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Dorin A, Shrestha M, Garcia JE, Burd M, Dyer AG. Ancient insect vision tuned for flight among rocks and plants underpins natural flower colour diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232018. [PMID: 38113941 PMCID: PMC10730291 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the origins of flower colour signalling to pollinators is fundamental to evolutionary biology and ecology. Flower colour evolves under pressure from visual systems of pollinators, like birds and insects, to establish global signatures among flowers with similar pollinators. However, an understanding of the ancient origins of this relationship remains elusive. Here, we employ computer simulations to generate artificial flower backgrounds assembled from real material sample spectra of rocks, leaves and dead plant materials, against which to test flowers' visibility to birds and bees. Our results indicate how flower colours differ from their backgrounds in strength, and the distributions of salient reflectance features when perceived by these key pollinators, to reveal the possible origins of their colours. Since Hymenopteran visual perception evolved before flowers, the terrestrial chromatic context for its evolution to facilitate flight and orientation consisted of rocks, leaves, sticks and bark. Flowers exploited these pre-evolved visual capacities of their visitors, in response evolving chromatic features to signal to bees, and differently to birds, against a backdrop of other natural materials. Consequently, it appears that today's flower colours may be an evolutionary response to the vision of diurnal pollinators navigating their world millennia prior to the first flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dorin
- Department of Data Science and AI, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Mani Shrestha
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jair E. Garcia
- Melbourne Data Analytics Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Connect, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Martin Burd
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Herbarium, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
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2
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Liu G, Fu J, Wang L, Fang M, Zhang W, Yang M, Yang X, Xu Y, Shi L, Ma X, Wang Q, Chen H, Yu C, Yu D, Chen F, Jiang Y. Diverse O-methyltransferases catalyze the biosynthesis of floral benzenoids that repel aphids from the flowers of waterlily Nymphaea prolifera. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad237. [PMID: 38156285 PMCID: PMC10753166 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Nymphaea is a key genus of the ANA grade (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales) of basal flowering plants, which serve as a key model to study the early evolution of floral traits. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the emission, biosynthesis, and biological function of the floral scent in a night-blossoming waterlily Nymphaea prolifera. The headspace volatile collection combined with GC-MS analysis showed that the floral scent of N. prolifera is predominately comprised by methylated benzenoids including anisole, veratrole, guaiacol, and methoxyanisole. Moreover, the emission of these floral benzenoids in N. prolifera exhibited temporal and spatial pattern with circadian rhythm and tissue specificity. By creating and mining transcriptomes of N. prolifera flowers, 12 oxygen methyltransferases (NpOMTs) were functionally identified. By in vitro enzymatic assay, NpOMT3, 6, and 7 could produce anisole and NpOMT5, 7, 9, produce guaiacol, whereas NpOMT3, 6, 9, 11 catalyzed the formation of veratrole. Methoxyanisole was identified as the universal product of all NpOMTs. Expression patterns of NpOMTs provided implication for their roles in the production of the respective benzenoids. Phylogenetic analysis of OMTs suggested a Nymphaea-specific expansion of the OMT family, indicating the evolution of lineage-specific functions. In bioassays, anisole, veratrole, and guaiacol in the floral benzenoids were revealed to play the critical role in repelling waterlily aphids. Overall, this study indicates that the basal flowering plant N. prolifera has evolved a diversity and complexity of OMT genes for the biosynthesis of methylated benzenoids that can repel insects from feeding the flowers. These findings provide new insights into the evolutional mechanism and ecological significance of the floral scent from early-diverged flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery), Zhejiang Province 321000, China
| | - Mingya Fang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery), Zhejiang Province 321000, China
| | - Wanbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Lin Shi
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Characteristic Aquatic Vegetable Breeding and Cultivation, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Zhejiang Institute of Agricultural Machinery), Zhejiang Province 321000, China
| | - Xiaoying Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Hui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Cuiwei Yu
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Dongbei Yu
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yifan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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3
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Haghighatnia M, Machac A, Schmickl R, Lafon Placette C. Darwin's 'mystery of mysteries': the role of sexual selection in plant speciation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1928-1944. [PMID: 37337476 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection is considered one of the key processes that contribute to the emergence of new species. While the connection between sexual selection and speciation has been supported by comparative studies, the mechanisms that mediate this connection remain unresolved, especially in plants. Similarly, it is not clear how speciation processes within plant populations translate into large-scale speciation dynamics. Here, we review the mechanisms through which sexual selection, pollination, and mate choice unfold and interact, and how they may ultimately produce reproductive isolation in plants. We also overview reproductive strategies that might influence sexual selection in plants and illustrate how functional traits might connect speciation at the population level (population differentiation, evolution of reproductive barriers; i.e. microevolution) with evolution above the species level (macroevolution). We also identify outstanding questions in the field, and suitable data and tools for their resolution. Altogether, this effort motivates further research focused on plants, which might potentially broaden our general understanding of speciation by sexual selection, a major concept in evolutionary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadjavad Haghighatnia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Machac
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Roswitha Schmickl
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, Průhonice, 252 43, Czech Republic
| | - Clément Lafon Placette
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
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Stephens RE, Gallagher RV, Dun L, Cornwell W, Sauquet H. Insect pollination for most of angiosperm evolutionary history. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:880-891. [PMID: 37276503 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Most contemporary angiosperms (flowering plants) are insect pollinated, but pollination by wind, water or vertebrates occurs in many lineages. Though evidence suggests insect pollination may be ancestral in angiosperms, this is yet to be assessed across the full phylogeny. Here, we reconstruct the ancestral pollination mode of angiosperms and quantify the timing and environmental associations of pollination shifts. We use a robust, dated phylogeny and species-level sampling across all angiosperm families to model the evolution of pollination modes. Data on the pollination system or syndrome of 1160 species were collated from the primary literature. Angiosperms were ancestrally insect pollinated, and insects have pollinated angiosperms for c. 86% of angiosperm evolutionary history. Wind pollination evolved at least 42 times, with few reversals to animal pollination. Transitions between insect and vertebrate pollination were more frequent: vertebrate pollination evolved at least 39 times from an insect-pollinated ancestor with at least 26 reversals. The probability of wind pollination increases with habitat openness (measured by Leaf Area Index) and distance from the equator. Our reconstruction gives a clear overview of pollination macroevolution across angiosperms, highlighting the long history of interactions between insect pollinators and angiosperms still vital to biodiversity today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby E Stephens
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Rachael V Gallagher
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Lily Dun
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Will Cornwell
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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5
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Schoelynck J, De Block P, Van Dyck E, Cooke J. Is there silicon in flowers and what does it tell us? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10630. [PMID: 37854315 PMCID: PMC10580012 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of flowers marked an important development in plant evolution. Flowers in many species evolved to attract animal pollinators to increase fertilisation chances. In leaves, silicon (Si) discourages herbivores, for example by wearing down mouthparts. Flowers are essentially modified leaves and hence may also have the capacity to accumulate Si. If Si in flowers discourages animal visitors as it does in leaves, Si accumulation may be disadvantageous for pollination. Whether flowers accumulate Si, and what the implications may be, was not known for many species. We analysed leaves and flowers of different taxa, separated into their different anatomical parts. Flowers mostly have low Si concentrations in all parts (mean ± SE of BSi in mg g-1 was 0.22 ± 0.04 in petals, 0.59 ± 0.24 in sepals, 0.14 ± 0.03 in stamens, 0.15 ± 0.04 in styles and stigmas and 0.37 ± 0.19 in ovaries for a subset of 56 species). In most cases, less Si was accumulated in flowers than in leaves (mean ± SE of BSi in mg g-1 was 1.51 ± 0.55 in whole flowers vs. 2.97 ± 0.57 in leaves in 104 species) though intriguing exceptions are found, with some species accumulating more Si in flowers than leaves. The large variation in concentration among flowers across the taxa examined, with a particularly high concentration in grass inflorescences, tantalisingly suggests differences in the use of Si for flowers across plant groups. We conclude that the study of the functions of Si for flowers warrants more attention, with pollination strategy a potential contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schoelynck
- Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research GroupUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | | | - Eva Van Dyck
- Department of Biology, ECOSPHERE Research GroupUniversity of AntwerpWilrijkBelgium
| | - Julia Cooke
- Earth, Environment and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton KeynesUK
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6
