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Cannon AE, Vanegas DC, Sabharwal T, Salmi ML, Wang J, Clark G, McLamore ES, Roux SJ. Polarized distribution of extracellular nucleotides promotes gravity-directed polarization of development in spores of Ceratopteris richardii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1265458. [PMID: 37854113 PMCID: PMC10579945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1265458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Gravity directs the polarization of Ceratopteris fern spores. This process begins with the uptake of calcium through channels at the bottom of the spore, a step necessary for the gravity response. Data showing that extracellular ATP (eATP) regulates calcium channels led to the hypothesis that extracellular nucleotides could play a role in the gravity-directed polarization of Ceratopteris spores. In animal and plant cells ATP can be released from mechanosensitive channels. This report tests the hypothesis that the polarized release of ATP from spores could be activated by gravity, preferentially along the bottom of the spore, leading to an asymmetrical accumulation of eATP. In order to carry out this test, an ATP biosensor was used to measure the [eATP] at the bottom and top of germinating spores during gravity-directed polarization. The [eATP] along the bottom of the spore averaged 7-fold higher than the concentration at the top. All treatments that disrupted eATP signaling resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the gravity response. In order to investigate the source of ATP release, spores were treated with Brefeldin A (BFA) and gadolinium trichloride (GdCl3). These treatments resulted in a significant decrease in gravity-directed polarization. An ATP biosensor was also used to measure ATP release after treatment with both BFA and GdCl3. Both of these treatments caused a significant decrease in [ATP] measured around spores. These results support the hypothesis that ATP could be released from mechanosensitive channels and secretory vesicles during the gravity-directed polarization of Ceratopteris spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Diana C. Vanegas
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tanya Sabharwal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Mari L. Salmi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Eric S. McLamore
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stanley J. Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Gravi-Sensitivity of Mosses and Their Gravity-Dependent Ontogenetic Adaptations. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111782. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravi-morphoses affect the variability of plants and are the morphogenetic adaptation to different environmental conditions. Gravity-dependent phenotypic plasticity of gametophytes as well as gravi-sensitivity of moss protonemata in microgravity and simulated microgravity conditions are discussed. The moss protonema, a filamentous multicellular system, representing a juvenile stage of moss development, develops as a result of the elongation and division of the apical cell. This apical cell of the protonema is a unique object for research on moss gravi-sensitivity, as graviperception and gravitropic growth occur within the same single cell. Attention is focused on the influence of gravity on bryophyte ontogenesis, including the gravitropic reactivity of moss protonemata, gravi-sensitivity at the stage of leafy shoot development and sporogonium formation, gravity-influenced morphogenesis of apical cell budding, and gravity-dependent spiral growth patterns. The role of gravireceptors in the growth processes of mosses at the cellular level under microgravity conditions are being discussed, as well as the involvement of auxin transport, Ca2+-induced gravitropism and the cytoskeleton in gravitropic reactions.
