Expression, deleton and mutation of p16 gene in human gastric cancer

Association between multiple gene promoter hypermethylation and the risk of gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Several studies have demonstrated an association between multiple gene hypermethylation and gastric cancer. However, the intrinsic mechanisms remain elusive and highly debatable. To this end, our study aims to investigate the correlation between the methylation status of multiple gene promoters and gastric cancer.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, WanFang, Cqvip, and Cochrane Library were queried from inception to May 2021, and the relationship between the methylation status of the CpG islands and gastric cancer risk was systematically assessed under the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The incidence of DNA methylation between tumor and non-tumor tissues was compared, and the clinicopathological significance of DNA methylation in gastric carcinoma was further evaluated. The odds ratio (OR) was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (CI), and forest plots were generated using the fixed-effects or random-effects model.

RESULTS

In total, 201 studies were enrolled, and a higher frequency of CpG islands methylation was identified in gastric cancer tissues than in non-neoplastic tissues. This suggests that aberrant polygene methylation might be associated with the initial onset and progression of gastric cancer.

CONCLUSION

This study sheds light on the significance of polygene methylation status in gastric cancer. The DNA methylation of these genes may serve as underlying epigenetic biomarkers, providing a promising molecular diagnostic approach for human gastric cancer clinical diagnosis. More large randomized trials are needed to confirm the findings.

p16 methylation is a potential predictive marker for abemaciclib sensitivity in gastric cancer

Cell cycle control is often disrupted in gastric cancer (GC), making it an attractive therapeutic target. Abemaciclib is a specific CDK4/6 inhibitor that has been shown to improve treatment efficacy in hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer; however, its potential therapeutic value and predictive markers have not yet been revealed in GC. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of abemaciclib using preclinical GC models representing defined molecular subtypes from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In these 49 GC cell lines, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and high microsatellite instability (MSI-H)-type cell lines were p16 methylated and sensitive to abemaciclib; further, genomically stable (GS), and chromosomal instability (CIN)-type cell lines with p16 methylation and intact Rb were also found to be responsive. In addition, we found that GC patients with p16 methylation often displayed a poor prognosis. Collectively, these data provide a foundation for clinical trials to assess the therapeutic efficacy of abemaciclib in GC and suggest that p16 methylation could be used as a predictive marker to identify patients with GC who may benefit from abemaciclib-based therapies.

p53: An Attractive Therapeutic Target for Cancer

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. It initiates when cell cycle regulatory genes lose their function either by environmental and/or by internal factors. Tumor suppressor protein p53, known as "Guardian of genome", plays a central role in maintaining genomic stability of the cell. Mutation of TP53 is documented in more than 50% of human cancers, usually by overexpression of negative regulator protein MDM2. Hence, reactivation of p53 by blocking the protein-protein interaction between the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and the tumor suppressor protein p53 has become the most promising therapeutic strategy in oncology. Several classes of small molecules have been identified as potent, selective and efficient p53-MDM2 inhibitors. Herein, we review the druggability of p53-MDM2 inhibitors and their optimization approaches as well as clinical candidates categorized by scaffold type.

Cyclin E overexpression confers resistance to the CDK4/6 specific inhibitor palbociclib in gastric cancer cells

Palbociclib is a specific inhibitor of CDK4/6 and has been shown to provide a survival benefit in hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. TCGA database reported that about half of gastric cancers exhibit abnormalities in cell-cycle-related molecules, suggesting that gastric cancer is a good candidate for palbociclib treatment; however, the antitumor effects and predictive markers of palbociclib in gastric cancer remain incompletely described. Herein, the effect and predictive markers of palbociclib on gastric cancer cells were investigated. Our results reveal that palbociclib showed anti-proliferative effects by inducing G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and cellular senescence in some gastric cancer cells. Basal protein expression level of cyclin E showed an inverse correlation of cancer cell sensitivity to palbociclib. In addition, palbociclib enhanced the antitumor effect of 5-FU in vitro and in vivo by modulating thymidine synthase expression. These results suggest that cyclin E protein expression determines the anti-proliferative effect of palbociclib, and palbociclib acts synergistically with 5-FU in gastric cancer. These findings provide a rationale for future clinical trials of palbociclib and 5-FU combination-based chemotherapy in gastric cancer.

Characterization of oncogene suppressor marker expression in patients with submucosal gastric carcinoma

The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of p53 and p21^ras p21^wafl, p27^kip1 and p16^ink4a expression in cases of early gastric cancer. A total of 81 patients who had undergone gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy between 1971 and 2004 were retrospectively investigated. The immunohistochemical expression of p21^ras, p53, p21^waf1/cip1, p27^kip1 and p16^ink4a in the tissues was evaluated. In normal, metaplastic and tumoral mucosa, p53 was positive in 53, 87.3, and 87.1% of the cases, respectively. In the same tissues, p21^ras was positivE in 85.3, 86 and 96.8%, respectively. Positivity FOR p16^ink4a was DETECTED IN 46.3, 91.1 and 86% OF THE CASES, respectively, WHEREAS p27^kip1 WAS positiVE IN 60, 94.7 and 95.3%, and p21^wafl/cip1 WAS positivE IN 32.4, 72.7 and 71.4% OF THE CASES, respectively. All THE tumors WERE positive for p53. Tumors with lymph node invasion presented WITH OVERexpression (+4) of p53 in 47% of the cases VS. 17% OF patients who DID not HAVE lymph node involvement. THEREFORE, higher expression of p53, p21^ras and p21^wafl/cip1 IN the tumor exhibited a statistically significant association with lymph node involvement.

IL-4 induces a suppressive IL-10-producing CD8+ T cell population via a Cdkn2a-dependent mechanism

IL‐4 induced IL‐10‐producing CD8+ T cells possess suppressive function both in vitro and in vivo.

CD8⁺ T cells play an important role in immune regulation and effective immune responses against tumor cells, viral infection, and intracellular pathogens. In this report, using tiger or 10BiT mice, we defined a population of IL‐10‐producing CD8⁺ T cells that were induced by IL‐4. These IL‐10⁺CD8⁺ T cells possessed a strong inhibitory effect on the CD4⁺ T cell proliferation in an IL‐10‐dependent and cell contact‐dependent fashion. In comparison with IL‐10⁻CD8⁺ T cells, IL‐10⁺CD8⁺ T cells expressed an array of Th2‐like cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5), perforin, and granzymes, as well as the cell cycle regulatory protein Cdkn2a. Interestingly, knockdown of cdkn2a using siRNA reduced IL‐4‐induced IL‐10 production significantly. Furthermore, CD8⁺ T cells from Cdkn2a^−/− mice produced a significantly lower amount of IL‐10, and the effect was limited to CD8⁺ T cells but not observed in CD4⁺ T cells and APCs. Finally, IL‐10⁺CD8⁺ T cells played a protective role in the TNBS‐induced murine colitis model, indicating a critical role of this population of CD8⁺ T cells in regulatory immune responses. Taken together, we have defined a population of IL‐10‐producing CD8⁺ Tregs induced by IL‐4 and mediated by Cdkn2a.

A comprehensive survey of genomic alterations in gastric cancer reveals systematic patterns of molecular exclusivity and co-occurrence among distinct therapeutic targets

OBJECTIVE

Gastric cancer is a major gastrointestinal malignancy for which targeted therapies are emerging as treatment options. This study sought to identify the most prevalent molecular targets in gastric cancer and to elucidate systematic patterns of exclusivity and co-occurrence among these targets, through comprehensive genomic analysis of a large panel of gastric cancers.

