A phylogenetic and taxonomic revision of sequestrate Russulaceae in Mediterranean and temperate Europe

Russula iqbalii sp. nov., Identified in R. subsect. Maculatinae from Pakistan, Based on Morphology, Microscopy, and Phylogeny

Russula iqbalii sp. nov. was collected from the District Swat, Pakistan. This species was characterized by its purplish brown pileus having smooth to sulcate-striate margins, stipe smooth to fibrillose and smaller basidiospores with prominent warts, that are isolated to fused in long chains. Comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny based on nrDNA-ITS sequences revealed that it is distinct from previously known taxa in the genus and represents a new species in Russula subsection Maculatinae, section Russula, within the subgenus Russula.

Protein Coding Low-Copy rpb2 and ef1-α Regions Are Viable Fungal Metabarcoding DNA Markers Which Can Supplement ITS for Better Accuracy

The nuclear ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region is used as a universal fungal barcode marker, but often lacks a significant DNA barcoding gap between sister taxa. Here we tested the reliability of protein coding low-copy genes as alternative barcode markers. Mock communities of three unrelated agaric genera (Dermoloma, Hodophilus, and Russula) representing lineages of closely related species were sequenced by the Illumina platform targeting the ITS1, ITS2, the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (rpb2) and the transcription elongation factor 1-alpha gene (ef1-α) regions. Species representation and their relative abundances were similar across all tested barcode regions, despite a lower copy number in protein coding markers. ITS1 and ITS2 required more sophisticated sequence filtering because they produced a high number of chimeric sequences requiring reference-based chimera removal and had a higher number of sequence variants per species. Although clustering of filtered ITS sequences resulted in an average higher number of correctly clustered units at optimal similarity thresholds, these thresholds varied substantially among genera. Best-fitted thresholds of low-copy markers were more consistent across genera but frequently lacked species resolution due to low intraspecific variability. At some thresholds, we observed multiple species lumped together, and at the same time, species split into multiple partial clusters, which should be taken into consideration when assessing the best clustering thresholds and taxonomic identity of clusters. To achieve the best taxonomic resolution and improve species detection, we recommend combining different markers and applying additional reference-based sorting of clusters. The current availability of rpb2 and ef1-α reference sequences in public databases is far from being complete for all fungal groups, but a combined marker approach can be used for group-specific studies that can build reference data for their own purposes.

Additions to the coriaceous families Peniophoraceae and Stereaceae (Russulales): Six novel wood-inhabiting taxa in the genera Conferticium, Gloeocystidiellum, and Peniophora from southwest China

Russulales comprises a highly diverse group of species with respect to basidiomata morphology and hymenophore configuration, in which this order is highly heterogeneous, that can be classified as resupinate, effused-reflexed, discoid, clavarioid, pileate, or stipitate, and with varied hymenophores such as smooth, hydnoid, poroid, and lamellate in different russuloid species. Species in Russulales have been considered to have significant economic value. Six new wood-inhabiting fungi belonging to the genera Conferticium, Gloeocystidiellum, and Peniophora of two families, Peniophoraceae and Stereaceae (Russulales), were found in southwest China. Sequences of ITS+nLSU loci of six new taxa were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with the maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods with an emphasis on the phylogeny of wood-inhabiting smooth species in this order. The combined ITS+nLSU loci analysis showed that the six new species grouped within the order Russulales, in which Conferticiumtuberculatum, Gloeocystidiellumcremeum, and G.fissuratum grouped into the family Stereaceae, and Peniophoraalbohymenia, P.hengduanensis, and P.punctata grouped into the family Peniophoraceae. The morphology and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses confirmed the novelty and placement of the six new taxa. Descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic analysis results of the new taxa are provided.

Multi-gene analysis of the Russula crown clade (Russulales, Basidiomycota) revealed six new species and Alboflavinae subsect. nov. from Fagaceae forests in China

Introduction

The crown clade is one of two major groups in the Russula subg. Russula.

Methods/material

An analysis of Chinese samples was performed based on the morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and multi-gene phylogenies of 28S nrLSU, 16S mtSSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1-α.