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Aragón-Raygoza A, Herrera-Estrella L, Cruz-Ramírez A. Transcriptional analysis of Ceratopteris richardii young sporophyte reveals conservation of stem cell factors in the root apical meristem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:924660. [PMID: 36035690 PMCID: PMC9413220 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.924660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in roots has been assessed in different plant species in studies ranging from complete organs to specific cell layers, and more recently at the single cell level. While certain genes or functional categories are expressed in the root of all or most plant species, lineage-specific genes have also been discovered. An increasing amount of transcriptomic data is available for angiosperms, while a limited amount of data is available for ferns, and few studies have focused on fern roots. Here, we present a de novo transcriptome assembly from three different parts of the Ceratopteris richardii young sporophyte. Differential gene expression analysis of the root tip transcriptional program showed an enrichment of functional categories related to histogenesis and cell division, indicating an active apical meristem. Analysis of a diverse set of orthologous genes revealed conserved expression in the root meristem, suggesting a preserved role for different developmental roles in this tissue, including stem cell maintenance. The reconstruction of evolutionary trajectories for ground tissue specification genes suggests a high degree of conservation in vascular plants, but not for genes involved in root cap development, showing that certain genes are absent in Ceratopteris or have intricate evolutionary paths difficult to track. Overall, our results suggest different processes of conservation and divergence of genes involved in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Aragón-Raygoza
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular and Developmental Complexity Group, Unidad De Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional De Genómica Para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Sun J, Li GS. Leaf dorsoventrality candidate gene CpARF4 has conserved expression pattern but divergent tasiR-ARF regulation in the water fern Ceratopteris pteridoides. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1470-1480. [PMID: 33216953 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Leaves are traditionally classified into microphylls and megaphylls, and recently have been regarded as independently originating in lycophytes, ferns, and seed plants. The developmental genetics of leaf dorsoventrality, a synapomorphy in vascular plants, has been extensively studied in flowering plants. AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR4 (ARF4) genes are key to leaf abaxial identity in flowering plants, but whether they exist in ferns is still an open question. METHODS ARF4 genes from Ceratopteris pteridoides, Cyrtomium guizhouense, and Parathelypteris nipponica were mined from transcriptomes and investigated in terms of evolutionary phylogeny and sequence motifs, with a focus on the tasiR-ARF binding site. In situ hybridization was used to localize expression of CpARF4 in Ceratopteris pteridoides. 5'RNA ligase-mediated-RACE was employed to verify whether CpARF4 transcripts were sliced by tasiR-ARF. RESULTS ARF4 genes exist in ferns, and this lineage originates from a gene duplication in the common ancestor of ferns and seed plants. ARF4 genes are of a single copy in the ferns studied here, and they contain divergent and, at most, one tasiR-ARF binding site. CpARF4 is expressed in the abaxial but not the adaxial domain of leaf primordia at various developmental stages. Transcript slicing guided by tasiR-ARF is active in C. pteridoides, but CpARF4 probably has not been affected by it. CONCLUSIONS Fern ARF4 genes differ in copy number and tasiR-ARF regulation relative to flowering plants, though they can be similarly expressed in the abaxial domain of leaves, revealing a key role for ARF4 genes in the evolution of leaf dorsoventrality of vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Utilization, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Gui-Sheng Li
- Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Utilization, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
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5
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Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107572. [PMID: 32540473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms adapt to changing environments using their amazing flexibility to remodel themselves by a process called evolution. Environmental stress causes selective pressure and is associated with genetic and phenotypic shifts for better modifications, maintenance, and functioning of organismal systems. The natural evolution process can be used in complement to rational strain engineering for the development of desired traits or phenotypes as well as for the production of novel biomaterials through the imposition of one or more selective pressures. Space provides a unique environment of stressors (e.g., weightlessness and high radiation) that organisms have never experienced on Earth. Cells in the outer space reorganize and develop or activate a range of molecular responses that lead to changes in cellular properties. Exposure of cells to the outer space will lead to the development of novel variants more efficiently than on Earth. For instance, natural crop varieties can be generated with higher nutrition value, yield, and improved features, such as resistance against high and low temperatures, salt stress, and microbial and pest attacks. The review summarizes the literature on the parameters of outer space that affect the growth and behavior of cells and organisms as well as complex colloidal systems. We illustrate an understanding of gravity-related basic biological mechanisms and enlighten the possibility to explore the outer space environment for application-oriented aspects. This will stimulate biological research in the pursuit of innovative approaches for the future of agriculture and health on Earth.