DESIGN

Using high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, copy number alterations were profiled in a panel of 233 gastric cancers (193 primary tumours, 40 cell lines) and 98 primary matched gastric non-malignant samples. For selected alterations, their impact on gene expression and clinical outcome were evaluated.

RESULTS

22 recurrent focal alterations (13 amplifications and nine deletions) were identified. These included both known targets (FGFR2, ERBB2) and also novel genes in gastric cancer (KLF5, GATA6). Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS alterations were found to be frequent in gastric cancer. This study also demonstrates, for the first time, that these alterations occur in a mutually exclusive fashion, with KRAS gene amplifications highlighting a clinically relevant but previously underappreciated gastric cancer subgroup. FGFR2-amplified gastric cancers were also shown to be sensitive to dovitinib, an orally bioavailable FGFR/VEGFR targeting agent, potentially representing a subtype-specific therapy for FGFR2-amplified gastric cancers.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrates the existence of five distinct gastric cancer patient subgroups, defined by the signature genomic alterations FGFR2 (9% of tumours), KRAS (9%), EGFR (8%), ERBB2 (7%) and MET (4%). Collectively, these subgroups suggest that at least 37% of gastric cancer patients may be potentially treatable by RTK/RAS directed therapies.

15-PGDH is reduced and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in human gastric cancer and it’s mechanism in apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

METHODS: Expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein was examined by immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting in tissue from human gastric cancer, gastric precancerous state (gastric polyps and atrophic gastritis), normal stomach, and gastric cancer cell lines. The relationship between gastric cancer, gastric precancerous state and 15-PGDH expression was determined. The association between expression of 15-PGDH and various clinicopathological parameters in gastric cancer was evaluated. Human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was transfected with 15-PGDH expression plasmids. The effect of 15-PGDH on the cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. The effect of 15-PGDH on apoptosis was examined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry and transferase mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Expression of cell cycle (p21, p27, p16 and p53) and apoptosis (Survivin, BCL-2, BCL-X_L, BAK and BAX) genes was analyzed by RT-PCR.

RESULTS: Expression of 15-PGDH mRNA and protein in human gastric cancer tissues was significantly lower than in normal gastric tissues (P < 0.01). Expression in human gastric cancer cell lines MKN-28 and MKN-45 was reduced, and absent in SGC-7901 cells (P < 0.05). Reduction of 15-PGDH expression was also found in precancerous tissues, such as gastric polyps and atrophic gastritis (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in expression of 15-PGDH among various gastric cancer pathological types (P < 0.05), with or without distant metastasis (P < 0.05) and different TNM stage (P < 0.01). Flow cytometry demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cells in SGC-7901 cells transfected with pcDNA3/15-PGDH plasmid for 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.01), and an increased fraction of sub-G1 phase after transfection (P < 0.05). TUNEL assay showed an increased apoptotic index in cells overexpressing 15-PGDH (P < 0.01). After transfection, expression of proapoptotic genes, such as BAK (P < 0.05), BAX and p53 (P < 0.01), was increased. Expression of antiapoptotic genes was decreased, such as Survivin, BCL-2 and BCL-X_L (P < 0.01). Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 (P < 0.01) was significantly upregulated in cells overexpressing 15-PGDH.

CONCLUSION: Reduction of 15-PGDH is associated with carcinogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma. 15-PGDH induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in SGC-7901 cells.

Tannic acid inhibited norovirus binding to HBGA receptors, a study of 50 Chinese medicinal herbs

Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of viral acute gastroenteritis affecting people of all ages worldwide. The disease is difficult to control due to its widespread nature and lack of an antiviral or vaccine. NoV infection relies on the interaction of the viruses with histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as host receptors. Here we investigated inhibition effects of Chinese medicinal herbs against NoVs binding to HBGAs for potential antivirals against NoVs. Blocking assays was performed using the NoV protrusion (P) protein as NoV surrogate and saliva as HBGAs. Among 50 clinically effective Chinese medicinal herbs against gastroenteritis diseases, two herbs were found highly effective. Chinese Gall blocked NoV P dimer binding to type A saliva at IC(50)=5.35 μg/ml and to B saliva at IC(50)=21.7 μg/ml. Similarly, Pomegranate blocked binding of NoV P dimer to type A saliva at IC(50)=15.59 μg/ml and B saliva at IC(50)=66.67 μg/ml. Literature data on preliminary biochemistry analysis showed that tannic acid is a common composition in the extracts of the two herbs, so we speculate that it might be the effective compound and further studies using commercially available, highly purified tannic acid confirmed the tannic acid as a strong inhibitor in the binding of NoV P protein to both A and B saliva (IC(50)≈0.1 μM). In addition, we tested different forms of hydrolysable tannins with different alkyl esters, including gallic acid, ethyl gallate, lauryl gallate, octyl gallate and propyl gallate. However, none of these tannins-derivatives revealed detectable inhibiting activities. Our data suggested that tannic acid is a promising candidate antiviral against NoVs.

Expression of P16 and PDGFR-beta in gastric adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES

To detect immunohistochemistry expression of p16 and PDGFR-beta on gastric adenocarcinoma.

METHODS

Thirty six patients submitted to surgery for gastric adenocarcinoma between 1998 and 2002 at Santa Casa de Porto Alegre Hospital have been studied. Variables investigated were: age, gender, tumour size and localization, number of dissected and metastatic nodes, histological type, surgical resection extension and pathological staging.

RESULTS

No expression of PDGFR-beta has been detected on surgical specimens. Concerning to p16, loss of expression lower than 10% and 1% has been detected respectively on 89% and 79% of the specimens studied.

CONCLUSION

There has been no correlation among p16 loss and variables studied.

Expression of COX-2 and P16 protein and their correlations in various types of gastric polyps and gastric cancer cell

AIM: To explore the expression of COX-2 and P16 in various types of gastric polyps and gastric cancer cell, and to investigate the relationship between COX-2 and P16 protein in the process of gastric cancer.

METHODS: The expression of COX-2 and P16 proteins were detected in normal gastric mucosa (n = 10), non-tumor gastric polyps (n = 30, inflammatory polyps and hyperplastic polyps), tumor gastric polyps (n = 20, adenomatous polyps), and gastric cancer (n = 40) by S-P immunohistochemical staining.

RESULTS: In the normal gastric mucosa, non-tumor gastric polyps, tumor gastric polyps, and gastric cancer cell, the expression rate of the COX-2 was 10%, 13.33%, 45%, and 75%, respectively; and the rate of P16 protein expression in those tissues was 90%, 86.67%, 60%, and 32.5%, respectively. The positive rates of COX-2 and P16 protein were both significantly different between gastric cancer and other tissues (P <0.05). The expression of COX-2 and P16 were associated with the differentiation degree of gastric cancer and lymph node metastasis. COX-2 expression was negatively related to P16 expression in gastric cancer (P <0.05).

CONCLUSION: COX-2 and P16 protein play key roles in the development of gastric cancer, and can be used as important indexes in the research of the biological behavior of gastric cancer.