Results

The results supported the independence of six new species: Russula alboflava (sect. Amethystinae), R. chrysantha (subsect. Chamaeleontinae), R. liyui (subsect. Laricinae), R. lutescens (subsect. Olivaceinae), R. paraxerampelina, and R. prunicolor (subsect. Xerampelinae) from Fagaceae forest habitats. Subsect. Alboflavinae was newly proposed in sect. Amethystinae. Members of the new subsection include R. alboflava, R. burlinghamiae, and possibly R. ballouii.

Discussion

Our analyses also supported the claim that two species of R. fulvograminea (subsect. Laricinae) and R. subrubens (subsect. Xerampelinae) have a Eurasian distribution. The habitat and primary hosts of the main phylogenetic clades within related subsections were summarized and discussed.

Russula rubrosquamosa (Russulaceae, Russulales), a new species from southwestern China

Russula rubrosquamosa (Russulaceae, Russlales) is described as a novel species from Yunnan Province, southwestern China. It is morphologically recognised by a small basidiocarp with orange-yellow to orange-red scales on the pileus and stipe, white lamellae, orange-red to bright red basal mycelia, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores with dense warts and short or long ridges. Phylogenetically analyses of DNA sequences from part of the 28S gene combined with the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region also confirm that R. rubrosquamosa forms an independent lineage within Russula subgenus Heterophyllidia section Ingratae. A comprehensive description, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, line-drawings of microstructures and comparisons with morphologically similar species are provided in this paper.

Russula brunneoaurantiaca, a novel taxon of Russula subg. Crassotunicata from West Bengal, India, with morpho-molecular analysis and scanning electron microscopy

This paper describes a new Russula species, R. brunneoaurantiaca, from India with morphological and molecular sequence (nrITS) data, field pictures of basidiocarps, and comparisons with close relatives. Russula brunneoaurantiaca has a brownish orange pileus with a mucilaginous surface, sub-decurrent lamellae that are white to pale orange, a white stipe that turns yellowish brown to brown when bruised, a strong, unpleasant smell, globose to subglobose basidiospores (5.0-9.0 5.0-7.8 m) with an inamyloid suprahilar spot and ornamentation of small isolated conical warts, fusiform hymenial cystidia on gill sides (62.5-82 × 7.5-12.5 μm) and lageniform to sub-lageniform cystidia with filiform apex near the gill edge (80-113 × 7.5-10 μm), fusiform to spindle-shaped pileocystidia, and habitat in association with Castanopsis sp. A complete morphological description, photographs, and molecular sequence-based phylogenetic trees demarcating the position of the novel taxon are provided. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and subsequent DNA analysis revealed a new species of the genus Russula. SEM analysis is an additional technique to describe the size and shape of its basidiospores as well as their ornamentation. The diagnostic characteristics, habit, habitat, and similarities to related species are given.

The genus Gautieria (Gomphales) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: a morphological and phylogenetic taxonomic revision

Type material and additional collections of 11 taxa of Gautieria described in Europe and North Africa have been studied, namely G. dubia, G. graveolens, G. morchelliformis var. globispora, G. morchelliformis var. magnicellaris, G. morchelliformis var. morchelliformis, G. morchelliformis var. stenospora, G. otthii, G. pseudovestita, G. retirugosa, G. trabutii and G. villosa. At the same time, morphological and genetic studies on recent and herbarium collections from several European countries have been carried out. This enabled clarification of sections within Gautieria and differentiation of 28 taxa, of which 21 are new to science. However, the deeper relationships and nomenclature changes related to the phylogenetic position of the genus Gautieria within Gomphaceae will not be addressed in this study because they would require a more complete molecular analysis together with that of related genera, e.g., Gomphus, Turbinellus, and the four subgenera of Ramaria. In addition, a lectotype for G. villosa var. villosa and reference specimens for G. graveolens and G. morchelliformis var. morchelliformis are selected, and the new combination G. morchelliformis var. dubia is proposed. Detailed descriptions, macro- and microphotographs and distribution maps of all taxa are provided, as well as extensive information on their ecology, chorology and phylogeny. A key is included to facilitate identification of taxa. Citation: Vidal JM, Cseh P, Merényi Z, et al. 2023. The genus Gautieria (Gomphales) in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: a morphological and phylogenetic taxonomic revision. Persoonia 50: 48 -122. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2023.50.03.