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Perroud PF, Haas FB, Hiss M, Ullrich KK, Alboresi A, Amirebrahimi M, Barry K, Bassi R, Bonhomme S, Chen H, Coates JC, Fujita T, Guyon-Debast A, Lang D, Lin J, Lipzen A, Nogué F, Oliver MJ, Ponce de León I, Quatrano RS, Rameau C, Reiss B, Reski R, Ricca M, Saidi Y, Sun N, Szövényi P, Sreedasyam A, Grimwood J, Stacey G, Schmutz J, Rensing SA. The Physcomitrella patens gene atlas project: large-scale RNA-seq based expression data. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:168-182. [PMID: 29681058 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has recently become the method of choice to define and analyze transcriptomes. For the model moss Physcomitrella patens, although this method has been used to help analyze specific perturbations, no overall reference dataset has yet been established. In the framework of the Gene Atlas project, the Joint Genome Institute selected P. patens as a flagship genome, opening the way to generate the first comprehensive transcriptome dataset for this moss. The first round of sequencing described here is composed of 99 independent libraries spanning 34 different developmental stages and conditions. Upon dataset quality control and processing through read mapping, 28 509 of the 34 361 v3.3 gene models (83%) were detected to be expressed across the samples. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were calculated across the dataset to permit perturbation comparisons between conditions. The analysis of the three most distinct and abundant P. patens growth stages - protonema, gametophore and sporophyte - allowed us to define both general transcriptional patterns and stage-specific transcripts. As an example of variation of physico-chemical growth conditions, we detail here the impact of ammonium supplementation under standard growth conditions on the protonemal transcriptome. Finally, the cooperative nature of this project allowed us to analyze inter-laboratory variation, as 13 different laboratories around the world provided samples. We compare differences in the replication of experiments in a single laboratory and between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Perroud
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Hiss
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian K Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Alboresi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mojgan Amirebrahimi
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Haodong Chen
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tomomichi Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Anouchka Guyon-Debast
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Lang
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Junyan Lin
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Fabien Nogué
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Melvin J Oliver
- USDA-ARS-MWA, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 652117, USA
| | - Inés Ponce de León
- Department of Molecular Biology, Clemente Estable Biological Research Institute, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ralph S Quatrano
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, One Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Catherine Rameau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Route de St-Cyr RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Bernd Reiss
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mariana Ricca
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Younousse Saidi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ning Sun
- School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Avinash Sreedasyam
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Maslova SP, Golovko TK. [Tropisms in underground shoots — stolons and rhizomes]. ZHURNAL OBSHCHEI BIOLOGII 2017; 78:47-60. [PMID: 30024677 DOI: 10.1134/s207908641803009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the review, the problem of plant movements (photo- and gravitropism) is discussed. The contemporary data on physiological and molecular mechanisms of tropisms in underground shoots and roots are presented. Special attention is paid to diagravitropism phenomenon in underground shoots (stolons and rhizomes) that grow in perpendicular direction to the Earth's gravitational axis. The role of phytochrome control in maintaining the horizontal growth of stolons and rhizomes is demonstrated, and physiological mechanisms of photo- and diagravitropism are discussed. It is shown that switching of an underground shoot tip from diatropic to ortotropic (vertical) growth is dependent on the carbohydrate and phytohor-mone balance. The perspectives are outlined for further exploratory studies on mechanisms of growth orientation and morphogenesis of underground diagravitropic shoots.