Somatic mutation analysis of p53 and ST7 tumor suppressor genes in gastric carcinoma by DHPLC

AIM: To verify the effectiveness of denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) in detecting somatic mutation of p53 gene in gastric carcinoma tissues. The superiority of this method has been proved in the detection of germline mutations, but it was not very affirmative with respect to somatic mutations in tumor specimens. ST7 gene, a candidate tumor suppressor gene identified recently at human chromosome 7q31.1, was also detected because LOH at this site has also been widely reported in stomach cancer.

METHODS: DNA was extracted from 39 cases of surgical gastric carcinoma specimen and their correspondent normal mucosa. Seven fragments spanning the 11 exons were used to detect the mutation of p53 gene and the four exons reported to have mutations in ST7 gene were amplified by PCR and directly analyzed by DHPLC without mixing with wild-type allele.

RESULTS: In the analysis of p53 gene mutation, 9 aberrant DHPLC chromatographies were found in tumor tissues, while their normal-adjacent counterparts running in parallel showed a normal shape. Subsequent sequencing revealed nine sequence variations, 1 polymorphism and 8 mutations including 3 mutations not reported before. The mutation rate of p53 gene (21%) was consistent with that previously reported. Furthermore, no additional aberrant chromatography was found when wild-type DNA was added into the DNA of other 30 tumor samples that showed normal shapes previously. The positivity of p53 mutations was significantly higher in intestinal-type carcinomas (40%) than that in diffuse-type (8.33%) carcinomas of the stomach. No mutation of ST7 gene was found.

CONCLUSION: DHPLC is a very convenient method for the detection of somatic mutations in gastric carcinoma. The amount of wild type alleles supplied by the non-tumorous cells in gastric tumor specimens is enough to form heteroduplex with mutant alleles for DHPLC detection. ST7 gene may not be the target gene of inactivation at 7q31 site in gastric carcinoma.

Clinical efficacy and mechanism of oxaliplatin in treating human gastric carcinoma

AIM

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of oxaliplatin on human gastric carcinoma and to explore the mechanisms.

METHODS

22 cases of stage IV gastric carcinoma patients received 4-6 (mean 4.6) cycles of first line combined chemotherapy with oxaliplatin (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m², ivgtt, 1 h, d 1; leukovorin 200 mg/m², iv, gtt, 1 h, d 1-5; 5-FU 300 mg/m², iv, d 1-2; 5-FU, continuously iv, gtt, 48 h; 1 cycle/2w). Response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), total survival time, toxic side effects were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of oxaliplatin on human gastric cell line SGC-7901 was calculated by MTT and IC50 was measured. Flow cytometry and TUNEL were applied to evaluate the apoptosis of cell line induced by the drug. The expression of caspase-3 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Total response (complete and partial) occurred in 9 (40.9%) patients. Mean PFS was 4.2 months and mean total survival time was 7.2 months. Cumulative neurotoxicity (all grade I-II), vomiting and diarrhea, myelosuppression appeared in 93.5%, 20%, 32.9% of the patients, respectively. Apoptosis index was elevated after incubating with 1 mmol/L oxaliplatin for 30 min, but without statistic significance (P>0.05), but was much higher both by flowcytometry and TUNEL with statistical significance (P<0.05) after incubating with 1 mmol/L oxaliplatin for 2 days. Caspase-3 mRNA expression was elevated in oxaliplatin treated cells and correlated with apoptosis induced by the drug.

CONCLUSION

Oxaliplatin is effective and well-tolerated on human advanced gastric carcinoma. Oxaliplatin could significantly inhibit the growth of human gastric cell line SGC-7901, inducing caspase-3 mRNA expression and cell apoptosis.

Expression of tumor related genes NGX6, NAG-7, BRD7 in gastric and colorectal cancer

AIM: NGX6, NAG-7 and BRD7 genes are tumor related genes, which have been newly cloned by positional candidate cloning strategy. This study was designed to investigate the expression levels of NGX6, NAG-7 and BRD7 genes in human gastric and colorectal cancer tissues, and their corresponding normal tissues, and to investigate whether these genes play a role in the pathogenesis of gastric and colorectal cancers.

METHODS: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), dot hybridization and Northern blot analysis were used to compare the expression levels of NGX6, NAG-7 and BRD7 genes in 34 gastric cancer tissues and 34 colorectal cancer tissues with their corresponding normal tissues of the same patients, respectively.

RESULTS: Among the 34 colorectal cancer specimens and the 34 gastric cancer specimens, the expression of NGX6 in 25 colorectal cancer tissues was absent or very weak (73.5%) by RT-PCR analysis. The down-regulation rate of NGX6 in colorectal cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal tissues (26.5%,9/34) (P < 0.005). Moreover, the down-regulation of NGX6 was significantly correlated with lymph node and/or distance metastases. Patients with lymph node and/or distance metastasis had much higher down-regulation rate of NGX6 than patients without metastases (93.8% vs 55.6%, P < 0.05). However no correlation was found between the expression of NGX6 and pathologic type of colorectal cancer in this study, and also the expression of NGX6 did not display any difference between gastric cancer and corresponding normal tissues (58.8% vs 70.6%, P > 0.25). Dot hybridization and Northern blot analysis confirmed the results of RT-PCR. Furthermore, NAG-7 and BRD7 mRNA was not up- or down-regulated in gastric and colorectal cancers compared with their corresponding normal tissues in our study.

CONCLUSION: The down-regulation of NGX6 may be closely associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. However, it may not contribute to the development and progression of gastric carcinoma. In addition, the expression levels of NAG-7, and BRD7 did not alter in gastric and colorectal cancers. This seems to suggest that NAG-7 and BRD7 genes may not play a role in gastric and colorectal carcinogenesis.

Expression of NGF family and their receptors in gastric carcinoma: A cDNA microarray study

AIM: To investigate the expression of NGF family and their receptors in gastric carcinoma and normal gastric mucosa, and to elucidate their effects on gastric carcinoma.

METHODS: RNA of gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric tissues was respectively isolated and mRNA was purified. Probes of both mRNA reverse transcription product cDNAs labled with α-³³P dATP were respectively hybridized with Atlas Array membrane where NGF and their family genes were spotted on. Hybridized signal images were scanned on phosphor screen with ImageQuant 5.1 software after hybridization. Normalized values on spots were analyzed with ArrayVersion 5.0 software. Differential expression of NGF family and their receptors mRNA was confirmed between hybridized Atlas Array membranes of gastric cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa, then their effects on gastric carcinoma were investigated.

RESULTS: Hybridization signal images on Atlas Array membrane appeared in a lower level of nonspecific hybridization. Both of NGF family and their receptors Trk family mRNA were expressed in gastric cancer and normal gastric mucosa. But adversely up-regulated expression in other tissues and organs. NGF, BDGF, NT-3, NT-4/5, NT-6 and TrkA, B and C were down-regulated simultaneously in gastric carcinoma in comparison with normal gastric mucosa. Degrees of down-regulation in NGF family were greater than those in their receptors Trk family. Down-regulation of NT-3 and BDGF was the most significant, and TrkC down-regulation level was the lowest in receptors Trk family.