Morphological Characteristics and Molecular Evidence Reveal four New Species of Russula subg. Brevipedum from China

In this study, four new species of Russula subg. Brevipedum collected from China are described based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. Russula brevispora has a white body whose whole parts often stain brownish-orange or grayish-orange, extremely crowded lamellae with the presence of lamellulae, basidiospores with low warts and an inamyloid suprahilar spot, and clavate or lageniform hymenial cystidia often with a papillary or submoniliform appendage. Russula flavescens is characterized by a white pileus often turning yellowish brown when touched, white lamellae turning brown or light orange, basidiospores with an inamyloid suprahilar spot, and fusiform hymenial cystidia often with an appendage. Russula longicollis is morphologically characterized by a white pileus, turning grayish orange when bruised, white lamellae turning pale yellow when bruised, basidiospores with isolated warts and an amyloid suprahilar spot, and fusiform hymenial cystidia usually with a long appendage. Russula pseudojaponica has a yellowish-brown pileus center, yellowish lamellae unchanging when bruised, basidiospores with low warts and an inamyloid suprahilar spot, clavate hymenial cystidia often with a papillary appendage, and clavate pileocystidia with granulose contents. Phylogenetic analyses showed that R. flavescens, R. brevispora, and R. pseudojaponica are members of the subsect. Pallidosporinae, whereas R. longicollis belongs to subsect. Lactarioideae, and is somewhat related to R. leucocarpa.

Two new Russula species (fungi) from dry dipterocarp forest in Thailand suggest niche specialization to this habitat type

Dry dipterocarp forests are among the most common habitat types in Thailand. Russulaceae are known as common ectomycorrhizal symbionts of Dipterocarpaceae trees in this type of habitat. The present study aims to identify collections of Russula subsection Amoeninae Buyck from dry dipterocarp forests in Thailand. A multi-locus phylogenetic analysis placed Thai Amoeninae collections in two novel lineages, and they are described here as R. bellissima sp. nov. and R. luteonana sp. nov. The closest identified relatives of both species were sequestrate species suggesting that they may belong to drought-adapted lineages. An analysis of publicly available ITS sequences in R. subsect. Amoeninae did not confirm evidence of any of the new species occurring in other Asian regions, indicating that dry dipterocarp forests might harbor a novel community of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Macromorphological characters are variable and are not totally reliable for distinguishing the new species from other previously described Asian Amoeninae species. Both new species are defined by a combination of differentiated micromorphological characteristics in spore ornamentation, hymenial cystidia and hyphal terminations in the pileipellis. The new Amoeninae species may correspond to some Russula species collected for consumption in Thailand, and the detailed description of the new species can be used for better identification of edible species and food safety in the region.

Three independent evolutionary events of sequestrate Lactifluus species in Australasia

Three Australian species with sequestrate basidiome forms are recorded for the first time in the genus Lactifluus based on nuclear ITS-LSU and morphological data. These species represent three rare independent evolutionary events resulting in sequestrate basidiomes arising from agaricoid species in three different sections in two subgenera. All three species have highly reduced basidiome forms, and no species with intermediate forms have been found. Lactifluus dendriticus is unique in the genus in having highly branched, dendritic terminal elements in the pileipellis. We provide full descriptions of two species: Zelleromyces dendriticus (= Lactifluus dendriticus comb. nov.) in Lactifluus subg. Lactifluus sect. Gerardii, and Lactifluus geoprofluens sp. nov. in Lf. subg. Lactifluus sect. Lactifluus. A reduced description is provided for the third, Lactifluus sp. prov. KV181 in Lf. subg. Pseudogymnocarpi sect. Pseudogymnocarpi, as it is currently known from a single sequence.

