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Bedsted AE, Rasmussen TB, Martinenghi LD, Bøtner A, Nauwynck H, Belsham GJ. Porcine respiratory coronavirus genome sequences; comparisons and relationships to transmissible gastroenteritis viruses. Virology 2024; 595:110072. [PMID: 38599031 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) was initially detected in Europe, and later in the United States of America (US), in the 1980s. In this study we obtained and compared PRCV sequences from Europe and the US, and investigated how these are related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) sequences. The whole genome sequences of Danish (1/90-DK), Italian (PRCV15087/12 III NPTV Parma), and Belgian PRCV (91V44) strains are presented. These sequences were aligned with nine other PRCV sequences from Europe and the US, and 43 TGEV sequences. Following alignment of the PRCV sequences, it was apparent that multiple amino acid variations in the structural proteins were distinct between the European and US strains. The alignments were used to build phylogenetic trees to infer the evolutionary relationships between the strains. In these trees, the European PRCV strains clustered as a separate group, whereas the US strains of PRCV all clustered with TGEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie Ehlers Bedsted
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bruun Rasmussen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura D Martinenghi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Ferrara G, Pagnini U, Improda E, Iovane G, Montagnaro S. Pigs in southern Italy are exposed to three ruminant pathogens: an analysis of seroprevalence and risk factors analysis study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:183. [PMID: 38720324 PMCID: PMC11077783 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are susceptible to several ruminant pathogens, including Coxiella burnetti, Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). These pathogens have already been described in the pig population, although the dynamics of the infection and the impact on pig farms are currently unclear. The aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of these infections in the pig population of the Campania region, southern Italy, and to evaluate the risk factors associated with a greater risk of exposure. RESULTS A total of 414 serum samples belonging to 32 herds were tested for the presence of antibodies against SBV, Coxiella, and BVD using commercial multispecies ELISA kits. SBV (5.3%) was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by Coxiella (4.1%) and BVD (3%). The risk factors included in the study (age, sex, province, farming system, ruminant density and major ruminant species) had no influence on the probability of being exposed to BVD and Coxiella, except for the location, in fact more pigs seropositive to Coxiella were found in the province of Caserta. However, the univariate analysis highlighted the influence of age, location, and sex on exposure to SBV. The subsequent multivariate analysis statistically confirmed the importance of these factors. The presence of neutralizing antibodies for SBV and BVDV, or antibodies directed towards a specific phase of infection for Coxiella was further confirmed with virus-neutralization assays and phase-specific ELISAs in a large proportion of positive samples. The presence of high neutralizing antibody titers (especially for SBV) could indicate recent exposures. Twelve of the 17 positive samples tested positive for antibodies against Coxiella phase I or II antigens, indicating the presence of both acute and chronic infections (one animal tested positive for both phases antibodies). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a non-negligible exposure of pigs from southern Italy to the above pathogens. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the dynamics of these infections in pigs, the impact on productivity, and the public health consequences in the case of Coxiella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
| | - Ugo Pagnini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Elvira Improda
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Iovane
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino n.1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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Lu Y, Yu R, Tong L, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Pan L, Wang Y, Guo H, Hu Y, Liu X. Transcriptome Analysis of LLC-PK Cells Single or Coinfected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Porcine Deltacoronavirus. Viruses 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 38257774 PMCID: PMC10818665 DOI: 10.3390/v16010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are the two most prevalent swine enteric coronaviruses worldwide. They commonly cause natural coinfections, which worsen as the disease progresses and cause increased mortality in piglets. To better understand the transcriptomic changes after PEDV and PDCoV coinfection, we compared LLC porcine kidney (LLC-PK) cells infected with PEDV and/or PDCoV and evaluated the differential expression of genes by transcriptomic analysis and real-time qPCR. The antiviral efficacy of interferon-stimulated gene 20 (ISG20) against PDCoV and PEDV infections was also assessed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in PEDV-, PDCoV-, and PEDV + PDCoV-infected cells at 6, 12, and 24 h post-infection (hpi), and at 24 hpi, the number of DEGs was the highest. Furthermore, changes in the expression of interferons, which are mainly related to apoptosis and activation of the host innate immune pathway, were found in the PEDV and PDCoV infection and coinfection groups. Additionally, 43 ISGs, including GBP2, IRF1, ISG20, and IFIT2, were upregulated during PEDV or PDCoV infection. Furthermore, we found that ISG20 significantly inhibited PEDV and PDCoV infection in LLC-PK cells. The transcriptomic profiles of cells coinfected with PEDV and PDCoV were reported, providing reference data for understanding the host response to PEDV and PDCoV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Ruiming Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Lixin Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Yonglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Huichen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
| | - Yonghao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Y.L.)
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China (L.P.)
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Li Y, Bao Y, Li Y, Duan X, Dong S, Lin J, Chang X, Tan Y, Zhang H, Shan H. RSL3 Inhibits Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication by Activating Ferroptosis. Viruses 2023; 15:2080. [PMID: 37896857 PMCID: PMC10612067 DOI: 10.3390/v15102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious coronavirus that induces diarrhea and death in neonatal piglets, resulting in substantial economic losses to the global swine industry. The mechanisms of PEDV infection and the roles of host factors are still under exploration. In this study, we used the ferroptosis pathway downstream target activator (1S,3R)-RSL3 compound as a starting point, combined with the interactions of N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine, to elucidate the effects of a series of compounds on PEDV proliferation. We also established glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) gene overexpression to further elucidate the relationship between the ferroptosis pathway and PEDV. (1S,3R)-RSL3 inhibited PEDV replication in Vero cells, while N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine promoted its proliferation. In addition, (1S,3R)-RSL3 mainly affected the replication stage of PEDV. Overexpression of GPX4 promoted PEDV proliferation, indicating that the ferroptosis pathway could influence PEDV replication in Vero cells. This study focused on the mechanism of (1S,3R)-RSL3 inhibition on PEDV, laying the foundation for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Yuwei Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Yan Li
- Qingdao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Qingdao 266100, China; (Y.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Duan
- Qingdao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Qingdao 266100, China; (Y.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Shaoming Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Jiaxu Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Xiaoyun Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Yue Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.L.); (Y.B.); (S.D.); (J.L.); (X.C.); (Y.T.); (H.S.)