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Zhang Z, He Z, Xu S, Li X, Guo W, Yang Y, Zhong C, Zhou R, Shi S. Transcriptome analyses provide insights into the phylogeny and adaptive evolution of the mangrove fern genus Acrostichum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35634. [PMID: 27782130 PMCID: PMC5080628 DOI: 10.1038/srep35634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mangrove fern genus Acrostichum grows in the extremely unstable marine intertidal zone under harsh conditions, such as high salt concentrations, tidal rhythms and long-term climate changes. To explore the phylogenetic relationships and molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in this genus, we sequenced the transcriptomes of two species of Acrostichum, A. aureum and A. speciosum, as well as a species in the sister genus, Ceratopteris thalictroides. We obtained 47,517, 36,420 and 60,823 unigenes for the three ferns, of which 24.39-45.63% were annotated using public databases. The estimated divergence time revealed that Acrostichum adapted to the coastal region during the late Cretaceous, whereas the two mangrove ferns from the Indo West-Pacific (IWP) area diverged more recently. Two methods (the modified branch-site model and the Kh method) were used to identify several positively selected genes, which may contribute to differential adaptation of the two Acrostichum species to different light and salt conditions. Our study provides abundant transcriptome data and new insights into the evolution and adaptations of mangrove ferns in the inhospitable intertidal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xinnian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wuxia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cairong Zhong
- Hainan Dongzhai Harbor National Nature Reserve, Haikou, 571129, China
| | - Renchao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Suhua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Grusz AL, Rothfels CJ, Schuettpelz E. Transcriptome sequencing reveals genome-wide variation in molecular evolutionary rate among ferns. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:692. [PMID: 27577050 PMCID: PMC5006594 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomics in non-model plant systems has recently reached a point where the examination of nuclear genome-wide patterns in understudied groups is an achievable reality. This progress is especially notable in evolutionary studies of ferns, for which molecular resources to date have been derived primarily from the plastid genome. Here, we utilize transcriptome data in the first genome-wide comparative study of molecular evolutionary rate in ferns. We focus on the ecologically diverse family Pteridaceae, which comprises about 10 % of fern diversity and includes the enigmatic vittarioid ferns-an epiphytic, tropical lineage known for dramatically reduced morphologies and radically elongated phylogenetic branch lengths. Using expressed sequence data for 2091 loci, we perform pairwise comparisons of molecular evolutionary rate among 12 species spanning the three largest clades in the family and ask whether previously documented heterogeneity in plastid substitution rates is reflected in their nuclear genomes. We then inquire whether variation in evolutionary rate is being shaped by genes belonging to specific functional categories and test for differential patterns of selection. RESULTS We find significant, genome-wide differences in evolutionary rate for vittarioid ferns relative to all other lineages within the Pteridaceae, but we recover few significant correlations between faster/slower vittarioid loci and known functional gene categories. We demonstrate that the faster rates characteristic of the vittarioid ferns are likely not driven by positive selection, nor are they unique to any particular type of nucleotide substitution. CONCLUSIONS Our results reinforce recently reviewed mechanisms hypothesized to shape molecular evolutionary rates in vittarioid ferns and provide novel insight into substitution rate variation both within and among fern nuclear genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Grusz
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166 PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012 USA
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812 USA
| | - Carl J. Rothfels
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA 94720-2466 USA
| | - Eric Schuettpelz
- Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166 PO Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012 USA
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The phylogeny of C/S1 bZIP transcription factors reveals a shared algal ancestry and the pre-angiosperm translational regulation of S1 transcripts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30444. [PMID: 27457880 PMCID: PMC4960570 DOI: 10.1038/srep30444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic leucine zippers (bZIPs) form a large plant transcription factor family. C and S1 bZIP groups can heterodimerize, fulfilling crucial roles in seed development and stress response. S1 sequences also harbor a unique regulatory mechanism, termed Sucrose-Induced Repression of Translation (SIRT). The conservation of both C/S1 bZIP interactions and SIRT remains poorly characterized in non-model species, leaving their evolutionary origin uncertain and limiting crop research. In this work, we explored recently published plant sequencing data to establish a detailed phylogeny of C and S1 bZIPs, investigating their intertwined role in plant evolution, and the origin of SIRT. Our analyses clarified C and S1 bZIP orthology relationships in angiosperms, and identified S1 sequences in gymnosperms. We experimentally showed that the gymnosperm orthologs are regulated by SIRT, tracing back the origin of this unique regulatory mechanism to the ancestor of seed plants. Additionally, we discovered an earlier S ortholog in the charophyte algae Klebsormidium flaccidum, together with a C ortholog. This suggests that C and S groups originated by duplication from a single algal proto-C/S ancestor. Based on our observations, we propose a model wherein the C/S1 bZIP dimer network evolved in seed plants from pre-existing C/S bZIP interactions.
