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Haga K, Tokui T, Miyamoto K, Takai-Todaka R, Kudo S, Ishikawa A, Ishiyama R, Kato A, Yokoyama M, Katayama K, Nakanishi A. Neonatal Fc receptor is a functional receptor for classical human astrovirus. Genes Cells 2024. [PMID: 39266307 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a global cause of gastroenteritis in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. However, the molecular mechanisms that control its susceptibility are not fully understood, as the functional receptor used by the virus has yet to be identified. Here, a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library screen in Caco2 cells revealed that the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) can function as a receptor for classical HAstV (Mamastrovirus genotype 1). Deletion of FCGRT or B2M, which encode subunits of FcRn, rendered Caco2 cells and intestinal organoid cells resistant to HAstV infection. We also showed that human FcRn expression renders non-susceptible cells permissive to viral infection and that FcRn binds directly to the HAstV spike protein. Therefore, our findings provide insight into the entry mechanism of HAstV into susceptible cells. We anticipate that this information can be used to develop new therapies targeting human astroviruses, providing new strategies to treat this global health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokui
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Kudo
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoka Ishiyama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kato
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Aging Intervention, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation safety, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection Control, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Aging Intervention, Laboratory of Gene Therapy, and Laboratory for Radiation safety, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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2
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Ghosh A, Delgado-Cunningham K, López T, Green K, Arias CF, DuBois RM. Structure and antigenicity of the divergent human astrovirus VA1 capsid spike. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012028. [PMID: 38416796 PMCID: PMC10950212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human astrovirus (HAstV) is a known cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide, but HAstV can cause also severe and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. There are three clades of HAstV: classical, MLB, and VA/HMO. While all three clades are found in gastrointestinal samples, HAstV-VA/HMO is the main clade associated with meningitis and encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. To understand how the HAstV-VA/HMO can infect the central nervous system, we investigated its sequence-divergent capsid spike, which functions in cell attachment and may influence viral tropism. Here we report the high-resolution crystal structures of the HAstV-VA1 capsid spike from strains isolated from patients with gastrointestinal and neuronal disease. The HAstV-VA1 spike forms a dimer and shares a core beta-barrel structure with other astrovirus capsid spikes but is otherwise strikingly different, suggesting that HAstV-VA1 may utilize a different cell receptor, and an infection competition assay supports this hypothesis. Furthermore, by mapping the capsid protease cleavage site onto the structure, the maturation and assembly of the HAstV-VA1 capsid is revealed. Finally, comparison of gastrointestinal and neuronal HAstV-VA1 sequences, structures, and antigenicity suggests that neuronal HAstV-VA1 strains may have acquired immune escape mutations. Overall, our studies on the HAstV-VA1 capsid spike lay a foundation to further investigate the biology of HAstV-VA/HMO and to develop vaccines and therapeutics targeting it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa Ghosh
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Delgado-Cunningham
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Tomás López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Kassidy Green
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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3
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Alipour F, Holmes C, Lu YY, Hill KA, Kari L. Leveraging machine learning for taxonomic classification of emerging astroviruses. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1305506. [PMID: 38274100 PMCID: PMC10808839 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1305506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are a family of genetically diverse viruses associated with disease in humans and birds with significant health effects and economic burdens. Astrovirus taxonomic classification includes two genera, Avastrovirus and Mamastrovirus. However, with next-generation sequencing, broader interspecies transmission has been observed necessitating a reexamination of the current host-based taxonomic classification approach. In this study, a novel taxonomic classification method is presented for emergent and as yet unclassified astroviruses, based on whole genome sequence k-mer composition in addition to host information. An optional component responsible for identifying recombinant sequences was added to the method's pipeline, to counteract the impact of genetic recombination on viral classification. The proposed three-pronged classification method consists of a supervised machine learning method, an unsupervised machine learning method, and the consideration of host species. Using this three-pronged approach, we propose genus labels for 191 as yet unclassified astrovirus genomes. Genus labels are also suggested for an additional eight as yet unclassified astrovirus genomes for which incompatibility was observed with the host species, suggesting cross-species infection. Lastly, our machine learning-based approach augmented by a principal component analysis (PCA) analysis provides evidence supporting the hypothesis of the existence of human astrovirus (HAstV) subgenus of the genus Mamastrovirus, and a goose astrovirus (GoAstV) subgenus of the genus Avastrovirus. Overall, this multipronged machine learning approach provides a fast, reliable, and scalable prediction method of taxonomic labels, able to keep pace with emerging viruses and the exponential increase in the output of modern genome sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alipour
- School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Connor Holmes
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Yang Young Lu
- School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Kathleen A. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lila Kari