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Rawal G, Yim-im W, Aljets E, Halbur PG, Zhang J, Opriessnig T. Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV): Isolation and Characterization of a Variant PRCV from USA Pigs. Pathogens 2023; 12:1097. [PMID: 37764905 PMCID: PMC10536027 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), a mutant of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), was first reported in Belgium in 1984. PRCV typically replicates and induces mild lesions in the respiratory tract, distinct from the enteric tropism of TGEV. In the past 30 years, PRCV has rarely been studied, and most cited information is on traditional isolates obtained during the 1980s and 1990s. Little is known about the genetic makeup and pathogenicity of recent PRCV isolates. The objective of this study was to obtain a contemporary PRCV isolate from US pigs for genetic characterization. In total, 1245 lung homogenate samples from pigs in various US states were tested via real-time PCR targeting PRCV and TGEV RNA. Overall, PRCV RNA was detected in five samples, and a single isolate (ISU20-92330) was successfully cultured and sequenced for its full-length genome. The isolate clustered with a new group of variant TGEVs and differed in various genomic regions compared to traditional PRCV isolates. Pathogens, such as PRCV, commonly circulate in pig herds without causing major disease. There may be value in tracking genomic changes and regularly updating the diagnostic methods for such viruses to be better prepared for the emergence of variants in ecology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Rawal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (W.Y.-i.); (E.A.); (P.G.H.)
| | - Wannarat Yim-im
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (W.Y.-i.); (E.A.); (P.G.H.)
| | - Ethan Aljets
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (W.Y.-i.); (E.A.); (P.G.H.)
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (W.Y.-i.); (E.A.); (P.G.H.)
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (W.Y.-i.); (E.A.); (P.G.H.)
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (G.R.); (W.Y.-i.); (E.A.); (P.G.H.)
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, UK
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García-González E, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, Cuevas-Romero JS, García-Cambrón JB, Castañeda-Montes FJ, Villaseñor-Ortega F. Seroepidemiology Study of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in Mexico by Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on a Recombinant Fragment of N-Terminus Domain Spike Protein. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1843. [PMID: 37513015 PMCID: PMC10385564 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an intestinal disease caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and affects Mexico's swine industry. Despite the disease initially being described in Mexico in 2013, there has been no research into the virus's seroepidemiology carried out in Mexico. Thus, the goal of this study was to develop an indirect ELISA (iELISA) based on a recombinant N-terminal domain truncated spike (S) protein (rNTD-S) of PEDV to evaluate serum obtained from different pig-producing states in Mexico. A total of 1054 sera were collected from pig farms, slaughterhouses, and backyard production in the states of Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Morelos, Queretaro, Sinaloa, and Veracruz between 2019 and 2021. The rNTD-S protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Negative and positive serum samples used in the iELISA were previously tested by Western blot. According to our findings, 61.66% of the serum samples (650/1054) were positive, with Jalisco having the highest percentage of positive samples, at a rate of 21.44% (226/1054). This is the first seroepidemiology study of PEDV carried out in Mexico, revealing that the virus is still circulating since the initial outbreak; furthermore, it provides an overview of PEDV's spread and high level of persistence across the country's key swine-producing states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo García-González
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, INIFAP, Mexico City 05110, Mexico
| | | | - José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Programa de Maestría en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Francisco Jesus Castañeda-Montes
- Programa de Estancias Posdoctorales por México para la Formación y Consolidación de las y los Investigadores por México, CONAHCYT, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villaseñor-Ortega
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Antonio García Cubas Pte #600 esq. Av. Tecnológico, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Wang H, Hui P, Uemoto Y, Ding Y, Yin Z, Bao W. Metabolomic and Proteomic Profiling of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065071. [PMID: 36982147 PMCID: PMC10049511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection results in severe epidemic diarrhea and the death of suckling pigs. Although new knowledge about the pathogenesis of PEDV has been improved, alterations in metabolic processes and the functional regulators involved in PEDV infection with host cells remain largely unknow. To identify cellular metabolites and proteins related to PEDV pathogenesis, we synergistically investigated the metabolome and proteome profiles of PEDV-infected porcine intestinal epithelial cells by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification techniques. We identified 522 differential metabolites in positive and negative ion modes and 295 differentially expressed proteins after PEDV infection. Pathways of cysteine and methionine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and mineral absorption were significantly enriched by differential metabolites and differentially expressed proteins. The betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) was indicated as a potential regulator involved in these metabolic processes. We then knocked down the BHMT gene and observed that down-expression of BHMT obviously decreased copy numbers of PEDV and virus titers (p < 0.01). Our findings provide new insights into the metabolic and proteomic profiles in PEDV-infected host cells and contribute to our further understanding of PEDV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Peng Hui
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yoshinobu Uemoto
- Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yueyun Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (W.B.)
| | - Wenbin Bao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (W.B.)
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