CONCLUSION: Down-regulated expression of NGF family and their receptors Trk family mRNA in gastric cancer is confirmed. NGF family and their receptors Trk family probably play a unique role in gastric cancer cell apoptosis by a novel Ras or Raf signal transduction pathway. Their synchronous effects are closely associated with occurrence and development of gastric carcinoma induced by reduction of signal transduction of programmed cell death.

cDNA suppression subtraction library for screening down-regulated genes in gastric carcinoma

AIM: To establish cDNA suppression subtraction library with a high subtraction efficiency by counterpart normal gastric mucosa mixture mRNA subtracting gastric cancer cells mixture mRNA for screening down-regulated genes in gastric carcinoma.

METHODS: RNA of gastric cancer tissues and counterpart normal gastric mucosa were respectively isolated in five patients with gastric cancer, and their mRNA was purified. cDNA suppression subtraction library was established by counterpart normal gastric mucosa mixture mRNA (tester) subtracting gastric cancer tissues mixture mRNA (driver) of five patients with gastric carcinoma. The library plasmids were transformed into competent bacteria DH5a after ligation of the library cDNA fragments with T vectors. Library plasmids were extracted after picking colonies and shaking bacteria overnight. Its subtraction efficiency was confirmed by PCR and reverse hybridization of a nylon filter onto which the colonies of bacteria were transfered with probes of reverse transcription products cDNA of gastric cancer tissues mRNA and counterpart normal gastric mucosa mRNA labeled with α-³²P dCTP.

RESULTS: mRNA purified from total RNA of gastric cancer tissues and counterpart normal gastric mucosa in five patients with gastric carcinoma revealed a good quality. cDNA suppression subtraction library constructed for screening down-regulated genes in gastric carcinoma represented a high subtraction efficiency. 86% of differential expression in down-regulated genes between counterpart normal gastric mucosa and gastric carcinoma was confirmed.

CONCLUSION: cDNA suppression subtraction library with a high subtraction efficiency for screening down-regulated genes in gastric carcinoma is successfully established.

Fos expression in tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in rat brainstem after visceral noxious stimulation: an immunohistochemical study

AIM: To prove that neurons in the different structures of the brainstem that express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are involved in the transmission and modulation of visceral or somatic nociceptive information in rat.

METHODS: Immunohistochemical double-staining method was used to co-localize TH and Fos expression in neurons of the rat brainstem in visceral or subcutaneous noxious stimulation models.

RESULTS: Neurons co-expressing TH/Fos were observed in lateral reticular nucleus (LRT), rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus (RVL), solitary tract nucleus (SOL), locus coeruleus (LC), A5, A7 neuronal groups and ventrolateral subdivision of the periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in both models. But the proportion and number of the double-labeled neurons responding to the two noxious stimuli were significantly different in the LRT, RVL and LC nuclei. The proportion and number of the TH/Fos double-labeled neurons in the visceral pain model were smaller than that in the subcutaneous pain model. However, in the case of SOL, they were similar in the two models.

CONCLUSION: Differences of Fos expression in TH immunoreactive neurons in animals after visceral and somatic noxious stimulation indicate that the mechanisms of the transmission and modulation of visceral nociceptive information in the brainstem may be different from that of somatic nociceptive information.

Relationship between inactivation of p16 gene and gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the relationship between inactivation of p16 gene and gastric carcinoma, and the mechanism of inactivation of p16 gene in gastric carcinogenesis.

METHODS: 40 fresh tumor tissue specimens were taken from primary gastric cancer patients. Expression of p16 protein was detected by immunohistochemical method. Deletion and point mutation of p16 gene were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, respectively.

RESULTS: The frequency of loss of p16 protein expression in the gastric cancer tissue, adjacent nontumor tissue, and distal normal tissue was 77.5% (31/40), 55.0% (22/40), and 17.5% (7/40), respectively (P < 0.005). Homozygous deletion of exon 1 and exon 3 was observed in two and three cases, respectively, giving an overall frequency of homozygous deletion of 12.5%. All five cases had diffuse type gastric carcinoma. No p16 gene point mutation was detected.

CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a close correlation between inactivation of p16 gene and gastric carcinoma. Further investigations are needed to testify the mechanism of inactivation of p16 gene in gastric carcinogenesis.

Expression of TFF2 and Helicobacter pylori infection in carcinogenesis of gastric mucosa

AIM: To investigate the expression of TFF2 and Helicobacter pylori infection in carcinogenesis of gastric mucosa.

METHODS: The expression of TFF2 was immunohistochemically analyzed in paraffin-embedded samples from 119 patients with endoscopic biopsy and subtotal gastrectomy specimens of gastric mucosal lesions, including 16 cases of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG), 20 chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 35 intestinal metaplasia (IM), 23 gastric epithelial dysplasia (GED) and 25 gastric carcinoma (CA), and Helicobacter pylori infection was detected by Warthin-Starry staining.

RESULTS: 1: TFF2 was located in the cytoplasm of gastric mucous neck cell. The expression of TFF2 was 100%, 100%, 0, 56.5% and 0 in CSGs, CAGs, IMs, GEDs and CAs, respectively. 2: The value of TFF2 positive cell density in CSG with Helicobacter pylori infection was higher than that without Helicobacter pylori infection. (52.89 ± 7.27vs 46.49 ± 13.04, P > 0.05); But the value of TFF2 positive cell density in CAG and GED with Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly lower than that without Helicobacter pylori infection (18.17 ± 4.09vs 37.93 ± 13.80, P < 0.01 and 14.44 ± 9.32vs 24.84 ± 10.22, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Increase of TFF2 expression in CSG is perhaps associated with the protective mechanism after gastric mucosal injury. Decrease of TFF2 expression in CAG possibly attributes to the decrease in the number of gastric gland cell expressing TFF2. Re-expression of TFF2 in gastric epithelial dysplasia implies that TFF2 possibly contributes to the initiation of gastric carcinoma. The effect of Helicobacter pylori on the expression of TFF2 depends on the status of gastric mucosa.

Effect of ZNRD1 gene antisense RNA on drug resistant gastric cancer cells

AIM: To investigate the expression level of ZNRD1 gene in gastric cancer cells SGC7901 and gastric cancer MDR (multidrug resistant) cells SGC7901/VCR, and to observe the drug sensitizing and proliferation effect of ZNRD1 antisense nucleic acid transduction on SGC7901/VCR cells.

METHODS: Amplification of sequences encoding ZNRD1 from SGC7901/VCR cDNA by PCR. The levels of ZNRD1 mRNA expression were demonstrated using semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-anti ZNRD1 was constructed and transfected into SGC7901/VCR cells by lipofectamine. Immunochemical method was used to detect the expression of protein in SGC7901/VCR cells and transfectants. The cell cycle alteration and the intracellular adriamycin (ADM) accumulation were observed by FACS. Growth curve and drug sensitization of cells for vincristine (VCR) were analyzed with MTT assay.

RESULTS: We cloned the open reading frame of full-length ZNRD1. The expression of ZNRD1 showed higher in SGC7901/VCR than in SGC7901 cells. The antisense ZNRD1 drug-resistant clones were selected after gene transfection. Immunochemical results showed that the expression level of ZNRD1 protein was lower in anti ZNRD1-SGC7901/VCR cells than that in non-transfectants. Comparing to SGC7901/VCR and pcDNA3.1-SGC7901/VCR, anti ZNRD1-SGC7901/VCR showed gradually accumulated in G₁ phase, with a concomitant decrease of cell population in S phase. FACS also suggested intracellular ADM accumulation increased 2fold in SGC7901/VCR cells after transfected with antisense ZNRD1. MTT assay showed that transfectants cells proliferation was lagged and more sensitive to VCR than non-transfectants.