Untangling the Lactifluus clarkeae - Lf. flocktoniae(Russulaceae) species complex in Australasia

The Lactifluus clarkeae complex is a commonly observed, generally brightly coloured, group of mushrooms that are usually associated with Nothofagus or Myrtaceous hosts in Australia and New Zealand. For this study collections labelled as 'Lactarius clarkeae', 'Russula flocktoniae' and 'Lactarius subclarkeae' were examined morphologically and molecularly. Analyses of molecular data showed a high cryptic diversity, with sequences scattered across 11 clades in three subgenera within Lactifluus, and a single collection in Russula. We select epitypes to anchor the currently accepted concepts of Lf. clarkeae s.str. and Lf. flocktoniae s.str. The name Lf. subclarkeae could not be applied to any of the collections examined, as none had a lamprotrichoderm pileipellis. Lactifluus clarkeae var. aurantioruber is raised to species level, and six new species are described, three in subg. Lactifluus: Lf. jetiae, Lf. pagodicystidiatus, and Lf. rugulostipitatus, and three in subg. Gymnocarpi: Lf. albens, Lf. psammophilus, and Lf. pseudoflocktoniae. A new collection of Lf. russulisporus provides a significant range extension for the species. Untangling this complex will enable better identification of species and increase understanding of diversity and specific habitat associations of macrofungi. Citation: Lebel T, Douch J, Tegart L, et al. 2021. Untangling the Lactifluus clarkeae - Lf. flocktoniae (Russulaceae) species complex in Australasia. Persoonia 47: 1-44. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.01.

Evolutionary Morphogenesis of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycota: Toward a New Evo-Devo Synthesis

The development of sexual fruiting bodies is one of the most complex morphogenetic processes in fungi. Mycologists have long been fascinated by the morphological and developmental diversity of fruiting bodies; however, evolutionary developmental biology of fungi still lags significantly behind that of animals or plants. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge on fruiting bodies of mushroom-forming Basidiomycota, focusing on phylogenetic and developmental biology. Phylogenetic approaches have revealed a complex history of morphological transformations and convergence in fruiting body morphologies. Frequent transformations and convergence is characteristic of fruiting bodies in contrast to animals or plants, where main body plans are highly conserved. At the same time, insights into the genetic bases of fruiting body development have been achieved using forward and reverse genetic approaches in selected model systems. Phylogenetic and developmental studies of fruiting bodies have each yielded major advances, but they have produced largely disjunct bodies of knowledge. An integrative approach, combining phylogenetic, developmental, and functional biology, is needed to achieve a true fungal evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) synthesis for fungal fruiting bodies.

Three new Russula species in sect. Ingratae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from southern China

Three new species of Russulasection Ingratae, found in Guizhou and Jiangsu Provinces, southern China, are proposed: R.straminella, R.subpectinatoides and R.succinea. Photographs, line drawings and detailed morphological descriptions for these species are provided with comparisons against closely-related taxa. Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region supported the recognition of these specimens as new species. Additionally, R.indocatillus is reported for the first time from China and morphological and phylogenetic data are provided for the Chinese specimens.

Untangling the Lactifluus clarkeae - Lf. flocktoniae(Russulaceae) species complex in Australasia

The Lactifluus clarkeae complex is a commonly observed, generally brightly coloured, group of mushrooms that are usually associated with Nothofagus or Myrtaceous hosts in Australia and New Zealand. For this study collections labelled as 'Lactarius clarkeae', 'Russula flocktoniae' and 'Lactarius subclarkeae' were examined morphologically and molecularly. Analyses of molecular data showed a high cryptic diversity, with sequences scattered across 11 clades in three subgenera within Lactifluus, and a single collection in Russula. We select epitypes to anchor the currently accepted concepts of Lf. clarkeae s.str. and Lf. flocktoniae s.str. The name Lf. subclarkeae could not be applied to any of the collections examined, as none had a lamprotrichoderm pileipellis. Lactifluus clarkeae var. aurantioruber is raised to species level, and six new species are described, three in subg. Lactifluus: Lf. jetiae, Lf. pagodicystidiatus, and Lf. rugulostipitatus, and three in subg. Gymnocarpi: Lf. albens, Lf. psammophilus, and Lf. pseudoflocktoniae. A new collection of Lf. russulisporus provides a significant range extension for the species. Untangling this complex will enable better identification of species and increase understanding of diversity and specific habitat associations of macrofungi. Citation: Lebel T, Douch J, Tegart L, et al. 2021. Untangling the Lactifluus clarkeae - Lf. flocktoniae (Russulaceae) species complex in Australasia. Persoonia 47: 1-44. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.01.