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de Vries J, Fischer AM, Roettger M, Rommel S, Schluepmann H, Bräutigam A, Carlsbecker A, Gould SB. Cytokinin-induced promotion of root meristem size in the fern Azolla supports a shoot-like origin of euphyllophyte roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:705-20. [PMID: 26358624 PMCID: PMC5049668 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones cytokinin and auxin orchestrate the root meristem development in angiosperms by determining embryonic bipolarity. Ferns, having the most basal euphyllophyte root, form neither bipolar embryos nor permanent embryonic primary roots but rather an adventitious root system. This raises the questions of how auxin and cytokinin govern fern root system architecture and whether this can tell us something about the origin of that root. Using Azolla filiculoides, we characterized the influence of IAA and zeatin on adventitious fern root meristems and vasculature by Nomarski microscopy. Simultaneously, RNAseq analyses, yielding 36,091 contigs, were used to uncover how the phytohormones affect root tip gene expression. We show that auxin restricts Azolla root meristem development, while cytokinin promotes it; it is the opposite effect of what is observed in Arabidopsis. Global gene expression profiling uncovered 145 genes significantly regulated by cytokinin or auxin, including cell wall modulators, cell division regulators and lateral root formation coordinators. Our data illuminate both evolution and development of fern roots. Promotion of meristem size through cytokinin supports the idea that root meristems of euphyllophytes evolved from shoot meristems. The foundation of these roots was laid in a postembryonically branching shoot system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan de Vries
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Angela Melanie Fischer
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mayo Roettger
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sophie Rommel
- Population GeneticsHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Henriette Schluepmann
- Molecular Plant PhysiologyUtrecht UniversityPadualaan 83584CH Utrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Plant BiochemistryHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological BotanyUppsala BioCenterLinnean Centre for Plant BiologyUppsala UniversityUlls väg 24ESE‐756 51UppsalaSweden
| | - Sven Bernhard Gould
- Molecular EvolutionHeinrich‐Heine‐University DüsseldorfUniversitätsstr. 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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12
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Vanegas DC, Clark G, Cannon AE, Roux S, Chaturvedi P, McLamore ES. A self-referencing biosensor for real-time monitoring of physiological ATP transport in plant systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 74:37-44. [PMID: 26094038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a self-referencing electrochemical biosensor for the direct measurement of ATP flux into the extracellular matrix by living cells/organisms. The working mechanism of the developed biosensor is based on the activity of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase. A stratified bi-enzyme nanocomposite was created using a protein-templated silica sol gel encapsulation technique on top of graphene-modified platinum electrodes. The biosensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with a sensitivity of 2.4±1.8 nA/µM, a response time of 20±13 s and a lower detection limit of 1.3±0.7 nM. The self-referencing biosensor was used to measure exogenous ATP efflux by (i) germinating Ceratopteris spores and (ii) growing Zea mays L. roots. This manuscript demonstrates the first development of a non-invasive ATP micro-biosensor for the direct measurement of eATP transport in living tissues. Before this work, assays of eATP have not been able to record the temporally transient movement of ATP at physiological levels (nM and sub-nM). The method demonstrated here accurately measured [eATP] flux in the immediate vicinity of plant cells. Although these proof of concept experiments focus on plant tissues, the technique developed herein is applicable to any living tissue, where nanomolar concentrations of ATP play a critical role in signaling and development. This tool will be invaluable for conducting hypothesis-driven life science research aimed at understanding the role of ATP in the extracellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana C Vanegas
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA; Food Engineering Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Greg Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Ashley E Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Stanley Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, USA
| | - Prachee Chaturvedi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Eric S McLamore
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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Abstract
Before there was access to space, all experiments on plant tropisms were conducted upon the background of gravity. The gravity vector could be disrupted, such as with clinorotation and random positioning machines, and by manipulating incident angles of root growth with respect to gravity, such as with Darwin's plants on slanted plates, but gravity could not be removed from the experimental equation. Access to microgravity through spaceflight has opened new doors to plant research. Here we provide an overview of some of the methodologies of conducting plant research in the unique spaceflight environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Paul
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA,
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14
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Aya K, Kobayashi M, Tanaka J, Ohyanagi H, Suzuki T, Yano K, Takano T, Yano K, Matsuoka M. De Novo Transcriptome Assembly of a Fern, Lygodium japonicum, and a Web Resource Database, Ljtrans DB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 56:e5. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Clark GB, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP, Salmi ML, Roux SJ. Breakthroughs spotlighting roles for extracellular nucleotides and apyrases in stress responses and growth and development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:107-116. [PMID: 25017166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant cells release nucleotides into their extracellular matrix when touched, wounded, and when their plasma membranes are stretched during delivery of secretory vesicles and growth. These released nucleotides then function as signaling agents that induce rapid increases in the concentration of cytosolic calcium, nitric oxide and superoxide. These, in turn, are transduced into downstream physiological changes. These changes in plants include changes in the growth of diverse tissues, in gravitropism, and in the opening and closing of stomates. The concentration of extracellular nucleotides is controlled by various phosphatases, prominent among which are apyrases EC 3.6.1.5 (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, NTPDases). This review provides phylogenetic and pHMM analyses of plant apyrases as well as analysis of predicted post-translational modifications for Arabidopsis apyrases. This review also summarizes and discusses recent advances in research on the roles of apyrases and extracellular nucleotides in controlling plant growth and development. These include new findings that document how apyrases and extracellular nucleotides control auxin transport, modulate stomatal aperture, and mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses, and on how apyrase suppression leads to growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Reginald O Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mari L Salmi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA.