CONCLUSION: ZNRD1 gene displayed highly expression in VCR resistant gastric cancer cells. Expression of ZNRD1 protein was effectively blocked in anti ZNRD1-SGC7901/VCR cells by gene transfection. ZNRD1 antisense nucleic acid transfection sensitized drug resistant gastric cancer cells to VCR, increased ADM accumulation and inhibited the cells proliferation. ZNRD1 antisense RNA transduction could reverse the MDR of human drug-resistant gastric cancer cell SGC7901/VCR to a degree.

Studies on microsatellite instability in p16 gene and expression of hMSH2 mRNA in human gastric cancer tissues

AIM: To detect the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) frequency of microsatellite sites D9s171, D9s1604 of p16 gene and expression of hMSH2 mRNA in various differentiated types of gastric cancer, adjacent cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa.

METHODS: LOH was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-silver staining. The expression of hMSH2 mRNA was examined with in situ hybridization.

RESULTS: The frequency rate of LOH was significantly higher in gastric cancers than that in adjacent cancer tissues (P = 0.032). No significant difference was noted among various differentiated types and various clinical stages of gastric cancers. The significantly reduced expression of hMSH2 mRNA positive signal cells exhibited in gastric cancers, in comparison with that in the adjacent cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa, respectively (P = 0.001). No significant difference was noted among various clinical stages of gastric cancers (P > 0.05). The difference of positive signal cells in poorly differentiated cancers and those in well and moderately differentiated cancers were significant (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION: The frequencies of LOH in two microsatellite sites, D9s171 and D9s1604, in p16 genome were associated with development of gastric cancer and no significant correlation was demonstrated between the LOH frequency and the cell differentiated types of tumor cells or clinical stages. There was a positive relationship between the expression of hMSH2 mRNA and the differentiated types of gastric cancer.

Methylation and mutation analysis of p16 gene in gastric cancer

AIM: To study methylation, frequencies of homozygous deletion and mutation of p16 gene in gastric carcinoma.

METHODS: The methylation pattern in exon 1 and exon 2 of p16 gene was studied with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using methylation sensitive restriction endonuclease HpaII and methylation insensitive restriction endonuclease MspI. PCR technique was used to detect homozygous deletions of exon 1 and exon 2 of p16 gene and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique was used to detect the mutation of the gene.

RESULTS: Hypermethylation changes in exon 1 and exon 2 of p16 gene were observed in 25% and 45% of 20 gastric cancer tissues, respectively, while no methylation abnormality was found in normal tissues. The homozygous deletion frequency of exon 1 and exon 2 of p16 gene in 20 gastric cancer tissues was 20% and 10%, respectively. No mutation was found in exon 1 of p16 gene, while abnormal single strands were found in 2 (10%) cases in exon 2 as detected by SSCP.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that hypermethylation and abnormality of p16 gene may play a key role in the progress of gastric cancer. Hypermethylation of exon 2 of p16 gene may have effects on the carcinogenesis of gastric mucosa and may be a later event.

Expression of 1A6 gene and its correlation with intestinal gastric carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression of 1A6 gene in the lesions during the development of intestinal gastric carcinoma.

METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six cases of intestinal metaplasia (IM) from surgical resections and biopsy were classified by mucous staining. Expression of 1A6 in all cases was detected using immunohistochemical S-P method.

RESULTS: The positive rates of 1A6 in normal and superficial gastritis (SG), severe atrophic gastritis (SAG), type I, II, III IM, dysplasia (Dys) and intestinal gastric carcinoma (IGC) were 12.2%, 16.7%, 7.1%, 22.6%, 47.8%, 46.9% and 60.8%, respectively. A significant difference among type III IM and SG, SAG, type I and II IM was found (P < 0.01), the difference between type III and Dys, IGC being not significant.

CONCLUSION: As a new tumor-related gene, expression of 1A6 may be an effective parameter to predict the malignant transformation of precancerous lesion to gastric carcinoma.

Effects of p16 gene on biological behavious in hepatocellular carcimoma cells

AIM: To investigate the effects of p16 gene on biological behavious in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

METHODS: HCC cell lines SNU-449 and HepG2.2.15 were infected respectively by a replication defective, recombinant retrovirus capable of producing a high level of p16 protein expression (pCLXSN-p16). G418 resistant stable p16 protein expression cell lines were selected. And the biological behaviours of the p16 gene transfected HCC cells were observed.

RESULTS: Initial in vitro experiments in HCC cell line SNU-449 with loss of p16 protein expression demonstrated the pCLXSN-p16 treatment significantly inhibited cell growth. But there was no treatment effect when the pCLXSN-p16 was used in another HCC cell line HepG2.2.15 which has positive p16 protein expression. Subsequent study in a nude mouse model demonstrated that the p16 gene transfected SNU-449 had a lower succeeding rate in the first time establishment of tumors and grew more slowly in the nude mice when compared with non-transfected SNU-449. Moreover, the nude mice inoculated with transfected SNU-449 had a longer surviving time than those inoculated with non-transfected SNU-449.

CONCLUSION: Our results show that the p16INK4a gene transfer can inhibit the proliferation and reduce the invasion ability of hepatocellular carcinoma.

TFF2 expression and H. pylori infection in gastric cancer tissues

AIM: To investigate the relationship between the expression of TFF2 and H. pylori infection in human gastric precancerous lesions and gastric cancer, and to explore the role of TFF2 and H. pylori in human gastric precancerous lesions and gastric cancer.

METHODS: The expression of TFF2 was immunohistochemic-ally analyzed in paraffin-embedded samples obtained by endoscopic biopsy and subtotal gastractomy specimens from 119 patients including chronic superficial gastritis(CSG, 16), chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG, 16), intestinal metaplasia(IM, 35), gastric epithelial dysplasia(GED, 23) and gastric cancer(CA, 25), and conditions of H. pylori infection were detected by means of Warthin-Starry staining.

RESULTS: TFF2 was located in the cell plasma of gastric mucous neck cells. The expressions of TFF2 were 100%, 100%, 0%, 56% and 0% in CSG, CAG, IM, GED and CA, respectively. The density of TFF2 positive cells was higher in CSG with H. pylori infection than that without H. pylori infection(52.9±7.3 vs 46.5±13.0, P > 0.05); but it was significantly lower in CAG and GED with H. pylori infection than that without H. pylori infection(18.2±4.1 vs 37.9±13.8, P < 0.01 and 14.4±9.3 vs 24.8±10.2, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The high expression of TFF2 is associated with the protective mechanism after the gastric mucosal injury, the low expression of TFF2 in CAG might attribute to the decreased number of gastric gland cells secreting TFF2; but the re-expression of TFF2 in GED suggests that TFF2 is involved with the initiation of gastric cancer. The effect of H. pylori on the expression of TFF2 depends on the status of gastric mucosa.

Mutation analysis of novel human liver-related putative tumor suppressor gene in hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To find the point mutations meaningful for inactivation of liver-related putative tumor suppressor gene (LPTS) gene, a human novel liver-related putative tumor suppressor gene and telomerase inhibitor in hepatocellular carcinoma.