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Claudel C, Loiseau O, Silvestro D, Lev-Yadun S, Antonelli A. Patterns and drivers of heat production in the plant genus Amorphophallus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 115:874-894. [PMID: 37340521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenesis - the ability to generate metabolic heat - is much more common in animals than in plants, but it has been documented in several plant families, most prominently the Araceae. Metabolic heat is produced in floral organs during the flowering time (anthesis), with the hypothesised primary functions being to increase scent volatilisation for pollinator attraction, and/or to provide a heat reward for invertebrate pollinators. Despite in-depth studies on the thermogenesis of single species, no attempts have yet been made to examine plant thermogenesis across an entire clade. Here, we apply time-series clustering algorithms to 119 measurements of the full thermogenic patterns in inflorescences of 80 Amorphophallus species. We infer a new time-calibrated phylogeny of this genus and use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the evolutionary determinants of thermogenesis. We find striking phenotypic variation across the phylogeny, with heat production in multiple clades reaching up to 15°C, and in one case 21.7°C above ambient temperature. Our results show that the thermogenic capacity is phylogenetically conserved and is also associated with inflorescence thickness. Our study paves the way for further investigations of the eco-evolutionary benefits of thermogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Claudel
- Institute for Plant Science and Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststraße 18, 22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oriane Loiseau
- School of GeoSciences, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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7
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Qiao Y, Hou B, Qi X. Biosynthesis and transport of pollen coat precursors in angiosperms. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:864-876. [PMID: 37231040 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The pollen coat is a hydrophobic mixture on the pollen grain surface, which plays an important role in protecting male gametes from various environmental stresses and microorganism attacks, and in pollen-stigma interactions during pollination in angiosperms. An abnormal pollen coat can result in humidity-sensitive genic male sterility (HGMS), which can be used in two-line hybrid crop breeding. Despite the crucial functions of the pollen coat and the application prospect of its mutants, few studies have focused on pollen coat formation. In this Review, the morphology, composition and function of different types of pollen coat are assessed. On the basis of the ultrastructure and development process of the anther wall and exine found in rice and Arabidopsis, the genes and proteins involved in the biosynthesis of pollen coat precursors and the possible transport and regulation process are sorted. Additionally, current challenges and future perspectives, including potential strategies utilizing HGMS genes in heterosis and plant molecular breeding, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bingzhu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Abrahamczyk S, Struck JH, Weigend M. The best of two worlds: ecology and evolution of ambophilous plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:391-420. [PMID: 36270973 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambophily, the mixed mode of wind and insect pollination is still poorly understood, even though it has been known to science for over 130 years. While its presence has been repeatedly inferred, experimental data remain regrettably rare. No specific suite of morphological or ecological characteristics has yet been identified for ambophilous plants and their ecology and evolution remain uncertain. In this review we summarise and evaluate our current understanding of ambophily, primarily based on experimental studies. A total of 128 ambophilous species - including several agriculturally important crops - have been reported from most major habitat types worldwide, but this probably represents only a small subset of ambophilous species. Ambophilous species have evolved both from wind- and insect-pollinated ancestors, with insect-pollinated ancestors mostly representing pollination by small, generalist flower visitors. We compiled floral and reproductive traits for known ambophilous species and compared our results to traits of species pollinated either by wind or by small generalist insects only. Floral traits were found to be heterogeneous and strongly overlap especially with those of species pollinated by small generalist insects, which are also the prominent pollinator group for ambophilous plants. A few ambophilous species are only pollinated by specialised bees or beetles in addition to pollination by wind. The heterogeneity of floral traits and high similarity to generalist small insect-pollinated species lead us to conclude that ambophily is not a separate pollination syndrome but includes species belonging to different insect- as well as wind-pollination syndromes. Ambophily therefore should be regarded as a pollination mode. We found that a number of ecological factors promoted the evolution of ambophily, including avoidance of pollen limitation and self-pollination, spatial flower interference and population density. However, the individual ecological factors favouring the transition to ambophily vary among species depending on species distribution, habitat, population structure and reproductive system. Finally, a number of experimental studies in combination with observations of floral traits of living and fossil species and dated phylogenies may indicate evolutionary stability. In some clades ambophily has likely prevailed for millions of years, for example in the castanoid clade of the Fagaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Abrahamczyk
- Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191, Stuttgart, Germany
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Struck
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Weigend
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53113, Bonn, Germany
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Zhu QQ, Xue C, Sun L, Zhong X, Zhu XX, Ren Y, Zhang XH. The diversity of elaborate petals in Isopyreae (Ranunculaceae): a special focus on nectary structure. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:437-451. [PMID: 35760912 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Elaborate petals are highly diverse in morphology, structure, and epidermal differentiation and play a key role in attracting pollinators. There have been few studies on the elaborate structure of petals in the tribe Isopyreae (Ranunculaceae). Seven genera in Isopyreae (Aquilegia, Semiaquilegia, Urophysa, Isopyrum, Paraquilegia, Dichocarpum, and Leptopyrum) have petals that vary in morphology, and two genera (Enemion and Thalictrum) have no petals. The petals of nine species belonged to 7 genera in the tribe were studied to reveal their nectary structure, epidermal micromorphology and ancestral traits. The petal nectaries of Isopyreae examined in this study were located at the tip of spurs (Aquilegia yabeana and A. rockii), or the bottom of shallow sacs (Semiaquilegia adoxoides, Urophysa henryi, Isopyrum manshuricum, and Paraquilegia microphylla), a cup-shaped structure (Dichocarpum fargesii) and a bilabiate structure (Leptopyrum fumarioides). The petal nectary of eight species in Isopyreae (except A. ecalcarata) was composed of secretory epidermis, nectary parenchyma, and vascular tissues, and some sieve tubes reached the secretory parenchyma cells. Among the eight species with nectaries examined in the present study, A. yabeana had the most developed nectaries, with 10-15 layers of secretory parenchyma cells. The epidermal cells of mature petals of the nine species were divided into 11 types. Among these 11 types, there were two types of secretory cells and two types of trichomes. Aquilegia yabeana and A. rockii had the highest number of cell types (eight types), and I. manshuricum and L. fumarioides had the lowest number of cell types (three types). Aquilegia ecalcarata had no secretory cells, and the papillose conical polygonal secretory cells of D. fargesii were different from those of the other seven species with nectaries. Trichomes were found only in Aquilegia, Semiaquilegia, Urophysa, and Paraquilegia. The ancestral mode of nectar presentation in Isopyreae was petals with hidden nectar (70.58%). The different modes of nectar presentation in petals may reflect adaptations to different pollinators in Isopyreae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Eastern China Conservation Centre for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 46400, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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10
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Etl F, Kaiser C, Reiser O, Schubert M, Dötterl S, Schönenberger J. Evidence for the recruitment of florivorous plant bugs as pollinators. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4688-4698.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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11
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Reed A, Rudall PJ, Brockington SF, Glover BJ. Conical petal epidermal cells, regulated by the MYB transcription factor MIXTA, have an ancient origin within the angiosperms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5490-5502. [PMID: 35596728 PMCID: PMC9467652 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conical epidermal cells occur on the tepals (perianth organs, typically petals and/or sepals) of the majority of animal-pollinated angiosperms, where they play both visual and tactile roles in pollinator attraction, providing grip to foraging insects, and enhancing colour, temperature, and hydrophobicity. To explore the evolutionary history of conical epidermal cells in angiosperms, we surveyed the tepal epidermis in representative species of the ANA-grade families, the early-diverging successive sister lineages to all other extant angiosperms, and analysed the function of a candidate regulator of cell outgrowth from Cabomba caroliniana (Nymphaeales). We identified conical cells in at least two genera from different families (Austrobaileya and Cabomba). A single SBG9 MYB gene was isolated from C. caroliniana and found to induce strong differentiation of cellular outgrowth, including conical cells, when ectopically expressed in Nicotiana tabacum. Ontogenetic analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR established that CcSBG9A1 is spatially and temporally expressed in a profile which correlates with a role in conical cell development. We conclude that conical or subconical cells on perianth organs are ancient within the angiosperms and most probably develop using a common genetic programme initiated by a SBG9 MYB transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Reed
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
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12
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Ecological radiations of insects in the Mesozoic. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:529-540. [PMID: 35287981 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The Mesozoic is a key era for the rise of the modern insect fauna. Among the most important evolutionary events in Mesozoic insects are the radiation of holometabolous insects, the origin of eusocial and parasitoid insects, diversification of pollinating insects, and development of advanced mimicry and camouflage. These events are closely associated with the diversification of insect ecological behaviors and colonization of new ecospaces. At the same time, insects had evolved more complex and closer ecological associations with various plants and animals. Mesozoic insects played a key and underappreciated ecological role in reconstructing and maintaining terrestrial ecosystems. A greater understanding of the history of insects may help to mitigate future changes in insect diversity and abundance.