Description of the Fifth New Species of Russula subsect. Maculatinae from Pakistan Indicates Local Diversity Hotspot of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Southwestern Himalayas

Russula subsect. Maculatinae is morphologically and phylogenetically well-defined lineage of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with arctic, boreal, temperate and Mediterranean habitats of Northern Hemisphere. Based on phylogenetic distance among species, it seems that this group diversified relatively recently. Russula ayubiana sp. nov., described in this study, is the fifth in the group known from relatively small area of northern Pakistan situated in southwestern Himalayas. This is the highest known number of agaric lineage members from a single area in the world. This study uses available data about phylogeny, ecology, and climate to trace phylogenetic origin and ecological preferences of Maculatinae in southwestern Himalayas. Our results suggest that the area has been recently colonised by Maculatinae members migrating from various geographical areas and adapting to local conditions. We also discuss the perspectives and obstacles in research of biogeography and ecology, and we propose improvements that would facilitate the integration of ecological and biogeographical metadata from the future taxonomic studies of fungi in the region.

New Records of Rare Hypogeous Fungi from Poland (Central Europe)

Investigations carried out in recent years have provided new data on the localities of some rare hypogeous fungi in Central Europe. In this study, we present new localities of <em>Leucangium carthusianum</em>, <em>Melanogaster luteus</em>, and <em>Rhizopogon </em><em>melanogastroides</em>, two of which are new for Poland. Sporocarps of <em>L. carthusianum </em>were found in seven new localities in mixed and coniferous forests in the Western Carpathians as well as in Sudetes. In Poland, the species was also recorded in a mixed forest in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. Fir, <em>Abies alba</em>, accompanied the fungus in almost all known localities. Three localities of <em>M. luteus </em>were found in the Polish Western and Eastern Carpathians in <em>Alnus incana </em>communities mostly associated with streams. Knowledge of the distribution of this species in Europe is incomplete due to the complicated taxonomic history; nevertheless, it is regarded as rare, despite its wide distribution. One new locality of <em>R. melanogastroides </em>recorded in the Tatra Mts, Western Carpathians, is the fourth known to date. This species is mostly associated with <em>Pinus mugo </em>in high mountain localities (the Alps, the Tatra Mts). In this study, detailed descriptions and illustrations of the macro- and micromorphological features of the species are provided.

Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity

Halimium is a genus of Cistaceae, containing a small group of shrub species found in open vegetation types and in degraded forest patches throughout the western and central Mediterranean region. We recently described the morpho-anatomical features of the ectomycorrhizae formed by Scleroderma meridionale on Halimium halimifolium, but the mycorrhizal biology of this host plant genus is still largely unexplored. Here, we report new data on the ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts of Halimium, based on the collection of sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal root tips in pure stands occurring in Sardinia, Italy. To obtain a broader view of Halimium mycorrhizal and ecological potential, we compiled a comprehensive and up-to-date checklist of fungal species reported to establish ectomycorrhizae on Halimium spp. on the basis of field observations, molecular approaches, and mycorrhiza synthesis. Our list comprises 154 records, corresponding to 102 fungal species and 35 genera, revealing a significant diversity of the Halimium ectomycorrhizal mycobiota. Key ectomycorrhizal genera like Russula, Lactarius/Lactifluus, Amanita, Inocybe, and Cortinarius account for more than half of all mycobionts. A large proportion of Halimium fungal species are shared with other host plants in various ecological settings, suggesting a critical role of common mycorrhizal networks in the function played by this shrub in various Mediterranean ecosystems.