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16
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Brouwer P, Bräutigam A, Külahoglu C, Tazelaar AOE, Kurz S, Nierop KGJ, van der Werf A, Weber APM, Schluepmann H. Azolla domestication towards a biobased economy? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1069-1082. [PMID: 24494738 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to its phenomenal growth requiring neither nitrogen fertilizer nor arable land and its biomass composition, the mosquito fern Azolla is a candidate crop to yield food, fuels and chemicals sustainably. To advance Azolla domestication, we research its dissemination, storage and transcriptome. Methods for dissemination, cross-fertilization and cryopreservation of the symbiosis Azolla filiculoides-Nostoc azollae are tested based on the fern spores. To study molecular processes in Azolla including spore induction, a database of 37 649 unigenes from RNAseq of microsporocarps, megasporocarps and sporophytes was assembled, then validated. Spores obtained year-round germinated in vitro within 26 d. In vitro fertilization rates reached 25%. Cryopreservation permitted storage for at least 7 months. The unigene database entirely covered central metabolism and to a large degree covered cellular processes and regulatory networks. Analysis of genes engaged in transition to sexual reproduction revealed a FLOWERING LOCUS T-like protein in ferns with special features induced in sporulating Azolla fronds. Although domestication of a fern-cyanobacteria symbiosis may seem a daunting task, we conclude that the time is ripe and that results generated will serve to more widely access biochemicals in fern biomass for a biobased economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Brouwer
- Molecular Plant Physiology Department, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Canan Külahoglu
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne O E Tazelaar
- Molecular Plant Physiology Department, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Samantha Kurz
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaas G J Nierop
- Organic Geochemistry, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Adrie van der Werf
- Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Henriette Schluepmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology Department, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Bushart TJ, Cannon A, Clark G, Roux SJ. Structure and function of CrACA1, the major PM-type Ca2+-ATPase, expressed at the peak of the gravity-directed trans-cell calcium current in spores of the fern Ceratopteris richardii. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:151-7. [PMID: 24373013 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Spores of the fern Ceratopteris richardii have proven to be a valuable single-cell system for studying gravity responses. The earliest cellular change directed by gravity in these cells is a trans-cell calcium current, which peaks near 10 h after the spores are induced to germinate. This current is needed for gravity-directed axis alignment, and its peak is coincident with the time period when gravity polarises the direction of subsequent nuclear migration and rhizoid growth. Transcriptomic analysis of genes expressed at the 10-h time point revealed several that encode proteins likely to be key components that either drive the current or regulate it. Notable among these is a plasma membrane (PM)-type Ca(2+) ATPase, CrACA1, whose activity pumping Ca(2+) out of cells is regulated by gravity. This report provides an initial characterisation of the structure and expression of this protein, and demonstrates its heterologous function complementing the K616 mutant of yeast, which is deficient in PM-type Ca(2+) pump activity. Gravity-induced changes in the trans-cell Ca(2+) current occur within seconds, a result consistent with the hypothesis that the force of gravity can rapidly alter the post-translational state of the channels and pumps that drive this current across spore cells. This report identifies a transporter likely to be a key driver of the current, CrACA1, and characterises the role of this protein in early germination and gravity-driven polarity fixation through analysis of expression levels, functional complementation and pharmacological treatments. These data, along with newly available transcriptomic data obtained at the 10-h time point, indicate that CrACA1 is present, functional and likely a major contributing component of the trans-cell Ca(2+) efflux. CrACA1 is not necessary for polar axis alignment, but pharmacological perturbations of it disrupt rhizoid development. These data support and help refine the post-translational modification model for gravity responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bushart
- Section of Molecular Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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18