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Pansarin ER, Pedro SRM, Davies KL, Stpiczyńska M. Evidence of floral rewards in Brasiliorchis supports the convergent evolution of food-hairs in Maxillariinae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:806-820. [PMID: 35435242 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Angiosperms distributed over a large geographical area may display considerable phenotypic variation that can be recognized at morphological and micromorphological levels. Here, we investigate the pollination biology and the presence of floral rewards in Brazilian populations of the widely distributed orchid, Brasiliorchis picta. Based on the new data presented here this study investigates the evolution of floral rewards in Maxillariinae, and tests for the occurrence of convergent evolution of food-hairs in this subtribe. METHODS Micromorphological and histochemical analyses of the labellar tissues were conducted, together with chemical analysis of fragrance and experiments involving the use of chemical baits. The evolution of floral rewards in Maxillariinae were addressed. RESULTS Microscopy revealed that B. picta offers food-hairs as a reward. Fragrance is produced by abaxially located labellar epidermal papillae. The main compound present in our samples (2-phenylethanol) also occurs in the aggregation pheromone produced by the mandible glands of pollinators, Meliponini bees. Our analyses indicate a high diversity of flower rewards and pollinators displayed by members of Maxillariinae, and support that edible trichomes evolved independently five times in the subtribe. CONCLUSIONS The high diversity of floral rewards and pollinators displayed by members of Maxillariinae suggests that different pollinator pressures are involved in the evolution of this neotropical subtribe. In addition, the offering of food-hairs, which are generally infrequently encountered in Orchidaceae, arose by convergent evolution in Maxillariinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson R Pansarin
- University of São Paulo, FFCLRP, Department of Biology, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia R M Pedro
- University of São Paulo, FFCLRP, Department of Biology, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin L Davies
- Cardiff University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Botanic Garden, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland
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Gan SR, Du W, Wang XF. Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070974. [PMID: 35406954 PMCID: PMC9002483 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gall midges are among the most host-specific insects. Their interactions with plants likely date back to the Cretaceous period. Plants from at least seven families are involved in gall midge pollination; however, little is known about the pollination signals of gall midges. In this study, we used a Resseliella–Schisandra model to investigate the roles of floral scent and color in attracting gall midges. Field observations, behavioral bioassays via Y-tubes, and “flight box” experiments were performed. The results demonstrated that gall midges may be attracted by both floral scent and color and that two flower signals are more effective in promoting insect flower-landing than either alone. In the field, gall midges visited male flowers effectively at night but almost always visited female flowers during the day. Thus, during the Resseliella–Schisandra interactions, female flowers predominantly employed visual cues over scent to attract midges during the day; in contrast, olfactory cues were more functional for male flowers to export pollen in the dark. In this study, we first identified the roles of floral color and the functional differentiation of visual and olfactory cues during gall midge pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Du
- Correspondence: (W.D.); (X.-F.W.)
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Jiang Y, Liu G, Zhang W, Zhang C, Chen X, Chen Y, Yu C, Yu D, Fu J, Chen F. Biosynthesis and emission of methyl hexanoate, the major constituent of floral scent of a night-blooming water lily Victoriacruziana. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 191:112899. [PMID: 34481346 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the factors that have made flowering plants the most species-rich lineage of land plants is the interaction between flower and insect pollinators, for which floral scent plays a pivotal role. Water lilies belong to the ANA (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales) grade of basal flowering plants. In this study, Victoria cruziana was investigated as a model night-blooming water lily for floral scent biosynthesis. Four volatile compounds, including three benzenoids and one fatty acid methyl ester methyl hexanoate, were detected from the flowers of V. cruziana during their first bloom, with methyl hexanoate accounting for 45 % of total floral volatile emission. Emission rates were largely constant before significant drop starting at the end of second bloom. To understand the molecular basis of floral scent biosynthesis in V. cruziana, particularly methyl hexanoate, a transcriptome from the whole flowers at the full-bloom stage was created and analyzed. Methyl hexanoate was hypothesized to be biosynthesized by SABATH methyltransferases. From the transcriptome, three full-length SABATH genes designated VcSABATH1-3 were identified. A full-length cDNA for each of the three VcSABATH genes was expressed in Escherichia coli to produce recombinant proteins. When tested in in vitro methyltransferase enzyme assays with different fatty acids, both VcSABATH1 and VcSABATH3 exhibited highest levels of activity with hexanoic acid to produce methyl hexanoate, with the specific activity of VcSABATH1 being about 15 % of that for VcSABATH3. VcSABATH1 and VcSABATH3 showed the highest levels of expression in stamen and pistil, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, three VcSABATH genes clustered with other water lily SABATH methyltransferase genes including the one known for making other fatty acid methyl esters, implying both a common evolutionary origin and functional divergence. Fatty acid methyl esters are not frequent constituents of floral scents of mesangiosperms, pointing to the importance for the evolution of novel fatty acid methyltransferase for making fatty acid methyl esters in the pollination biology of water lilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanhua Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanbo Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yuchu Chen
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Cuiwei Yu
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Dongbei Yu
- Hangzhou Tianjing Aquatic Botanical Garden, Zhejiang Humanities Landscape Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Abstract
The evolutionary trajectories of insects and angiosperms appear to be intimately interconnected. Increases in the diversity of phytophagous beetles and angiosperms co-occur in the Mesozoic fossil record, and there is fossil evidence of pollinivory and pollination by insects, both in flowering plants and in gymnosperms. The oldest records of angiosperm pollination indicate flies as pollen vectors. A basal group of angiosperms, the order Magnoliales, has retained plesiomorphic characters such as dozens of pistils and stamens spiraling around the receptacle. In a family of this order, Annonaceae, over 90% of species are pollinated by beetles. In many Annonaceae species, flowers display wide spaces, referred to as floral chambers, where beetles can find shelter from weather conditions and predators, food in the form of pollen and tissues, and a mating site. Two basic types of floral chambers can be distinguished: small chambers visited by small beetles (Nitidulidae, Staphylinidae, Chrysomelidae, and Curculionidae) with diurnal and/or nocturnal activity and large and thermogenic floral chambers visited by beetles of the tribe Cyclocephalini (Scarabaeoidea, Melolonthidae). In the latter case, the heat that the flowers produce may serve as a resource for the beetles that visit them, resulting in smaller endothermy costs for the scarabs. This study reviewed the literature including PhD and MSc theses on cantharophilous Annonaceae in the Cerrado. In this biome, both types of associations are found, although cantharophilous Annonaceae represent a small portion of the plant species (<5%). Cantharophilous Annonaceae in the Cerrado share attributes according to the beetles that pollinate them: species pollinated by small beetles, for instance, may flower throughout the year, whereas Annonaceae pollinated by Cyclocephalini normally flower in the beginning of the rainy season (October/November), in synchrony with the phenological patterns of their pollinators. Cantharophilous Annonaceae flowers, regardless of their size, tend to have light colors and sweet and fruity odors. In addition to the lack of studies on the attraction of beetles by these floral characters, the taxonomic composition of the beetles that pollinate Annonaceae in the Cerrado is poorly known. This review attempts to discuss, in light of what has already been published, potential fields of investigation concerning pollinating beetles’ behavior and evolution.