Continental-scale metagenomics, BLAST searches, and herbarium specimens: The Australian Microbiome Initiative and the National Herbarium of Victoria

PREMISE

Motivated to make sensible interpretations of the massive volume of data from the Australian Microbiome Initiative (AusMic), we characterize the soil mycota of Australia. We establish operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the data and compare these to GenBank and a data set from the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Melbourne, Australia. We also provide visualizations of Agaricomycete diversity, drawn from our analyses of the AusMic sequences and taxonomy.

METHODS

The AusMic internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data were filtered to create OTUs, which were searched against the National Center for Biotechnology Information Nucleotide database and the MEL database. We further characterized a portion of our OTUs by graphing the counts of the families and orders of Agaricomycetes. We also graphed AusMic species determinations for Australian Agaricomycetes against latitude.

RESULTS

Our filtering process generated 192,325 OTUs; for Agaricomycetes, there were 27,730 OTUs. Based on the existing AusMic taxonomy at species level, we inferred the diversity of Australian Agaricomycetes against latitude to be lowest between -20 and -25 decimal degrees.

DISCUSSION

BLAST comparisons provided reciprocal insights between the three data sets, including the detection of unusual root-associated species in the AusMic data, insights into mushroom morphology from the MEL data, and points of comparison for the taxonomic determinations between AusMic, GenBank, and MEL. This study provides a tabulation of Australian fungi, different visual snapshots of a subset of those taxa, and a springboard for future studies.

New Record of Macrofungi for the Mycobiota of the Cieszyn Municipality (Polish Western Carpathians) Including New Species to Poland

In this paper, we present the results of mycological research carried out between 2015 and 2018 in the Cieszyn township, in the Silesian Foothills (Outer Western Carpathians). The list of 417 species of macrofungi from the Cieszyn area reported in our previous study, has been expanded further by the addition of 37 taxa found in the current study. Among these, the following deserve special attention: fungi that are new to Poland’s mycobiota (six species: <em>Bryoscyphus dicrani</em>, <em>Discina martinii</em>, <em>Elaphomyces aculeatus</em>, <em>Tuber brumale</em>, <em>T. foetidum</em>, and <em>Russula cerea</em>), taxa subject to legal protection (four species: <em>Disciotis venosa</em>, <em>Grifola frondosa</em>, <em>Mitrophora semilibera</em>, and <em>Sparassis brevipes</em>), as well as fungi that are rare in Poland, included in national or regional red lists, and in the registers of rare and endangered species (24 species including <em>Amanita echinocephala</em>, <em>Arrhenia retiruga</em>, <em>A. spathulata</em>, <em>Catinella olivacea</em>, <em>Elaphomyces maculatus</em>, <em>Hygrophorus discoxanthus</em>, <em>Ophiocordyceps entomorrhiza</em>, <em>Pluteus diettrichii</em>, <em>Tuber aestivum</em>, and <em>T. fulgens</em>). This paper presents the distribution and location of 32 species of fungi along with a short description and illustration of the macro- and micromorphological features of select species and their habitats.

Phylogeny and character evolution in the Dacrymycetes, and systematics of Unilacrymaceae and Dacryonaemataceae fam. nov

We present a multilocus phylogeny of the class Dacrymycetes, based on data from the 18S, ITS, 28S, RPB1, RPB2, TEF-1α, 12S, and ATP6 DNA regions, with c. 90 species including the types of most currently accepted genera. A variety of methodological approaches was used to infer phylogenetic relationships among the Dacrymycetes, from a supermatrix strategy using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference on a concatenated dataset, to coalescence-based calculations, such as quartet-based summary methods of independent single-locus trees, and Bayesian integration of single-locus trees into a species tree under the multispecies coalescent. We evaluate for the first time the taxonomic usefulness of some cytological phenotypic characters, i.e., vacuolar contents (vacuolar bodies and lipid bodies), number of nuclei of recently discharged basidiospores, and pigments, with especial emphasis on carotenoids. These characters, along with several others traditionally used for the taxonomy of this group (basidium shape, presence and morphology of clamp connections, morphology of the terminal cells of cortical/marginal hyphae, presence and degree of ramification of the hyphidia), are mapped on the resulting phylogenies and their evolution through the class Dacrymycetes discussed. Our analyses reveal five lineages that putatively represent five different families, four of which are accepted and named. Three out of these four lineages correspond to previously circumscribed and published families (Cerinomycetaceae, Dacrymycetaceae, and Unilacrymaceae), and one is proposed as the new family Dacryonaemataceae. Provisionally, only a single order, Dacrymycetales, is accepted within the class. Furthermore, the systematics of the two smallest families, Dacryonaemataceae and Unilacrymaceae, are investigated to the species level, using coalescence-based species delimitation on multilocus DNA data, and a detailed morphological study including morphometric analyses of the basidiospores. Three species are accepted in Dacryonaema, the type, Da. rufum, the newly combined Da. macnabbii (basionym Dacrymyces macnabbii), and a new species named Da. macrosporum. Two species are accepted in Unilacryma, the new U. bispora, and the type, U. unispora, the latter treated in a broad sense pending improved sampling across the Holarctic.