- School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Bub T, Hargest V, Tan S, Smith M, Vazquez-Pagan A, Flerlage T, Brigleb P, Meliopoulos V, Lindenbach B, Ramanathan HN, Cortez V, Crawford JC, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus replication is dependent on induction of double-membrane vesicles through a PI3K-dependent, LC3-independent pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0102523. [PMID: 37668367 PMCID: PMC10537808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01025-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human astrovirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Astrovirus infection causes gastrointestinal symptoms and can lead to encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Positive-strand RNA viruses typically utilize host intracellular membranes to form replication organelles, which are potential antiviral targets. Many of these replication organelles are double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). Here, we show that astrovirus infection leads to an increase in DMV formation through a replication-dependent mechanism that requires some early components of the autophagy machinery. Results indicate that the upstream class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex, but not LC3 conjugation machinery, is utilized in DMV formation. Both chemical and genetic inhibition of the PI3K complex lead to significant reduction in DMVs, as well as viral replication. Elucidating the role of autophagy machinery in DMV formation during astrovirus infection reveals a potential target for therapeutic intervention for immunocompromised patients. IMPORTANCE These studies provide critical new evidence that astrovirus replication requires formation of double-membrane vesicles, which utilize class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), but not LC3 conjugation autophagy machinery, for biogenesis. These results are consistent with replication mechanisms for other positive-sense RNA viruses suggesting that targeting PI3K could be a promising therapeutic option for not only astrovirus, but other positive-sense RNA virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Bub
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Integrated Program of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shaoyuan Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Smith
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ana Vazquez-Pagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tim Flerlage
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pamela Brigleb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brett Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Harish N. Ramanathan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Valerie Cortez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Porto PS, Rivera A, Moonrinta R, Wobus CE. Entry and egress of human astroviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:81-119. [PMID: 37832992 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Astroviruses encapsidate a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome into ∼30nm icosahedral particles that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species, but their biology is not well understood. Human astroviruses (HAstV) are divided into three clades: classical HAstV serotypes 1-8, and novel or non-classical HAstV of the MLB and VA clades. These viruses are part of two genogroups and phylogenetically cluster with other mammalian astroviruses, highlighting their zoonotic potential. HAstV are a highly prevalent cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis, primarily in children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Additionally, asymptomatic infections and extraintestinal disease (e.g., encephalitis), are also observed, mostly in immunocompetent or immunocompromised individuals, respectively. While these viruses are highly prevalent, no approved vaccines or antivirals are available to prevent or treat infections. This is in large part due to their understudied nature and the limited understanding of even very basic features of their life cycle and pathogenesis at the cellular and organismal level. This review will summarize molecular features of human astrovirus biology, pathogenesis, and tropism, and then focus on two stages of the viral life cycle, namely entry and egress, since these are proven targets for therapeutic interventions. We will further highlight gaps in knowledge in hopes of stimulating future research into these understudied viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares Porto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Andres Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Rootjikarn Moonrinta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United states.
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Bub T, Hargest V, Tan S, Smith M, Vazquez-Pagan A, Flerlage T, Brigleb PH, Meliopoulos V, Lindenbach B, Cortez V, Crawford JC, Schultz-Cherry S. Astrovirus replication is dependent on induction of double membrane vesicles through a PI3K-dependent, LC3-independent pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536492. [PMID: 37090568 PMCID: PMC10120637 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Human astrovirus is a positive sense, single stranded RNA virus. Astrovirus infection causes gastrointestinal symptoms and can lead to encephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Positive strand RNA viruses typically utilize host intracellular membranes to form replication organelles, which are potential antiviral targets. Many of these replication organelles are double membrane vesicles (DMVs). Here we show that astrovirus infection leads to an increase in DMV formation, and this process is replication-dependent. Our data suggest that astrovirus infection induces rearrangement of endoplasmic reticulum fragments, which may become the origin for DMV formation. Transcriptional data suggested that formation of DMVs during astrovirus infection requires some early components of the autophagy machinery. Results indicate that the upstream class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) complex, but not LC3 conjugation machinery, is utilized in DMV formation. Inhibition of the PI3K complex leads to significant reduction in viral replication and release from cells. Elucidating the role of autophagy machinery in DMV formation during astrovirus infection reveals a potential target for therapeutic intervention for immunocompromised patients. Importance These studies provide critical new evidence that astrovirus replication requires formation of double membrane vesicles, which utilize class III PI3K, but not LC3 conjugation autophagy machinery for biogenesis. These results are consistent with replication mechanisms for other positive sense RNA viruses. This suggests that targeting PI3K could be a promising therapeutic option for not only astrovirus, but other positive sense RNA virus infections.