METHODS: The entire coding sequence of LPTS gene was examined for mutations by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) assay and PCR products direct sequencing in 56 liver cancer cell lines, 7 ovarian cancer and 7 head & neck tumor cell lines and 70 pairs of HCC tissues samples. The cDNA fragment coding for the most frequent mutant protein was subcloned into GST fusion expression vector. The product was expressed in E. coli and purified by glutathione-agarose column. Telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assays were performed to study the effect of point mutation to telomerase inhibitory activity.

RESULTS: SSCP gels showed the abnormal shifting bands and DNA sequencing found that there were 5 different mutations and/or polymorphisms in 12 tumor cell lines located at exon2, exon5 and exon7. The main alterations were A(778)A/G and A(880)T in exon7. The change in site of 778 could not be found in HCC tissue samples, while the mutation in position 880 was seen in 7 (10%) cases. The mutation in the site of 880 had no effect on telomerase inhibitory activity.

CONCLUSION: Alterations identified in this study are polymorphisms of LPTS gene. LPTS mutations occur in HCC but are infrequent and of little effect on the telomerase inhibitory function of the protein. Epigenetics, such as methylation, acetylation, may play the key role in inactivation of LPTS.

A novel gene, GCRG224, is differentially expressed in human gastric mucosa

AIM: To clone genes that may predispose us to human gastric cancer and to analyze it’s expression in gastric tissues.

METHODS: Specimens of paired tumor, paratumor and normal gastric mucosa tissues collected from fifteen patients who suffered from stomach antrum adenocarcinoma were used for analysis. Seven out of the fifteen cases were first studied by fluorescent differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDTR-PCR) analysis. The differentially expressed bands of interest were cloned, analyzed by Northern blot, sequencing and RT-PCR. Through BLAST, the sequencing results were compared with GenBank database for homology analysis. In situ hybridization with DIG-labeled cRNA probes was used to analyze the expression of interesting cDNA bands in paraffin embedded paired normal gastric mucosa and cancer tissues isolated from 30 gastric adenocarcinoma patients.

RESULTS: DDRT-PCR showed that one of the interesting cDNA bands, which was named W2, expressed much higher in all seven tested tumor and paratumor samples than in their normal counterparts, it was sub-cloned into a pGEM-T Easy vector. Two subclones were subsequently obtained. One of the subclone, GCRG224, was studied further. The sequencing result showed that GCRG224 consisted of 1159 base pairs and had one open reading frame (ORF). It located at human chromosome 11q14. No homologue was found in GenBank database with GCRG224-ORF. This nucleotide sequence data were submitted to GenBank with accession No. AF438406. RT-PCR showed that GCRG224 expressed higher in 11/15 gastric cancer tissues than in non-tumor tissues. However, the result of Northern blot analysis showed a higher GCRG224 expression in the non-tumor tissue than in the tumor one. Human multiple tissue Northern blot analysis revealed that GCRG224 also expressed in human normal colon tissue, and peripheral blood leukocyte. In situ hybridization analysis showed that only 5/30 adenocarcinoma, 3/18 dysplasia and 6/18 intestinal metaplasia showed higher GCRG224 expression level than the normal gastric glands. However, GCRG224 was over-expressed predominantly in 26/30 cases of normal mucosal epithelium.

CONCLUSION: A novel gene named GCRG224 was identified from human gastric mucosal tissue. It overexpressed in almost all gastric mucosal epithelium but only a small portion of cancer and precancerous leisions. The role of GCRG224 expression in gastric epithelium needs further study.

Mutation of RET gene in Chinese patients with Hirschsprung’s disease

AIM: To investigate the pathogenic mechanism of Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) at the molecular level and to elucidate the relationship between RET oncogene and Chinese patients with HD.

METHODS: Exon 13 of RET oncogene from 20 unrelated HD patients was analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). The positive amplifying products were then sequenced. According to the results of SSCP and DNA sequence, SSCP was done as well for the samples from the family other members of some cases with mutated RET gene.

RESULTS: SSCP analysis indicated that mobility abnormality existed in 4 unrelated HD patients. Direct DNA sequence analysis identified a missense mutation, T to G at the nucleotide 18888 and a frameshift mutation at the nucleotide 18926 insG. In a HD family, the sicked child and his father were the same heterozygous missense mutation (T to G at nucleotide 18888).

CONCLUSION: Among Chinese HD patients, RET gene mutations may exist in considerable proportion with different patterns. These new discoveries indicate that RET mutations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of unrelated HD in the Chinese population. PCR-SSCP combined with DNA sequence can be used as a tool in the genetic diagnosis of HD.

Intravenous chemotherapy for resected gastric cancer: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

AIM: To assess the safety and efficacy of different intravenous chemotherapeutic regimens in patients with gastric carcinomas who had undergone gastrectomy.

METHODS: A meta-analysis of all the relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. Language was restricted to Chinese and English. RCTs were identified from Medline and Embase (1980-2001/4), and Chinese Bio-medicine Database (1990-2001/1). Literature references were checked at the same time. We included randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing the efficacy of intravenous chemotherapy after gastrectomy with that of surgery alone in patients with confirmed gastric carcinomas who had undergone gastrectomy. Selection criteria were: randomized or quasi-randomized trials with following-up results; Trials could be double-blind, single-blind or not blind; Chemotherapy groups were given intravenous chemotherapy after gastrectomy without neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion, radiotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy; Controlled group included those receiving gastrectomy alone. The following data were extracted: the number of survival and death by the end of the follow-up; the different agents and doses of the intravenous chemotherapy; the baseline of the chemotherapy group and the controlled arm; the serious adverse events; the statistical consideration; cost-effectiveness analysis. The statistical analysis was performed by RevMan4.1 software which was provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Meta-analysis was done with random effects model. Heterogeneity was checked by chi-square test. Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding the trials in which Jadad-scale was only 1 score. The result was expressed with odds ratio (OR) for the categorical variable.

RESULTS: Fourteen trials involving 4543 patients were included. Meta-analysis was done with random effects model Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis were performed also. The effect of intravenous chemotherapy after gastrectomy was better than surgery alone (odds ratio 0.56, 95%CI 0.40-0.79). There was a significant difference between the two groups by u-test (P = 0.0008). Sensitivity analysis revealed the same difference (odds ratio 0.81, 95%CI 0.70-0.94). Of fourteen trials, only three studies were of high quality according to the Jadad-scale (with three score). There was one meta-analysis trial and the others, about ten trials, were of low quality. There was no trial which mentioned sample-size calculation, allocation concealment, intention-to-treat analysis. Most of the trials didn’t describe the blind-procedure. There were five trials which detailed the side-effects according to the toxicity grade by WHO standard. The side-effects halting treatment were haematologic and biochemical toxicity, debilitating nausea and vomiting. There were two patients died of chemotherapy toxicity.

CONCLUSION: Based on the review, intravenous chemotherapy after gastrectomy may have positive treatment effect on gastric cancer. However, the evidence is not strong because of the general low methodologic quality of the RCTs. Therefore, we can’t make the conclusion that intravenous chemotherapy after gastrectomy may have better treatment effect on gastric cancer than that of surgery alone. Rigorously designed, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are required.

Expression of sphingosine kinase gene in the interactions between human gastric carcinoma cell and vascular endothelial cell

AIM: To study the interactions between human gastric carcinoma cell (HGCC) and human vascular endothelial cell (HVEC), and if the expression of sphingosine kinase (SPK) gene was involved in these interactions.