Multiple evolutionary origins of sequestrate species in the agaricoid genus Chlorophyllum

Chlorophyllum accommodates lamellate agaricoid species as well as sequestrate angiocarpic taxa, which do not form a monophyletic lineage within the genus. To clarify phylogenetic affinities and delimit species boundaries among sequestrate representatives of the genus, we analyzed historical and contemporary material from a broad geographic range, encompassing North America, southern Africa, eastern Asia, the Greek and Iberian peninsulas, and the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Lesvos. Six sequestrate lineages of Chlorophyllum were identified, which appear to have evolved in at least three independent gasteromycetation events. Multigene analysis of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and portions of the nuc 28S rDNA (28S), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1) genes revealed the presence of a previously undescribed species, introduced here as Chlorophyllum levantinum, sp. nov. Its sister species C. lusitanicum, previously known only from Spain, is shown to have a wider distribution throughout the Mediterranean basin. A South African collection of Secotium gueinzii, a poorly known taxon described in 1840 and seldom appearing in literature since, was also shown to nest within Chlorophyllum. An epitype for this rare species is designated, Secotium becomes a priority synonym of Chlorophyllum, and nomenclatural implications are discussed. The phylogenetic placement of C. arizonicum is confirmed after successful sequencing of the century-old holotype and an undescribed sister lineage of this species detected. Emended descriptions of sections Chlorophyllum, Endoptychorum, and Sphaerospororum are provided to reflect current results, along with updated descriptions and extensive imagery for all known sequestrate taxa of Chlorophyllum.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 951-1041

