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Murray J, Martin DE, Hosking S, Orr-Burks N, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA. Probenecid Inhibits Influenza A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) Viruses In Vitro and in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38275962 PMCID: PMC10821351 DOI: 10.3390/v16010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) viruses cause infection in birds and humans. Several H5N1 and H7N9 variants are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H5N1 is a highly infectious bird virus infecting primarily poultry, but unlike other AIs, H5N1 also infects mammals and transmits to humans with a case fatality rate above 40%. Similarly, H7N9 can infect humans, with a case fatality rate of over 40%. Since 1996, there have been several HPAI outbreaks affecting humans, emphasizing the need for safe and effective antivirals. We show that probenecid potently inhibits H5N1 and H7N9 replication in prophylactically or therapeutically treated A549 cells and normal human broncho-epithelial (NHBE) cells, and H5N1 replication in VeroE6 cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackelyn Murray
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | | | - Sarah Hosking
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Nichole Orr-Burks
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA; (J.M.); (S.H.); (N.O.-B.); (R.J.H.)
- TrippBio, Inc., Jacksonville, FL 32256, USA;
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Nishiyama A, Adachi Y, Tonouchi K, Moriyama S, Sun L, Aoki M, Asanuma H, Shirakura M, Fukushima A, Yamamoto T, Takahashi Y. Post-fusion influenza vaccine adjuvanted with SA-2 confers heterologous protection via Th1-polarized, non-neutralizing antibody responses. Vaccine 2023; 41:4525-4533. [PMID: 37330368 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Development of a universal influenza vaccine that can provide robust and long-lasting protection against heterologous infections is a global public health priority. A variety of vaccine antigens are designed to increase the antigenicity of conserved epitopes to elicit cross-protective antibodies that often lack virus-neutralizing activity. Given the contribution of antibody effector functions to cross-protection, adjuvants need to be added to modulate antibody effector functions as well as to enhance antibody quantity. We previously showed that post-fusion influenza vaccine antigens elicit non-neutralizing but cross-protective antibodies against conserved epitopes. Here, using a murine model, we comparably assessed the adjuvanticity of the newly developed SA-2 adjuvant containing a synthetic TLR7 agonist DSP-0546 and squalene-based MF59 analog as representative Th1- or Th2-type adjuvants, respectively. Both types of adjuvants in the post-fusion vaccine comparably enhanced cross-reactive IgG titers against heterologous strains. However, only SA-2 skewed the IgG subclass into the IgG2c subclass in association to its Th1-polarizing nature. SA-2-enhanced IgG2c responses exhibited antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against heterologous virus strains, without cross-neutralizing activity. Eventually, the SA-2-adjuvanted vaccination provided protection against lethal infection by heterologous H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. Together, we conclude that the combination with a SA-2 is advantageous for enhancing the cross-protective capability of post-fusion HA vaccines that elicit non-neutralizing IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayae Nishiyama
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yu Adachi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tonouchi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Saya Moriyama
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Lin Sun
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Aoki
- Sumitomo Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shirakura
- Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Akihisa Fukushima
- Sumitomo Pharma. Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0022, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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