METHODS: The specific inhibitor to SPK, dimethyl sphingosine (DMS), was added acting on HGCC and HVEC, then the cell proliferation was measured by MTT. The conditioned mediums (CMs) of HGCC and HVEC were prepared. The CM of one kind of cell was added to the other kind of cell, and the cell proliferation was measured by MTT. After the action of CM, the cellular expression of SPK gene in mRNA level was detected with in situ hybridization (ISH).

RESULTS: DMS could almost completely inhibit the proliferation of HGCC and HVEC. The growth inhibitory rates could amount to 97.21%, 83.42%, respectively (P < 0.01). The CM of HGCC could stimulate the growth of HVEC (2.70 ± 0.01, P < 0.01) while the CM of HVEC could inhibit the growth of HGCC (52.97% ± 0.01%, P < 0.01). There was no significant change in the mRNA level of SPK gene in one kind of cell after the action of the CM of the other kind of cell.

CONCLUSION: SPK plays a key role in regulating the proliferation of HGCC and HVEC. There exist complicated interactions between HGCC and HVEC. HGCC can significantly stimulate the growth of HVEC while HVEC can significantly inhibit the growth of HGCC. The expression of SPK gene is not involved in the interactions.

The role of KDR in the interactions between human gastric carcinoma cell and vascular endothelial cell

AIM: To study the interactions between human gastric carcinoma cell (HGCC) and human vascular endothelial cell (HVEC), and the role of KDR in these interactions.

METHODS: Antisense oligodexynucleotide (ASODN) specific to KDR gene was devised and added to the culture medium of HGCC and HVEC. After the action of ASODN, the proliferation of two cells was measured by MTT method. The role of KDR in regulating the proliferation of two kinds of cells was known through observing the effect of ASODN on them. The conditioned mediums (CMs) of HGCC and HVEC were prepared. The CM of one kind of cell was added acting on the other kind of cell, then the cell proliferation was measured by MTT. After the action of ASODN or CM, the cellular expression of KDR gene was detected with in situ hybridization (ISH) for mRNA level and with immunohistochemical staining for protein level. ABC-ELISA was used to detect hVEGF in the CMs of two cells.

RESULTS: KDR ASODN could specifically inhibit the proliferation of HGCC and HVEC significantly. The growth inhibitory rate amounted to 55.35% and 54.83%, respectively (P < 0.01). HGCC and HVEC could secret a certain level of hVEGF (92.06 ± 1.69 ng/L, 77.70 ± 8.04 ng/L). The CM of HGCC could significantly stimulate the growth (2.70 ± 0.01 times) and KDR gene expression of HVEC (P < 0.01) while the CM of HVEC could significantly inhibit the growth (52.97% ± 0.01%) and KDR gene expression of HGCC (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION: KDR plays a key role in regulating the proliferation of HGCC and HVEC. There exist complicated interactions between HGCC and HVEC. HGCC can significantly stimulate the growth of HVEC while HVEC can significantly inhibit the growth of HGCC. KDR is involved in the interactions between them.

Rapid screening mitochondrial DNA mutation by using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography

AIM: To optimize conditions of DHPLC and analyze the effectiveness of various DNA polymerases on DHPLC resolution, and evaluate the sensitivity of DHPLC in the mutation screening of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

METHODS: Two fragments of 16s gene of mitochondrial DNA (one of them F2 is a mutant fragment) and an A3243G mutated fragment were used to analyze the UV detection limit and determine the minimum percentage of mutant PCR products for DHPLC and evaluate effects of DNA polymerases on resolution of DHPLC. Under the optimal conditions, we analyzed the mtDNA mutations from muscle tissues of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) and screened blindly for variances in D-loop region of mtDNA from human gastric tumor specimen.

RESULTS: Ten A3243G variants were detected in 12 cases of MELAS, no alterations were detected in controls and these results were consistent with the results obtained by analysis of RFLP with Apa I. We also identified 26 D-loop variances in 46 cases of human gastric cancer tissues and 38 alterations in 13 gastric cancer cell lines. The mutation of mtDNA at 80 ng PCR products containing a minimum of 5% mutant sequences could be detected by using DHPLC with UV detector. Moreover, Ampli-Taq Gold polymerase was equally as good as the proofreading DNA polymerase (e.g., Pfu) in eliminating the false positive produced by Taq DNA polymerases.

CONCLUSION: DHPLC is a powerful, rapid and sensitive mutation screening method for mtDNA. Proofreading DNA polymerase is more suitable for DHPLC analysis than Taq polymerase.

Inhibition of human telomerase in MKN-45 cell line by antisense hTR expression vector induces cell apoptosis and growth arrest

AIM: To investigate the effects of antisense human telomerase RNA (hTR) on the biologic behavior of human gastric cancer cell line: MKN-45 by gene transfection and its potential role in the gene therapy of gastric cancer.

METHODS: The hTR cDNA fragment was cloned from MKN-45 through RT-PCR and subcloned into eukaryotic expression vector (pEF6/V5-His-TOPO) in cis-direction or trans-direction by DNA recombinant methods. The constructed sense, antisense and empty vectors were transfected into MKN-45 cell lines separately by lipofectin-mediated DNA transfection technology. After drug selection, the expression of antisense hTR gene in stable transfectants and normal MKN-45 cells was detected by RT-PCR, the telomerase activity by TRAP, the apoptotic features by PI and Hoechst 33258 staining, the cell cycle distribution by flow cytometry and the population doubling time by cell counting. Comparison among the stable transfectants and normal MKN-45 cells was made.

RESULTS: The sense, antisense hTR eukaryotic expression vectors and empty vector were successfully constructed and proved to be the same as original design by restriction endonuclease analysis and sequencing. Then, they were successfully transfected into MKN-45 cell lines separately with lipofectin. The expression of antisense hTR gene was only detected in MKN-45 cells stably transfected with antisense hTR vector (named as MKN-45-ahTR) but not in the control cells. In MKN-45-ahTR, the telomerase activity was inhibited by 75%, the apoptotic rate was increased to 25.3%, the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was increased to 65%, the proliferation index was decreased to 35% and the population doubling time was prolonged to 35.3 h. However, the telomerase activity, the apoptotic rate, the distribution of cell cycle, the proliferation index and the population doubling time were not different among the control cells.

CONCLUSION: Antisense hTR can significantly inhibit telomerase activity and proliferation of MKN-45 cells and induce cell apoptosis. Antisense gene therapy based on telomerase inhibition can be a potential therapeutic approach to the treatment of gastric cancer.

Expression and function of classical protein kinase C isoenzymes in gastric cancer cell line and its drug-resistant sublines

AIM: To investigate the expression and function of classical protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes in inducing MDR phenotype in gastric cancer cells.

METHODS: Two cell lines were used in the study: gastric cancer cell SGC7901 and its drug-resistant cell SGC7901/VCR stepwise-selected by vincristine 0.3, 0.7 and 1.0 mg·L^-1, respectively. The expression of classical PKC (cPKC) isoenzymes in SGC7901 cells and SGC7901/VCR cells were detected using immunofluorescent cytochemistry, laser confocal scanning microscope and Western blot. The effects of anti-PKC isoenzymes antibody on adriamycin accumulation in SGC7901/VCR cells were determined using flow cytometric analysis.