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Timerman D, Barrett SCH. The biomechanics of pollen release: new perspectives on the evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2146-2163. [PMID: 34076950 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions from animal to wind pollination have occurred repeatedly during the history of the angiosperms, but the selective mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we propose that knowledge of pollen release biomechanics is critical for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes underpinning this shift in pollination mode. Pollen release is the critical first stage of wind pollination (anemophily) and stamen properties are therefore likely to be under strong selection early in the transition. We describe current understanding of pollen release biomechanics to provide insights on the phenotypic and ecological drivers of wind pollination. Pollen release occurs when detachment forces dominate resistive forces retaining pollen within anthers. Detachment forces can be active or passive depending on whether they require energy input from the environment. Passive release is more widespread in anemophilous species and involves processes driven by steady or unsteady aerodynamic forces or turbulence-induced vibrations that shake pollen from anthers. We review empirical and theoretical studies suggesting that stamen vibration is likely to be a key mechanism of pollen release. The vibration response is governed by morphological and biomechanical properties of stamens, which may undergo divergent selection in the presence or absence of pollinators. Resistive forces have rarely been investigated for pollen within anthers, but are probably sensitive to environmental conditions and depend on flower age, varying systematically between animal- and wind-pollinated species. Animal and wind pollination are traditionally viewed as dichotomous alternatives because they are usually associated with strikingly different pollination syndromes. But this perspective has diverted attention from subtler, continuously varying traits which mediate the fluid dynamic process of pollen release. Reinterpreting the flower as a biomechanical entity that responds to fluctuating environmental forces may provide a promising way forward. We conclude by identifying several profitable areas for future research to obtain deeper insight into the evolution of wind pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Timerman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
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Kirmse S, Chaboo CS. Flowers are essential to maintain high beetle diversity (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical rainforest canopy. J NAT HIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1811414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kirmse
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Museum of Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caroline S Chaboo
- Systematics Research Collections, University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Lustofin K, Świątek P, Stolarczyk P, Miranda VFO, Płachno BJ. Do food trichomes occur in Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) flowers? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1039-1048. [PMID: 32592586 PMCID: PMC7596368 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Floral food bodies (including edible trichomes) are a form of floral reward for pollinators. This type of nutritive reward has been recorded in several angiosperm families: Annonaceae, Araceae, Calycanthaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Pandanaceae and Winteraceae. Although these bodies are very diverse in their structure, their cells contain food material: starch grains, protein bodies or lipid droplets. In Pinguicula flowers, there are numerous multicellular clavate trichomes. Previous authors have proposed that these trichomes in the Pinguicula flower play the role of 'futterhaare' ('feeding hairs') and are eaten by pollinators. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether the floral non-glandular trichomes of Pinguicula contain food reserves and thus are a reward for pollinators. The trichomes from the Pinguicula groups, which differ in their taxonomy (species from the subgenera: Temnoceras, Pinguicula and Isoloba) as well as the types of their pollinators (butterflies/flies and bees/hummingbirds), were examined. Thus, it was determined whether there are any connections between the occurrence of food trichomes and phylogeny position or pollination biology. Additionally, we determined the phylogenetic history of edible trichomes and pollinator evolution in the Pinguicula species. METHODS The species that were sampled were: Pinguicula moctezumae, P. esseriana, P. moranensis, P. emarginata, P. rectifolia, P. mesophytica, P. hemiepiphytica, P. agnata, P. albida, P. ibarrae, P. martinezii, P. filifolia, P. gigantea, P. lusitanica, P. alpina and P. vulgaris. Light microscopy, histochemistry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to address our aims with a phylogenetic perspective based on matK/trnK DNA sequences. KEY RESULTS No accumulation of protein bodies or lipid droplets was recorded in the floral non-glandular trichomes of any of the analysed species. Starch grains occurred in the cells of the trichomes of the bee-/fly-pollinated species: P. agnata, P. albida, P. ibarrae, P. martinezii, P. filifolia and P. gigantea, but not in P. alpina or P. vulgaris. Moreover, starch grains were not recorded in the cells of the trichomes of the Pinguicula species that have long spurs, which are pollinated by Lepidoptera (P. moctezumae, P. esseriana, P. moranensis, P. emarginata and P. rectifolia) or birds (P. mesophytica and P. hemiepihytica), or in species with a small and whitish corolla that self-pollinate (P. lusitanica). The results on the occurrence of edible trichomes and pollinator syndromes were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. CONCLUSION Floral non-glandular trichomes play the role of edible trichomes in some Pinguicula species (P. agnata, P. albida, P. ibarrae, P. martinezii, P. filifolia and P. gigantea), which are mainly classified as bee-pollinated species that had originated from Central and South America. It seems that in the Pinguicula that are pollinated by other pollinator groups (Lepidoptera and hummingbirds), the non-glandular trichomes in the flowers play a role other than that of a floral reward for their pollinators. Edible trichomes are symplesiomorphic for the Pinguicula species, and thus do not support a monophyletic group such as a synapomorphy. Nevertheless, edible trichomes are derived and are possibly a specialization for fly and bee pollinators by acting as a food reward for these visitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Lustofin
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa Street, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Stolarczyk
- Unit of Botany and Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54 Street, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Vitor F O Miranda
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
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Nymphaea colorata (Blue-Petal Water Lily). Trends Genet 2020; 36:718-719. [PMID: 32631632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Peris D, Labandeira CC, Barrón E, Delclòs X, Rust J, Wang B. Generalist Pollen-Feeding Beetles during the Mid-Cretaceous. iScience 2020; 23:100913. [PMID: 32191877 PMCID: PMC7113562 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cretaceous fossil record of amber provides a variety of evidence that is essential for greater understanding of early pollination strategies. Here, we describe four pieces of ca. 99-million-year-old (early Cenomanian) Myanmar amber from Kachin containing four closely related genera of short-winged flower beetles (Coleoptera: Kateretidae) associated with abundant pollen grains identified as three distinct palynomorphotypes of the gymnosperm Cycadopites and Praenymphaeapollenites cenomaniensis gen. and sp. nov., a form-taxon of pollen from a basal angiosperm lineage of water lilies (Nymphaeales: Nymphaeaceae). We demonstrate how a gymnosperm to angiosperm plant-host shift occurred during the mid-Cretaceous, from a generalist pollen-feeding family of beetles, which served as a driving mechanism for the subsequent success of flowering plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peris
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA; Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, 100048 Beijing, China
| | - Eduardo Barrón
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Delclòs
- Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jes Rust
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Centre for Excellence in Life and Palaeoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China.
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Rudall PJ. Colourful cones: how did flower colour first evolve? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:759-767. [PMID: 31714579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms that are biotically pollinated typically produce flowers with bright and contrasting colours that help to attract pollinators and hence contribute to the reproductive success of the species. This colourful array contrasts with the much less multicoloured reproductive structures of the four living gymnosperm lineages, which are mostly wind pollinated, though cycads and Gnetales are predominantly pollinated by insects that feed on surface fluids from the pollination drops. This review examines the possible evolutionary pathways and cryptic clues for flower colour in both living and fossil seed plants. It investigates how the ancestral flowering plants could have overcome the inevitable trade-off that exists between attracting pollinators and minimizing herbivory, and explores the possible evolutionary and biological inferences from the colours that occur in some living gymnosperms. The red colours present in the seed-cone bracts of some living conifers result from accumulation of anthocyanin pigments; their likely primary function is to help protect the growing plant tissues under particular environmental conditions. Thus, the visual cue provided by colour in flower petals could have first evolved as a secondary effect, probably post-dating the evolution of bee colour vision but occurring before the subsequent functional accumulation of a range of different flower pigments.