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Antarctica, Apenidiella antarctica from permafrost, Cladosporium fildesense from an unidentified marine sponge. Argentina, Geastrum wrightii on humus in mixed forest. Australia, Golovinomyces glandulariae on Glandularia aristigera, Neoanungitea eucalyptorum on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis, Teratosphaeria corymbiicola on leaves of Corymbia ficifolia, Xylaria eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus radiata. Brazil, Bovista psammophila on soil, Fusarium awaxy on rotten stalks of Zea mays, Geastrum lanuginosum on leaf litter covered soil, Hermetothecium mikaniae-micranthae (incl. Hermetothecium gen. nov.) on Mikania micrantha, Penicillium reconvexovelosoi in soil, Stagonosporopsis vannaccii from pod of Glycine max. British Virgin Isles, Lactifluus guanensis on soil. Canada, Sorocybe oblongispora on resin of Picea rubens. Chile, Colletotrichum roseum on leaves of Lapageria rosea. China, Setophoma caverna from carbonatite in Karst cave. Colombia, Lareunionomyces eucalypticola on leaves of Eucalyptus grandis. Costa Rica, Psathyrella pivae on wood. Cyprus, Clavulina iris on calcareous substrate. France, Chromosera ambigua and Clavulina iris var. occidentalis on soil. French West Indies, Helminthosphaeria hispidissima on dead wood. Guatemala, Talaromyces guatemalensis in soil. Malaysia, Neotracylla pini (incl. Tracyllales ord. nov. and Neotracylla gen. nov.) and Vermiculariopsiella pini on needles of Pinus tecunumanii. New Zealand, Neoconiothyrium viticola on stems of Vitis vinifera, Parafenestella pittospori on Pittosporum tenuifolium, Pilidium novae-zelandiae on Phoenix sp. Pakistan, Russula quercus-floribundae on forest floor. Portugal, Trichoderma aestuarinum from saline water. Russia, Pluteus liliputianus on fallen branch of deciduous tree, Pluteus spurius on decaying deciduous wood or soil. South Africa, Alloconiothyrium encephalarti, Phyllosticta encephalarticola and Neothyrostroma encephalarti (incl. Neothyrostroma gen. nov.) on leaves of Encephalartos sp., Chalara eucalypticola on leaf spots of Eucalyptus grandis × urophylla, Clypeosphaeria oleae on leaves of Olea capensis, Cylindrocladiella postalofficium on leaf litter of Sideroxylon inerme, Cylindromonium eugeniicola (incl. Cylindromonium gen. nov.) on leaf litter of Eugenia capensis, Cyphellophora goniomatis on leaves of Gonioma kamassi, Nothodactylaria nephrolepidis (incl. Nothodactylaria gen. nov. and Nothodactylariaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Nephrolepis exaltata, Falcocladium eucalypti and Gyrothrix eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Gyrothrix oleae on leaves of Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa, Harzia metrosideri on leaf litter of Metrosideros sp., Hippopotamyces phragmitis (incl. Hippopotamyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Phragmites australis, Lectera philenopterae on Philenoptera violacea, Leptosillia mayteni on leaves of Maytenus heterophylla, Lithohypha aloicola and Neoplatysporoides aloes on leaves of Aloe sp., Millesimomyces rhoicissi (incl. Millesimomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Rhoicissus digitata, Neodevriesia strelitziicola on leaf litter of Strelitzia nicolai, Neokirramyces syzygii (incl. Neokirramyces gen. nov.) on leaf spots of Syzygium sp., Nothoramichloridium perseae (incl. Nothoramichloridium gen. nov. and Anungitiomycetaceae fam. nov.) on leaves of Persea americana, Paramycosphaerella watsoniae on leaf spots of Watsonia sp., Penicillium cuddlyae from dog food, Podocarpomyces knysnanus (incl. Podocarpomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Podocarpus falcatus, Pseudocercospora heteropyxidicola on leaf spots of Heteropyxis natalensis, Pseudopenidiella podocarpi, Scolecobasidium podocarpi and Ceramothyrium podocarpicola on leaves of Podocarpus latifolius, Scolecobasidium blechni on leaves of Blechnum capense, Stomiopeltis syzygii on leaves of Syzygium chordatum, Strelitziomyces knysnanus (incl. Strelitziomyces gen. nov.) on leaves of Strelitzia alba, Talaromyces clemensii from rotting wood in goldmine, Verrucocladosporium visseri on Carpobrotus edulis. Spain, Boletopsis mediterraneensis on soil, Calycina cortegadensisi on a living twig of Castanea sativa, Emmonsiellopsis tuberculata in fluvial sediments, Mollisia cortegadensis on dead attached twig of Quercus robur, Psathyrella ovispora on soil, Pseudobeltrania lauri on leaf litter of Laurus azorica, Terfezia dunensis in soil, Tuber lucentum in soil, Venturia submersa on submerged plant debris. Thailand, Cordyceps jakajanicola on cicada nymph, Cordyceps kuiburiensis on spider, Distoseptispora caricis on leaves of Carex sp., Ophiocordyceps khonkaenensis on cicada nymph. USA, Cytosporella juncicola and Davidiellomyces juncicola on culms of Juncus effusus, Monochaetia massachusettsianum from air sample, Neohelicomyces melaleucae and Periconia neobrittanica on leaves of Melaleuca styphelioides × lanceolata, Pseudocamarosporium eucalypti on leaves of Eucalyptus sp., Pseudogymnoascus lindneri from sediment in a mine, Pseudogymnoascus turneri from sediment in a railroad tunnel, Pulchroboletus sclerotiorum on soil, Zygosporium pseudomasonii on leaf of Serenoa repens. Vietnam, Boletus candidissimus and Veloporphyrellus vulpinus on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota

The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.