RESULTS: (1) SGC7901 cells exhibited positive staining of PKC-α. SGC7901/VCR cells exhibited stronger staining of PKC-α than SGC7901 cells. The higher dosage vincristine selected, the much stronger staining of PKC-α was observed on SGC7901/VCR cells. (2) Both SGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR cells exhibited positive staining of PKC-β I and PKC-β II with no significant difference. (3) Compared with SGC7901, SGC7901/VCR cells had decreased adriamycin accumulation and retention. Accumulation of adriamycin in SGC7901 was 5.21 ± 2.56 mg·L^-1, in SGC7901/VCR 0.3 was 0.85 ± 0.29 mg·L^-1, in SGC7901/VCR 0.7 was 0.81 ± 0.32 mg·L^-1, and in SGC7901/VCR 1.0 was 0.80 ± 0.33 mg·L^-1; Retention of adriamycin in SGC7901 was 2.51 ± 1.23 mg·L^-1, in SGC7901/VCR 0.3 was 0.47 ± 0.14 mg·L^-1, in SGC7901/VCR 0.7 was 0.44 ± 0.15 mg·L^-1, and in SGC7901/VCR 1.0 was 0.41 ± 0.11 mg·L^-1. (4) Fluorescence intensity presented adriamycin accumulation in SGC7901/VCR cells was increased from 1.14 ± 0.36 to 2.71 ± 0.94 when cells were co-incubated with anti-PKC-α but not with anti-PKC-β I, PKC-α II and PKCγ antibodies.

CONCLUSION: PKC-α, but not PKC-β I, PKC-β II or PKCγ, may play a role in multidrug resistance of gastric cancer cells SGC7901/VCR.

Tumor suppressor gene p16 and Rb expression in gastric cardia precancerous lesions from subjects at a high incidence area in northern China

AIM

To further understand the molecular basis for gastric cardia carcinogenesis and to provide etiological clues.

METHODS

Endoscopic mucosa biopsy and histopathological examinations were made on 37 subjects from a high incidence area for both esophageal and gastric cardia carcinomas in northern China. All the biopsy samples were fixed in 850 ml. (-1)L alcohol and embedded in paraffin. Each block contained one piece of tissue and was serially section at 5 microm. Immunohistochemistry (ABC) was carried out on these gastric cardia samples to determine the alterations of p16 and Rb.

RESULTS

Based on the histopathlogical examination there were 11 cases of chronic superficial gastritis, 12 cases of chronic atrophic gastritis and 14 cases of dysplasia. The immunostaining demonstrated different levels of unclear immunostaining of p16 and Rb in normal gastric cardia tissue and the tissues with different severity of lesions. With the lesions progressing, the positive immunostaining rates for p16 protein had a decreasing tendency. In contrast, the positive immunostaining rate for Rb protein had an increasing tendency. There was a significant negative relationship between the two parameters. Changes of p16 was CSG 11(100%), CAG 7(58%), DYS 4(29%) and changes of Rb was CSG 2(18%), CAG 8(67%) and DYS 12(86%), (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The alterations of p16 and Rb protein may play a role in the early stages of gastric cardia carcinogenesis.

Effect of cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid on cell cycle of gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (SGC-7901)

AIM

To determine the effect of cis -9, trans -11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9, t11-CLA) on the cell cycle of gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901) and its possible mechanism in inhibition cancer growth.

METHODS

Using cell culture and immunocytochemical techniques, we examined the cell growth, DNA synthesis, expression of PCNA, cyclin A, B(1), D(1), p16(ink4a) and p21(cip/waf1) of SGC-7901 cells which were treated with various c9, t11-CLA concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200 micromol.L(-1))of c 9, t 11-CLA for 24 and 48h, with a negative control (0.1% ethane).

RESULTS

The cell growth and DNA synthesis of SGC-7901 cells were inhibited by c9, t11-CLA.SGC-7901 cells. Eight day after treatment with various concentrations of c9, t11-CLA mentioned above, the inhibition rates were 5.92%, 20.15%, 75.61% and 82.44%, respectively and inhibitory effect of c9, t11-CLA on DNA synthesis (except for 25 micromol.L, 24h) showed significantly less (3)H-TdR incorporation than that in the negative controls (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that SGC-7901 cells preincubated in media supplemented with different c9, t11-CLA concentrations at various times significantly decreased the expressions of PCNA (the expression rates were 7.2-3.0%, 24h and 9.1-0.9% at 48h, respectively), Cyclin A (11.0-2.3%, 24h and 8.5-0.5%,48h), B(1) (4.8-1.8% at 24h and 5.5-0.6% at 48h)and D(1) (3.6-1.4% at 24h and 3.7%-0 at 48h) as compared with those in the negative controls(the expressions of PCNA, Cyclin A, B(1) and D(1) were 6.5% at 24h and 9.0% at 48h, 4.2% at 24h and 5.1% at 48h, 9.5% at 24h and 6.0% at 48h,respectively)(P<0.01), whereas the expressions of P16(ink4a) and P21(cip/waf1), cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors(CDKI), were increased.

CONCLUSION

The cell growth and proliferation of SGC-7901 cell is inhibited by c9, t11-CLA via blocking the cell cycle, with reduced expressions of cyclin A,B(1) and D(1) and enhanced expressions of CDKI(P16(ink4a) and p21(cip/waf1)).

Cytochrome P450 2E1 genetic polymorphism and gastric cancer in Changle, Fujian Province

AIM: Genetic polymorphism in enzymes of carcinogen metabolism has been found to have the influence on the susceptibility to cancer. Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is considered to play an important role in the metabolic activation of procarcinogens such as N-nitrosoamines and low molecular weight organic compounds. The purpose of this study is to determine whether CYP450 2E1 polymorphisms are associated with risks of gastric cancer.

METHODS: We conducted a population based case-control study in Changle county, Fujian Province, a high-risk region of gastric cancer in China. Ninety-one incident gastric cancer patients and ninety-four healthy controls were included in our study. Datas including demographic characteristcs, diet intake, and alcohol and tobacco consumption of indivduals in our study were completed by a standardized questionnaire. PCR-RFLP revealed three genotypes:heterozygote (C1/C2) and two homozygotes (C1/C1 and C2/C2) in CYP2E1.

RESULTS: The frequency of variant genotypes (C1/C2 and C2/C2) in gastric cancer cases and controls was 36.3% and 24.5%, respectively. The rare homozygous C2/C2 genotype was found in 6 indivduals in gastric cancer group (6.6%), whereas there was only one in the control group (1.1%). However, there was no statistically significan difference between the two groups (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.066). Indivduals in gastric cancer group were more likely to carry genotype C1/C2 (odds ratio, OR = 1.50) and C2/C2 (OR = 7.34) than indivduals in control group (χ² = 4.597, for trend P = 0.032). The frequencies of genotypes with the C2 allele (C1/C2 and C2/C2 genotypes) were compared with those of genotypes without C2 allele (C1/C1 genotype) among indivduals in gastric cancer group and control group according to the pattern of gastric cancer risk factors. The results show that indivduals who exposed to these gastric cancer risk factors and carry the C2 allele seemed to have a higher risk of developing gastric cancer.

CONCLUSION: Polymorphism of CYP2E1 gene may have some effct in the development of gastric cancer in Changle county, Fujian Province.