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Diversity of Floral Glands and Their Secretions in Pollinator Attraction. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Insect pollination of flowering plants (angiosperms) is responsible for the majority of the world's flowering plant diversity and is key to the Cretaceous radiation of angiosperms. Although both insects and angiosperms were common by the mid-Cretaceous, direct fossil evidence of insect pollination is lacking. Direct evidence of Cretaceous insect pollination is associated with insect-gymnosperm pollination. Here, we report a specialized beetle-angiosperm pollination mode from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (99 mega-annum [Ma]) in which a tumbling flower beetle (Mordellidae), Angimordella burmitina gen. et sp. nov., has many tricolpate pollen grains attached. A. burmitina exhibits several specialized body structures for flower-visiting behavior including its body shape and pollen-feeding mouthparts revealed by X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). The tricolpate pollen in the amber belongs to the eudicots that comprise the majority of extant angiosperm species. These pollen grains exhibit zoophilous pollination attributes including their ornamentation, size, and clumping characteristics. Tricolpate pollen grains attached to the beetle's hairs are revealed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, which is a powerful tool for investigating pollen in amber. Our findings provide direct evidence of insect pollination of Cretaceous angiosperms, extending the range insect-angiosperm pollination association by at least 50 million years. Our results support the hypothesis that specialized insect pollination modes were present in eudicots 99 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China;
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 210008 Nanjing, China
| | - David Dilcher
- Department of Geology and Atmospheric Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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Grimaldi DA, Peñalver E, Barrón E, Herhold HW, Engel MS. Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber. Commun Biol 2019; 2:408. [PMID: 31728419 PMCID: PMC6838090 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms and their insect pollinators form a foundational symbiosis, evidence for which from the Cretaceous is mostly indirect, based on fossils of insect taxa that today are anthophilous, and of fossil insects and flowers that have apparent anthophilous and entomophilous specializations, respectively. We present exceptional direct evidence preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, 100 mya, for feeding on pollen in the eudicot genus Tricolporoidites by a basal new aculeate wasp, Prosphex anthophilos, gen. et sp. nov., in the lineage that contains the ants, bees, and other stinging wasps. Plume of hundreds of pollen grains wafts from its mouth and an apparent pollen mass was detected by micro-CT in the buccal cavity: clear evidence that the wasp was foraging on the pollen. Eudicots today comprise nearly three-quarters of all angiosperm species. Prosphex feeding on Tricolporoidites supports the hypothesis that relatively small, generalized insect anthophiles were important pollinators of early angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Grimaldi
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192 USA
| | - Enrique Peñalver
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. Ríos Rosas 23, E-28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Barrón
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. Ríos Rosas 23, E-28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hollister W. Herhold
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192 USA
| | - Michael S. Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
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Yang S, Chu G, Shi X, Wang S. Elaborated pollen packaging and dispensing mechanism induced by petal architecture from a Papaveraceae species. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7066. [PMID: 31218126 PMCID: PMC6568250 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary pollen presentation (SPP) is a reproductive strategy that enhances the efficiency of pollen transfer, which has been explored for more than 200 years, resulting in 10 identified types of SPP. The ephemeral plant Hypecoum erectum L. (Papaveraceae) has an elaborate petal structure. The middle lobe is a key functional organ in SPP. To explore the importance of the middle lobe structure, we measured the flowering process, the curling movement and growth of the middle lobe, pollination characteristics, pollination efficiency, and the mating system in H. erectum in the field. The yellow middle lobe structure had an important role in attracting pollinators. The middle lobes on the inner petals function as a redundant cucullate structure and wrapped about 84% of the total pollen grains as soon as the anthers dehisced. These then grew upward and gradually presented pollen to pollinators via the roll out of the middle lobes. One bee species, Colletes vestitus from Colletidae, was the only effective pollinator of H. erectum. The SPP mechanism increased the efficiency of pollen transfer by C. vestitus. The middle lobes, which wrapped pollen and grew upward, contacted the stigma and provided an advantage for self-pollination and outcrossing by growing upward higher than the corolla. Hypecoum erectum L. has a mixed mating system with selfing and outcrossing. Thus, the SPP mechanism plays a key role during the pollination process and is necessary for improving pollination efficiency and promoting reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanlin Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Guangming Chu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shaoming Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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Zhang C, Sun F, Xiong B, Zhang Z. Preparation of mitochondria to measure superoxide flashes in angiosperm flowers. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6708. [PMID: 30997289 PMCID: PMC6462395 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondria are the center of energy metabolism and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS production results in a burst of “superoxide flashes”, which is always accompanied by depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. Superoxide flashes have only been studied in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana using a complex method to isolate mitochondria. In this study, we present an efficient, easier method to isolate functional mitochondria from floral tissues to measure superoxide flashes. Method We used 0.5 g samples to isolate mitochondria within <1.5 h from flowers of two non-transgenic plants (Magnolia denudata and Nelumbo nucifera) to measure superoxide flashes. Superoxide flashes were visualized by the pH-insensitive indicator MitoSOX Red, while the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m) was labelled with TMRM. Results Mitochondria isolated using our method showed a high respiration ratio. Our results indicate that the location of ROS and mitochondria was in a good coincidence. Increased ROS together with a higher frequency of superoxide flashes was found in mitochondria isolated from the flower pistil. Furthermore, a higher rate of depolarization of the ΔΨ m was observed in the pistil. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the frequency of superoxide flashes is closely related to depolarization of the ΔΨ m in petals and pistils of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulan Zhang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshuo Sun
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Xiong
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Life habits and evolutionary biology of new two-winged long-proboscid scorpionflies from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1235. [PMID: 30874563 PMCID: PMC6420582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-proboscid scorpionflies are enigmatic, mid-Mesozoic insects associated with gymnosperm pollination. One major lineage, Aneuretopsychina, consists of four families plus two haustellate clades, Diptera and Siphonaptera. One clade, Pseudopolycentropodidae, from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber, contains Parapolycentropus. Here, we newly establish Dualula, assigned to Dualulidae, constituting the fifth lineage. Parapolycentropus and Dualula lineages are small, two-winged, with unique siphonate mouthparts for imbibing pollination drops. A cibarial pump provides siphonal food inflow; in Dualula, the siphon base surrounds a hypopharynx housing a small, valved pump constricted to a narrow salivary duct supplying outgoing enzymes for food fluidization. Indirect evidence links long-proboscid mouthpart structure with contemporaneous tubulate ovulate organs. Direct evidence of gymnospermous Cycadopites pollen is associated with one Parapolycentropus specimen. Parapolycentropus and Dualula exhibit hind-wing reduction that would precede haltere formation, likely caused by Ultrabithorax. Distinctive, male Aneuretopsychina genitalia are evident from specimens in copulo, supplemented by mixed-sex individuals of likely male mating swarms. Long-proboscid scorpionflies were associated with mid-Mesozoic gymnosperm pollination. Here, Lin et al. establish a new family of long-proboscid scorpionflies from Myanmar amber, elucidate evolutionary mechanisms of hind-wing reduction, and detail feeding and reproductive habits of these insects.
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Luo SX, Zhang LJ, Yuan S, Ma ZH, Zhang DX, Renner SS. The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2017.2365. [PMID: 29298936 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve 'generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observations of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these findings with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Xiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Susanne S Renner
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), 80638 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
With the origin of pollination in ancient seed plants, the male gametophyte ("pollen") began to evolve a new and unique life history stage, the progamic phase, a post-pollination period in which pollen sexual maturation occurs in interaction with sporophyte-derived tissues. Pollen performance traits mediate the timing of the fertilization process, often in competition with other pollen, via the speed of pollen germination, sperm development, and pollen tube growth. Studies of pollen development rarely address the issue of performance or its evolution, which involves linking variation in developmental rates to relative fitness within populations or to adaptations on a macroevolutionary scale. Modifications to the pollen tube pathway and changes in the intensity of pollen competition affect the direction and strength of selection on pollen performance. Hence, pollen developmental evolution is always contextual-it involves both the population biology of pollen reaching stigmas and the co-evolution of sporophytic traits, such as the pollen tube pathway and mating system. For most species, performance evolution generally reflects a wandering history of periods of directional selection and relaxed selection, channeled by developmental limitations, a pattern that favors the accumulation of diversity and redundancy in developmental mechanisms and the genetic machinery. Developmental biologists are focused on finding universal mechanisms that underlie pollen function, and these are largely mechanisms that have evolved through their effects on performance. Here, we suggest ways in which studies of pollen performance or function could progress by cross-fertilization between the "evo" and "devo" fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.
