions of lifelong immunizing infection, suggesting that many bat viruses may circulate via complex transmission dynamics. Discussion Overall, our work emphasizes the utility of applying biomedical tools, like PhIP-Seq, first developed for humans to viral surveillance efforts in wildlife, while highlighting opportunities for taxon-specific improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cornelius Ruhs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Grainger Bioinformatics Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- CoV Biotechnology Pte Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Foo
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisband, QLD, Australia
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- HBL – Institute for Cell Engineering, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, Zhejiang, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Linfa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cara E. Brook
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Young AR, Stobart CC. Emergence, Tropism, Disease, and Treatment of Australian Bat Lyssavirus Infections in Humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:486-494. [PMID: 37335942 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2022.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA rhabdovirus capable of causing fatal acute encephalitis in humans with similar pathogenesis to its closest serologic relative, rabies virus (RABV). In this review, we describe emergence and classification of ABLV, its known virology, reservoirs, and hosts, as well as both the pathogenesis and treatment approaches currently employed for presumed infections. ABLV was first identified in New South Wales, Australia in 1996 and emerged in humans months later in Queensland, Australia. Only five known bat reservoirs, all of which fall within the Pteropus and Saccolaimus genera, have been identified to date. Although ABLV antigens have been identified in bats located outside of Australia, the three known human ABLV infections to date have occurred within Australia. As such, there remains a potential for ABLV to expand its presence within and beyond Australia. ABLV infections are currently treated as if they were RABV infections by administering neutralizing antibodies against RABV at the site of the wound and employing the rabies vaccine upon possible exposures. Due to its recent emergence, there is still much left unknown about ABLV, posing concerns with how to safely and effectively address current and future ABLV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Wright E, Anuradha S, Richards R, Reid S. A review of the circumstances and health-seeking behaviours associated with bat exposures in high-income countries. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:593-605. [PMID: 35695779 PMCID: PMC9543706 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human-bat interactions are now the source of the majority of locally acquired human lyssavirus infections in many high-income countries without hematophagous or 'vampire' bat species. This study aims to identify the most common types and circumstances of bat exposures occurring among members of the general public in high-income countries with no hematophagous bats, and to describe the health-seeking behaviours associated with exposures in these settings. We conducted a scoping review of relevant academic and grey literature on bat exposures and confirmed bat lyssavirus infections among members of the general public in Australia, Canada, the United States and high-income European countries from 1996 to 2019. Case studies and population-based studies were included for analysis, and findings were extracted and synthesized by the literature type and geographic region. A total of 63 publications were identified, including: 47 case studies and 16 population-based studies. Overall, most exposures in Australia and Europe were intentionally initiated by humans and involved attempts to handle, touch or help a bat. In North America, however, household exposures were more common and predominantly involved a bat being found in a room or area where a person had slept. Studies also showed that a proportion of bat exposures in high-income countries go unreported in the absence of a public health investigation and are therefore unlikely to receive prompt treatment. The results of this review suggest that the most effective strategies for preventing bat exposures vary between regions and that health-seeking behaviours following bat exposures could be improved in high-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryn Wright
- School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandHerstonQldAustralia,Policy and Epidemiology GroupQueensland Centre for Mental Health ResearchArcherfieldQldAustralia
| | - Satyamurthy Anuradha
- School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandHerstonQldAustralia,Queensland Health, Metro South Hospital Health ServiceEight Mile PlainsQldAustralia
| | - Russell Richards
- School of BusinessThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Simon Reid
- School of Public HealthThe University of QueenslandHerstonQldAustralia
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Hansen D, Hunt BE, Falvo CA, Ruiz-Aravena M, Kessler MK, Hall J, Thompson P, Rose K, Jones DN, Lunn TJ, Dale AS, Peel AJ, Plowright RK. Morphological and quantitative analysis of leukocytes in free-living Australian black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268549. [PMID: 35613104 PMCID: PMC9132326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) is a natural reservoir for Hendra virus, a paramyxovirus that causes fatal infections in humans and horses in Australia. Increased excretion of Hendra virus by flying foxes has been hypothesized to be associated with physiological or energetic stress in the reservoir hosts. The objective of this study was to explore the leukocyte profiles of wild-caught P. alecto, with a focus on describing the morphology of each cell type to facilitate identification for clinical purposes and future virus spillover research. To this end, we have created an atlas of images displaying the commonly observed morphological variations across each cell type. We provide quantitative and morphological information regarding the leukocyte profiles in bats captured at two roost sites located in Redcliffe and Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia, over the course of two years. We examined the morphology of leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes of P. alecto using cytochemical staining and characterization of blood films through light microscopy. Leukocyte profiles were broadly consistent with previous studies of P. alecto and other Pteropus species. A small proportion of individual samples presented evidence of hemoparasitic infection or leukocyte morphological traits that are relevant for future research on bat health, including unique large granular lymphocytes. Considering hematology is done by visual inspection of blood smears, examples of the varied cell morphologies are included as a visual guide. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first qualitative assessment of P. alecto leukocytes, as well as the first set of published hematology reference images for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Hansen
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Brooklin E. Hunt
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Caylee A. Falvo
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Maureen K. Kessler
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Jane Hall
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Thompson
- Taronga Wildlife Hospital, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Zoo, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karrie Rose
- Australian Registry of Wildlife Health, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Devin N. Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
| | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrienne S. Dale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Peel
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States of America
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O'Connor TW, Finlaison DS, Kirkland PD. What can we learn from over a decade of testing bats in New South Wales to exclude infection with Australian bat lyssaviruses? Aust Vet J 2022; 100:172-180. [PMID: 35043394 PMCID: PMC9303869 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Australian Bat lyssaviruses (ABLV) are known to be endemic in bats in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. These viruses pose a public health risk because they cause a fatal disease in humans that is indistinguishable from classical rabies infection. All potentially infectious contact between bats and humans, or between bats and domestic animals, should be investigated to assess the risk of virus transmission by submitting the bat for testing to exclude ABLV infection. The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of ABLV infection in bats submitted for testing in NSW and to document any trends or changes in submission and bat details. We examined all submissions of samples for ABLV testing received by the NSW Department of Primary Industries Virology Laboratory for the 13-year period between 1 May 2008 and 30 April 2021. Fifty-four (4.9%) ABLV-infected bats were detected, with some clustering of positive results. This is greater than the prevalence estimated from wild-caught bats. All bats should be considered a potential source of ABLV. In particular, flying-foxes with rabies-like clinical signs, and with known or possible human interaction, pose the highest public health risk because they are more likely to return a positive result for ABLV infection. This review of ABLV cases in NSW will help veterinarians to recognise the clinical presentations of ABLV infection in bats and emphasises the importance of adequate rabies vaccination for veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W O'Connor
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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