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Aubry-Hivet D, Nziengui H, Rapp K, Oliveira O, Paponov IA, Li Y, Hauslage J, Vagt N, Braun M, Ditengou FA, Dovzhenko A, Palme K. Analysis of gene expression during parabolic flights reveals distinct early gravity responses in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:129-141. [PMID: 24373012 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are among most intensively studied biological systems in gravity research. Altered gravity induces asymmetric cell growth leading to root bending. Differential distribution of the phytohormone auxin underlies root responses to gravity, being coordinated by auxin efflux transporters from the PIN family. The objective of this study was to compare early transcriptomic changes in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, and pin2 and pin3 mutants under parabolic flight conditions and to correlate these changes to auxin distribution. Parabolic flights allow comparison of transient 1-g, hypergravity and microgravity effects in living organisms in parallel. We found common and mutation-related genes differentially expressed in response to transient microgravity phases. Gene ontology analysis of common genes revealed lipid metabolism, response to stress factors and light categories as primarily involved in response to transient microgravity phases, suggesting that fundamental reorganisation of metabolic pathways functions upstream of a further signal mediating hormonal network. Gene expression changes in roots lacking the columella-located PIN3 were stronger than in those deprived of the epidermis and cortex cell-specific PIN2. Moreover, repetitive exposure to microgravity/hypergravity and gravity/hypergravity flight phases induced an up-regulation of auxin responsive genes in wild type and pin2 roots, but not in pin3 roots, suggesting a critical function of PIN3 in mediating auxin fluxes in response to transient microgravity phases. Our study provides important insights towards understanding signal transduction processes in transient microgravity conditions by combining for the first time the parabolic flight platform with the transcriptome analysis of different genetic mutants in the model plant, Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Aubry-Hivet
- Institute of Biology II/Botany, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Clark G, Darwin C, Mehta V, Jackobs F, Perry T, Hougaard K, Roux S. Effects of chemical inhibitors and apyrase enzyme further document a role for apyrases and extracellular ATP in the opening and closing of stomates in Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26093. [PMID: 23989340 PMCID: PMC4106450 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis leaves there is a bi-phasic dose-response to applied nucleotides; i.e., lower concentrations induce stomatal opening, while higher concentrations induce closure. Two mammalian purinoceptor antagonists, PPADS and RB2, block both nucleotide-induced stomatal opening and closing. These antagonists also partially block ABA-induced stomatal closure and light-induced stomatal opening. There are two closely related Arabidopsis apyrases, AtAPY1 and AtAPY2, which are both expressed in guard cells. Here we report that low levels of apyrase chemical inhibitors can induce stomatal opening in the dark, while apyrase enzyme blocks ABA-induced stomatal closure. We also demonstrate that high concentrations of ATP induce stomatal closure in the light. Application of ATPγS and chemical apyrase inhibitors at concentrations that have no effect on stomatal closure can lower the threshold for ABA-induced closure. The closure induced by ATPγS was not observed in gpa1-3 loss-of-function mutants. These results further confirm the role of extracellular ATP in regulating stomatal apertures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Clark
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Cameron Darwin
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Viraj Mehta
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Faith Jackobs
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Tyler Perry
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Katia Hougaard
- 1Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
| | - Stan Roux
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Texas; Austin, TX USA
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Wyatt SE, Kiss JZ. Plant tropisms: from Darwin to the International Space Station. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1-3. [PMID: 23281390 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant tropisms play a fundamental role in shaping the growth form of plants, and these fascinating movements are the focus of this thematic issue of the American Journal of Botany. The issue includes 16 reviews of the current literature and eight original manuscripts written by a diverse group of international experts in their respective fields. This special issue emphasizes tropistic responses to three fundamental stimuli governing plant growth: water, light, and gravity. We hope this issue will inform the current generation and inspire the next generation of plant biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
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