| | - John B Reese
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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31
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Coiro M, Barone Lumaga MR. Disentangling historical signal and pollinator selection on the micromorphology of flowers: an example from the floral epidermis of the Nymphaeaceae. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:902-915. [PMID: 29869401 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The family Nymphaeaceae includes most of the diversity among the ANA-grade angiosperms. Among the species of this family, floral structures and pollination strategies vary. The genus Victoria, as well as subgenera Lotos and Hydrocallis in Nymphaea, present night-blooming, scented flowers pollinated by scarab beetles. Such similar pollination strategies have led to macromorphological similarities among the flowers of these species, which could be interpreted as homologies or convergences based on different phylogenetic hypotheses about the relationships of these groups. We employed scanning electron microscopy of floral epidermis for seven species of the Nymphaeaceae with contrasting pollination biology to identify the main characters of the floral organs and the potential homologous nature of the structures involved in pollinator attraction. Moreover, we used transmission electron microscopy to observe ultrastructure of papillate-conical epidermis in the stamen of Victoria cruziana. We then tested the phylogenetic or ecological distribution of these traits using both consensus network approaches and ancestral state reconstruction on fixed phylogenies. Our results show that the night-blooming flowers present different specialisations in their epidermis, with V. cruziana presenting the most elaborate floral anatomy. We also identify for the first time the presence of conical-papillate cells in the order Nymphaeales. The epidermal characters tend to reflect phylogenetic relationships more than convergence due to pollinator selection. These results point to an independent and parallel evolution of scarab pollination in Nymphaeaceae and demonstrate the promise of floral anatomy as a phylogenetic marker. Moreover, they indicate a degree of sophistication in the anatomical basis of cantharophilous flowers in the Nymphaeales that diverges from the most simplistic views of floral evolution in the angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M R Barone Lumaga
- Department of Biology, Orto Botanico, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
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32
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Woźniak NJ, Sicard A. Evolvability of flower geometry: Convergence in pollinator-driven morphological evolution of flowers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 79:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Suinyuy TN, Johnson SD. Geographic variation in cone volatiles and pollinators in the thermogenic African cycad Encephalartos ghellinckii Lem. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:579-590. [PMID: 29281847 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat and odour production can have profound effects on pollination in cycads. It is therefore expected that these traits would co-vary geographically with pollinator assemblages. Such intraspecific variation, may lead to the evolution of pollination ecotypes, which can be an early stage of pollinator-mediated speciation. We measured cone temperatures using miniature temperature data loggers and examined the composition of cone volatile odours using headspace sampling and analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in four populations spanning the range of the African cycad Encephalartos ghellinckii. Pollinator assemblages were also investigated in three populations. Male and female cones were thermogenic at pollen shed and receptive stages, respectively, but patterns of thermogenesis did not vary among populations. Scent emissions from cones in populations in the Drakensberg Mountains were characterised by cis-β-ocimene, β-myrcene and (3E)-1,3-octadiene, while camphene and α-pinene were characteristic of scent emissions from cones in populations closer to the coast. These differences in volatile blends corresponded with differences in insect assemblages. These results confirm intraspecific variation in volatile emissions of E. ghellinckii and support the predictions that intraspecific variation in volatile emissions will be associated with shifts in pollinator assemblages. While further work needs to be done to test for local adaptation in this system, this preliminary evidence is consistent with the formation of pollination ecotypes in the E. ghellinckii species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Suinyuy
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - S D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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34
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Moore MR, Cave RD, Branham MA. Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini). Zookeys 2018; 745:101-378. [PMID: 29670449 PMCID: PMC5904534 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.745.23685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclocephaline scarab beetles represent the second largest tribe of the subfamily Dynastinae, and the group includes the most speciose genus of dynastines, Cyclocephala. The period following publication of Sebő Endrődi's The Dynastinae of the World has seen a huge increase in research interest on cyclocephalines, and much of this research has not been synthesized. The objective of this catalog and bibliography is to compile an exhaustive list of taxa in Cyclocephalini. This paper provides an updated foundation for understanding the taxonomy and classification of 14 genera and over 500 species in the tribe. It discusses the history of cataloging dynastine species, clarifies issues surrounding the neotype designations in Endrődi's revision of Cyclocephalini, synthesizes all published distribution data for cyclocephaline species, and increases accessibility to the voluminous literature on the group by providing an easily searchable bibliography for each species. We propose the nomen novum Cyclocephala rogerpauli, new replacement name, for C. nigra Dechambre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Moore
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ronald D. Cave
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Marc A. Branham
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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35
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Moore MR, Cave RD, Branham MA. Synopsis of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). Zookeys 2018:1-99. [PMID: 29670448 PMCID: PMC5904508 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.745.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclocephaline scarabs (Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) are a speciose tribe of beetles that include species that are ecologically and economically important as pollinators and pests of agriculture and turf. We provide an overview and synopsis of the 14 genera of Cyclocephalini that includes information on: 1) the taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the group; 2) diagnosis and identification of immature life-stages; 3) economic importance in agroecosystems; 4) natural enemies of these beetles; 5) use as food by humans; 6) the importance of adults as pollination mutualists; 7) fossil cyclocephalines and the evolution of the group; 8) generic-level identification of adults. We provide an expanded identification key to genera of world Cyclocephalini and diagnoses for each genus. Character illustrations and generic-level distribution maps are provided along with discussions on the relationships of the tribe’s genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Moore
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ronald D Cave
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Marc A Branham
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Building 1881 Natural Area Drive, Steinmetz Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Becher PG, Hagman A, Verschut V, Chakraborty A, Rozpędowska E, Lebreton S, Bengtsson M, Flick G, Witzgall P, Piškur J. Chemical signaling and insect attraction is a conserved trait in yeasts. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:2962-2974. [PMID: 29531709 PMCID: PMC5838033 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast volatiles attract insects, which apparently is of mutual benefit, for both yeasts and insects. However, it is unknown whether biosynthesis of metabolites that attract insects is a basic and general trait, or if it is specific for yeasts that live in close association with insects. Our goal was to study chemical insect attractants produced by yeasts that span more than 250 million years of evolutionary history and vastly differ in their metabolism and lifestyle. We bioassayed attraction of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster to odors of phylogenetically and ecologically distinct yeasts grown under controlled conditions. Baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the insect-associated species Candida californica, Pichia kluyveri and Metschnikowia andauensis, wine yeast Dekkera bruxellensis, milk yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the vertebrate pathogens Candida albicans and Candida glabrata, and oleophilic Yarrowia lipolytica were screened for fly attraction in a wind tunnel. Yeast headspace was chemically analyzed, and co-occurrence of insect attractants in yeasts and flowering plants was investigated through a database search. In yeasts with known genomes, we investigated the occurrence of genes involved in the synthesis of key aroma compounds. Flies were attracted to all nine yeasts studied. The behavioral response to baker's yeast was independent of its growth stage. In addition to Drosophila, we tested the basal hexapod Folsomia candida (Collembola) in a Y-tube assay to the most ancient yeast, Y. lipolytica, which proved that early yeast signals also function on clades older than neopteran insects. Behavioral and chemical data and a search for selected genes of volatile metabolites underline that biosynthesis of chemical signals is found throughout the yeast clade and has been conserved during the evolution of yeast lifestyles. Literature and database reviews corroborate that yeast signals mediate mutualistic interactions between insects and yeasts. Moreover, volatiles emitted by yeasts are commonly found also in flowers and attract many insect species. The collective evidence suggests that the release of volatile signals by yeasts is a widespread and phylogenetically ancient trait, and that insect-yeast communication evolved prior to the emergence of flowering plants. Co-occurrence of the same attractant signals in yeast and flowers suggests that yeast-insect communication may have contributed to the evolution of insect-mediated pollination in flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Becher
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Arne Hagman
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Vasiliki Verschut
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Amrita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Elżbieta Rozpędowska
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Sébastien Lebreton
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Marie Bengtsson
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Gerhard Flick
- Department of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Applied SciencesNeubrandenburgGermany