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7
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Janowski AB, Owen MC, Dudley H, López T, Espinosa R, Elvin-Lewis M, Colichon A, Arias CF, Burbelo PD, Wang D. High Seropositivity Rate of Neutralizing Antibodies to Astrovirus VA1 in Human Populations. mSphere 2021; 6:e0048421. [PMID: 34468168 PMCID: PMC8550256 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00484-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are common pathogens of the human gastrointestinal tract, but they have been recently identified from cases of fatal meningoencephalitis. Astrovirus VA1 is the most frequently detected astrovirus genotype from cases of human encephalitis, but the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to VA1 in human sera is unknown. We developed a focus reduction neutralization assay (FRNT) for VA1 and measured the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies from two cohorts of adult and pediatric serum samples: (i) an age-stratified cohort from St. Louis, MO, collected from 2007 to 2008 and (ii) a cohort from the Peruvian Amazonian River Basin collected in the late 1990s. In the St. Louis cohort, the lowest seropositivity rate was in children 1 year of age (6.9%), rising to 63.3% by ages 9 to 12, and 76.3% of adults ≥20 years were positive. The Peruvian Amazon cohort showed similar seropositivity rates across all ages, with individuals under age 20 having a rate of 75%, while 78.2% of adults ≥20 years were seropositive. In addition, we also identified the presence neutralizing antibodies to VA1 from commercial lots of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Our results demonstrate that a majority of humans are exposed to VA1 by adulthood, with the majority of infections occurring between 2 and 9 years of age. In addition, our results indicate that VA1 has been circulating in two geographically and socioeconomically divergent study cohorts over the past 20 years. Nonetheless, a significant proportion of the human population lacks neutralizing immunity and remains at risk for acute infection. IMPORTANCE Astroviruses are human pathogens with emerging disease associations, including the recent recognition of their capacity to cause meningoencephalitis. Astrovirus VA1 is the most commonly identified astrovirus genotype from cases of human encephalitis, but it is unknown what percentage of the human population has neutralizing antibodies to VA1. We found that 76.3 to 78.2% of adult humans ≥20 years of age in two geographically and socioeconomically distinct cohorts are seropositive for VA1, with the majority of infections occurring between 2 and 9 years of age. These results demonstrate that VA1 has been circulating in human populations over the past 2 decades and that most humans develop neutralizing antibodies against this virus by adulthood. However, a subset of humans lack evidence of neutralizing antibodies and are at risk for diseases caused by VA1, including encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Janowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Macee C. Owen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Holly Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tomás López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rafaela Espinosa
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Colichon
- Department of Immunology, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Peter D. Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Wildi N, Seuberlich T. Neurotropic Astroviruses in Animals. Viruses 2021; 13:1201. [PMID: 34201545 PMCID: PMC8310007 DOI: 10.3390/v13071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus infections are among the main causes of diarrhea in children, but their significance for animal health has remained underestimated and largely unknown. This is changing due to the increasing amount of newly identified neurotropic astroviruses in cases of nonsuppurative encephalitis and neurological disease in humans, pigs, ruminant species and minks. Neurological cases in ruminants and humans usually occur sporadically and as isolated cases. This contrasts with the situation in pigs and minks, in which diseases associated with neurotropic astroviruses are endemic and occur on the herd level. Affected animals show neurological signs such as mild ataxia to tetraplegia, loss of orientation or trembling, and the outcome is often fatal. Non-suppurative inflammation with perivascular cuffing, gliosis and neuronal necrosis are typical histological lesions of astrovirus encephalitis. Since astroviruses primarily target the gastrointestinal tract, it is assumed that they infect the brain through the circulatory system or retrograde following the nerves. The phylogenetic analysis of neurotropic astroviruses has revealed that they are genetically closely related, suggesting the presence of viral determinants for tissue tropism and neuroinvasion. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on neurotropic astrovirus infections in animals and propose future research activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Beyond the Gastrointestinal Tract: The Emerging and Diverse Tissue Tropisms of Astroviruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050732. [PMID: 33922259 PMCID: PMC8145421 DOI: 10.3390/v13050732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroviruses are single stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have been historically associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates, including humans. However, there is now a multitude of evidence demonstrating the capacity of these viruses to cause extraintestinal diseases. The most striking causal relationship is neurological diseases in humans, cattle, pigs, and other mammals, caused by astrovirus infection. Astroviruses have also been associated with disseminated infections, localized disease of the liver or kidneys, and there is increasing evidence suggesting a potential tropism to the respiratory tract. This review will discuss the current understanding of the tissue tropisms for astroviruses and their emerging capacity to cause disease in multiple organ systems.
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