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of BiologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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Foster CSP, Sauquet H, van der Merwe M, McPherson H, Rossetto M, Ho SYW. Evaluating the Impact of Genomic Data and Priors on Bayesian Estimates of the Angiosperm Evolutionary Timescale. Syst Biol 2018; 66:338-351. [PMID: 27650175 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary timescale of angiosperms has long been a key question in biology. Molecular estimates of this timescale have shown considerable variation, being influenced by differences in taxon sampling, gene sampling, fossil calibrations, evolutionary models, and choices of priors. Here, we analyze a data set comprising 76 protein-coding genes from the chloroplast genomes of 195 taxa spanning 86 families, including novel genome sequences for 11 taxa, to evaluate the impact of models, priors, and gene sampling on Bayesian estimates of the angiosperm evolutionary timescale. Using a Bayesian relaxed molecular-clock method, with a core set of 35 minimum and two maximum fossil constraints, we estimated that crown angiosperms arose 221 (251-192) Ma during the Triassic. Based on a range of additional sensitivity and subsampling analyses, we found that our date estimates were generally robust to large changes in the parameters of the birth-death tree prior and of the model of rate variation across branches. We found an exception to this when we implemented fossil calibrations in the form of highly informative gamma priors rather than as uniform priors on node ages. Under all other calibration schemes, including trials of seven maximum age constraints, we consistently found that the earliest divergences of angiosperm clades substantially predate the oldest fossils that can be assigned unequivocally to their crown group. Overall, our results and experiments with genome-scale data suggest that reliable estimates of the angiosperm crown age will require increased taxon sampling, significant methodological changes, and new information from the fossil record. [Angiospermae, chloroplast, genome, molecular dating, Triassic.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S P Foster
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Edgeworth David Building A11, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hervê Sauquet
- Laboratoire écologie, Systématique, évolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8079, bat. 360, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Marlien van der Merwe
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Hannah McPherson
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Maurizio Rossetto
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Edgeworth David Building A11, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Raguso RA. Plant Evolution: Repeated Loss of Floral Scent - A Path of Least Resistance? Curr Biol 2018; 26:R1282-R1285. [PMID: 27997840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two independent studies converge on similar causes for olfactory loss-of-function mutants in evolutionary transitions to scentless flowers. This molecular déjà vu may reflect selection to minimize negative pleiotropy in a complex biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Losada JM, Hormaza JI, Lora J. Pollen-pistil interaction in pawpaw ( Asimina triloba), the northernmost species of the mainly tropical family Annonaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1891-1903. [PMID: 29217674 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY The pawpaw, Asimina triloba, is an underutilized fruit crop native to North America that belongs to the mainly tropical, early-divergent family Annonaceae. Asimina is the only genus within the Annonaceae with species adapted to cold climates. A thorough analysis of its reproductive biology, specifically pollen-pistil interaction during the progamic phase, is essential to understand both its adaptation to cold climates and how to optimize its fertilization and fruit set. METHODS We characterized pollen-pistil interaction in Asimina triloba, including the floral cycle and anatomy, stigmatic receptivity, and the pollen tube pathway. We used a combination of histological, cytological, and immunolocalization approaches. KEY RESULTS Asimina triloba has a gynoecium formed by plicate carpels with a short stylar canal. Unicellular papillae form a continuous tissue covered by a copious secretion from the stigma to the ovary, which is most prominent on the stigma surface where it forms an extragynoecial compitum. Compared to the stigmas of other species in the Annonaceae, the stigmas of A. triloba show a long stigmatic receptivity associated with a long flowering cycle. Stigmatic receptivity is concomitant with the secretion of cell-wall-related arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). CONCLUSIONS A long female phase with a long period of stigmatic receptivity is unusual among protogynous flowers of the magnoliid clade, suggesting a derived condition of A. triloba within the Annonaceae. This phase further correlates with the presence of cell-wall-related arabinogalactan proteins in the secretion, which may indicate the conservation of these glycoproteins during stigmatic receptivity and pollen tube growth in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Losada
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02131 USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 USA
| | - Jose I Hormaza
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC) 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jorge Lora
- Department of Subtropical Fruit Crops, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM La Mayora-UMA-CSIC) 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Schiestl FP. Innate Receiver Bias: Its Role in the Ecology and Evolution of Plant–Animal Interactions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-023039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Receiver bias in plant–animal interactions is here defined as “selection mediated by behavioral responses of animals, where those responses have evolved in a context outside the interactions.” As a consequence, the responses are not necessarily linked to fitness gains in interacting animals. Thus, receiver bias can help explain seemingly maladaptive patterns of behavior in interacting animals and the evolution of plant traits that trigger such behavior. In this review, I discuss principles of receiver bias, show its overlap with mimicry and how it differs from mimicry, and outline examples in different plant–animal interactions. The most numerous and best documented examples of receiver bias occur within plant–pollinator interactions. I elaborate on the ability of some plants to heat up their flowers (i.e., floral thermogenesis) and argue that this trait likely evolved under receiver bias, especially in pollination systems with oviposition mimicry. Further examples include signals in insect-mediated seed dispersal and plant defense through repellence of aphids. These examples show that receiver bias is widespread in different plant–animal interactions. For a broader understanding of the role of receiver bias in those interactions, we need more data on how animals respond to plant signals, the context and evolutionary history of those behaviors, and the evolutionary patterns of plant signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian P. Schiestl
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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García-Guzmán OM, Garibay-Orijel R, Hernández E, Arellano-Torres E, Oyama K. Word-wide meta-analysis of Quercus forests ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity reveals southwestern Mexico as a hotspot. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:811-822. [PMID: 28819747 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quercus is the most diverse genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) host plants; it is distributed in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, from temperate to tropical regions. However, their ECM communities have been scarcely studied in comparison to those of conifers. The objectives of this study were to determine the richness of ECM fungi associated with oak forests in the Cuitzeo basin in southwestern Mexico; and to determine the level of richness, potential endemism and species similarity among ECM fungal communities associated with natural oak forests worldwide through a meta-analysis. The ITS DNA sequences of ECM root tips from 14 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In total, 1065 species of ECM fungi have been documented worldwide; however, 812 species have been only found at one site. Oak forests in Europe contain 416 species, Mexico 307, USA 285, and China 151. Species with wider distributions are Sebacinaceae sp. SH197130, Amanita subjunquillea, Cenococcum geophilum, Cortinarius decipiens, Russula hortensis, R. risigallina, R. subrubescens, Sebacinaceae sp. SH214607, Tomentella ferruginea, and T. lapida. The meta-analysis revealed (1) that Mexico is not only a hotspot for oak species but also for their ECM mycobionts. (2) There is a particularly high diversity of ECM Pezizales in oak seasonal forests from western USA to southwestern Mexico. (3) The oak forests in southwestern Mexico have the largest number of potential endemic species. (4) Globally, there is a high turnover of ECM fungal species associated with oaks, which indicates high levels of alpha and beta diversity in these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Mariana García-Guzmán
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Garibay-Orijel
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Edith Hernández
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elsa Arellano-Torres
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad. Universitaria. Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ken Oyama
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Antigua carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Expropiación Petrolera INDECO, Mexico City, Michoacán, Mexico
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Liu H, Xu QY, Lundgren MR, Ye Q. Different water relations between flowering and leaf periods: a case study in flower-before-leaf-emergence Magnolia species. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:1098-1110. [PMID: 32480636 DOI: 10.1071/fp16429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The differing water relations between flowers and leaves on a plant reflect the lack of co-ordination between reproductive and vegetative organs during the evolution of angiosperm species. The amount of water that flowers consume has been reported to vary across species, and compared with studies of leaves, accurate measurements of flower water relations at the branch level are lacking. Further, the mechanisms by which flowers regulate their hydraulic function and structure to maintain water balance remain unclear. To explore the ecophysiological basis underpinning the differences between flowers and leaves, we measured hydraulic and morphological traits and monitored sap flow in flowers and leaves from the same branches of two Magnoliaceae species that flower before leaf emergence (Magnolia denudata Desr. and Magnolia soulangeana Soul.-Bod.). Sap flux density (JS) of flowers was 22% and 55% of that predicted for leaves in M. denudata and M. soulangeana respectively. JS of flowers commenced before predawn and ceased early in the afternoon, reflecting their night-time flowering pattern and a dramatic decrease of JS with increasing vapour pressure deficit (D) under the high light of midday. Relative to leaves, tepals were thicker and more hydrated, and had bigger but scarcer stomata, leading to lower stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E), less negative water potential (Ψtepal) and lower hydraulic conductance. This study revealed different hydraulic patterns in the flowers and leaves of the two Magnolia species. Although flowers consumed less than half the water that leaves did, they used different strategies to maintain sufficiently high Ψ to sustain hydraulic safety. Magnolia flowers retained more hydrated tepals by exhibiting less water loss than leaves via lower hydraulic conductance. In contrast, Magnolia leaves maintained high transpiration rates through efficient stomatal responses to environmental changes compared with flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qiu-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Marjorie R Lundgren
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Peris D, Pérez-de la Fuente R, Peñalver E, Delclòs X, Barrón E, Labandeira CC. False Blister Beetles and the Expansion of Gymnosperm-Insect Pollination Modes before Angiosperm Dominance. Curr Biol 2017; 27:897-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fogliani B, Gâteblé G, Villegente M, Fabre I, Klein N, Anger N, Baskin CC, Scutt CP. The morphophysiological dormancy in Amborella trichopoda seeds is a pleisiomorphic trait in angiosperms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:581-590. [PMID: 28087660 PMCID: PMC5379585 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent parsimony-based reconstructions suggest that seeds of early angiosperms had either morphophysiological or physiological dormancy, with the former considered as more probable. The aim of this study was to determine the class of seed dormancy present in Amborella trichopoda , the sole living representative of the most basal angiosperm lineage Amborellales, with a view to resolving fully the class of dormancy present at the base of the angiosperm clade. METHODS Drupes of A. trichopoda without fleshy parts were germinated and dissected to observe their structure and embryo growth. Pre-treatments including acid scarification, gibberellin treatment and seed excision were tested to determine their influence on dormancy breakage and germination. Character-state mapping by maximum parsimony, incorporating data from the present work and published sources, was then used to determine the likely class of dormancy present in early angiosperms. KEY RESULTS Germination in A. trichopoda requires a warm stratification period of at least approx. 90 d, which is followed by endosperm swelling, causing the water-permeable pericarp-mesocarp envelope to split open. The embryo then grows rapidly within the seed, to radicle emergence some 17 d later and cotyledon emergence after an additional 24 d. Gibberellin treatment, acid scarification and excision of seeds from the surrounding drupe tissues all promoted germination by shortening the initial phase of dormancy, prior to embryo growth. CONCLUSIONS Seeds of A. trichopoda have non-deep simple morphophysiological dormancy, in which mechanical resistance of the pericarp-mesocarp envelope plays a key role in the initial physiological phase. Maximum parsimony analyses, including data obtained in the present work, indicate that morphophysiological dormancy is likely to be a pleisiomorphic trait in flowering plants. The significance of this conclusion for studies of early angiosperm evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fogliani
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
- Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE)–EA 4243, University of New Caledonia (UNC), BP R4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Matthieu Villegente
- Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE)–EA 4243, University of New Caledonia (UNC), BP R4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Isabelle Fabre
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Nicolas Klein
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
- Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l’Environnement (LIVE)–EA 4243, University of New Caledonia (UNC), BP R4, 98851 Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Nicolas Anger
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Carol C Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Charlie P Scutt
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP; UMR5667, CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Anger N, Fogliani B, Scutt CP, Gâteblé G. Dioecy in Amborella trichopoda: evidence for genetically based sex determination and its consequences for inferences of the breeding system in early angiosperms. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:591-597. [PMID: 28110266 PMCID: PMC5604545 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This work aimed to gain insight into the breeding system at the base of living angiosperms through both character state reconstructions and the study of sex ratios and phenotypes in the likely sister to all other living angiosperms, Amborella trichopoda . METHODS Sex phenotypes were mapped onto a phylogeny of basally diverging angiosperms using maximum parsimony. In parallel, sex ratios and phenotypes were studied over two consecutive flowering seasons in an ex situ population of A. trichopoda , while the sex ratio of an in situ population was also assessed. KEY RESULTS Parsimony analyses failed to resolve the breeding system present at the base of living angiosperms, but indicated the importance of A. trichopoda for the future elucidation of this question. The ex situ A. trichopoda population studied showed a primary sex ratio close to 1:1, though sex ratio bias was found in the in situ population studied. Instances of sexual instability were quantified in both populations. CONCLUSIONS Sex ratio data support the presence of genetic sex determination in A. trichopoda , whose further elucidation may guide inferences on the breeding system at the base of living angiosperms. Sexual instability in A. trichopoda suggests the operation of epigenetic mechanisms, and the evolution of dioecy via a gynodioecious intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Anger
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
| | - Bruno Fogliani
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
- Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Laboratoire Insulaire du Vivant et de l'Environnement (LIVE), 98851 Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Charles P. Scutt
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (UMR 5667: CNRS-INRA-Université de Lyon), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS-Lyon), 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Gildas Gâteblé
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), BP 73 Port Laguerre, 98890 Païta, New Caledonia
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Borges RM, Somanathan H, Kelber A. Patterns and Processes in Nocturnal and Crepuscular Pollination Services. QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2016; 91:389-418. [DOI: 10.1086/689481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ito-Inaba Y, Masuko-Suzuki H, Maekawa H, Watanabe M, Inaba T. Characterization of two PEBP genes, SrFT and SrMFT, in thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius). Sci Rep 2016; 6:29440. [PMID: 27389636 PMCID: PMC4937424 DOI: 10.1038/srep29440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Floral thermogenesis has been found in dozens of primitive seed plants and the reproductive organs in these plants produce heat during anthesis. Thus, characterization of the molecular mechanisms underlying flowering is required to fully understand the role of thermogenesis, but this aspect of thermogenic plant development is largely unknown. In this study, extensive database searches and cloning experiments suggest that thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius), which is a member of the family Araceae, possesses two genes encoding phosphatidyl ethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBP), FLOWERING LOCUS T (SrFT) and MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (SrMFT). Functional analyses of SrFT and SrMFT in Arabidopsis indicate that SrFT promotes flowering, whereas SrMFT does not. In S. renifolius, the stage- and tissue-specific expression of SrFT was more evident than that of SrMFT. SrFT was highly expressed in flowers and leaves and was mainly localized in fibrovascular tissues. In addition, microarray analysis revealed that, within floral tissues, SrFT was co-regulated with the genes associated with cellular respiration and mitochondrial function, including ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE gene proposed to play a major role in floral thermogenesis. Taken together, these data suggest that, among the PEBP genes, SrFT plays a role in flowering and floral development in the thermogenic skunk cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ito-Inaba
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiromi Masuko-Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Maekawa
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masao Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Taylor ML, Cooper RL, Schneider EL, Osborn JM. Pollen structure and development in Nymphaeales: insights into character evolution in an ancient angiosperm lineage. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:1685-1702. [PMID: 26419810 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY A knowledge of pollen characters in early-diverging angiosperm lineages is essential for understanding pollen evolution and the role of pollen in angiosperm diversification. In this paper, we report and synthesize data on mature pollen and pollen ontogeny from all genera of Nymphaeales within a comparative, phylogenetic context and consider pollen evolution in this early-diverging angiosperm lineage. We describe mature pollen characters for Euryale, Barclaya, and Nymphaea ondinea, taxa for which little to no structural data exist. METHODS We studied mature pollen for all nymphaealean genera using light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. We reviewed published reports of nymphaealean pollen to provide a comprehensive discussion of pollen characters in water lilies. KEY RESULTS Nymphaeales exhibit diversity in key pollen characters, including dispersal unit size, ornamentation, aperture morphology, and tapetum type. All Nymphaeales pollen are tectate-columellate, exhibiting one of two distinct patterns of infratectal ultrastructure-a thick infratectal space with robust columellae or a thin infratectal space with thin columellae. All genera have pollen with a lamellate endexine that becomes compressed in the proximal, but not distal wall. This endexine ultrastructure supports the operculate hypothesis for aperture origin. Nymphaeaceae pollen exhibit a membranous granular layer, which is a synapomorphy of the family. CONCLUSIONS Variation in pollen characters indicates that significant potential for lability in pollen development was present in Nymphaeales at the time of its divergence from the rest of angiosperms. Structural and ontogenetic data are essential for interpreting pollen characters, such as infratectum and endexine ultrastructure in Nymphaeales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie L Taylor
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178-0324 USA
| | - Ranessa L Cooper
- Biology Department, Hillsdale College, 33 East College Street, Hillsdale, Michigan 49242 USA
| | - Edward L Schneider
- The University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, 3675 Arboretum Drive, Chaska, Minnesota 55318 USA
| | - Jeffrey M Osborn
- School of Science, The College of New Jersey, P.O. Box 7718, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, New Jersey 08628-0718 USA
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González F, Pabón-Mora N. Trickery flowers: the extraordinary chemical mimicry of Aristolochia to accomplish deception to its pollinators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:10-13. [PMID: 25711246 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Favio González
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, AA 7495, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA 1226, Medellín, Colombia
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Kania I. Subfamily Limoniinae Speiser, 1909 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Baltic amber (Eocene): the genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken, 1860. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117434. [PMID: 25706127 PMCID: PMC4338262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A revision of the genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Baltic amber (Eocene) is presented. Four species--E. baltica Alexander, E. brevipalpa Loew, E. longirostris Loew, and E. pulchella Loew--are redescribed and documented with photographs and drawings. In addition, two new species of the genus are described: Elephantomyia bozenae sp. nov., and Elephantomyia irinae sp. nov. All these fossil species are placed within the subgenus Elephantomyia. A key to the extinct species of Elephantomyia is provided, and the genus' ecological pattern and evolutionary aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kania
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszów, Poland
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