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Friedman-DeLuca M, Patel PP, Karadal-Ferrena B, Barth ND, Duran CL, Ye X, Papanicolaou M, Condeelis JS, Oktay MH, Borriello L, Entenberg D. Tracking Tumor Cell Dissemination from Lung Metastases Using Photoconversion. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/65732. [PMID: 37486129 PMCID: PMC10832329 DOI: 10.3791/65732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis - the systemic spread of cancer - is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although metastasis is commonly thought of as a unidirectional process wherein cells from the primary tumor disseminate and seed metastases, tumor cells in existing metastases can also redisseminate and give rise to new lesions in tertiary sites in a process known as "metastasis-from-metastases" or "metastasis-to-metastasis seeding." Metastasis-to-metastasis seeding may increase the metastatic burden and decrease the patient's quality of life and survival. Therefore, understanding the processes behind this phenomenon is crucial to refining treatment strategies for patients with metastatic cancer. Little is known about metastasis-to-metastasis seeding, due in part to logistical and technological limitations. Studies on metastasis-to-metastasis seeding rely primarily on sequencing methods, which may not be practical for researchers studying the exact timing of metastasis-to-metastasis seeding events or what promotes or prevents them. This highlights the lack of methodologies that facilitate the study of metastasis-to-metastasis seeding. To address this, we have developed - and describe herein - a murine surgical protocol for the selective photoconversion of lung metastases, allowing specific marking and fate tracking of tumor cells redisseminating from the lung to tertiary sites. To our knowledge, this is the only method for studying tumor cell redissemination and metastasis-to-metastasis seeding from the lungs that does not require genomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Friedman-DeLuca
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Prachiben P Patel
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Burcu Karadal-Ferrena
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Camille L Duran
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Xianjun Ye
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Michael Papanicolaou
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - John S Condeelis
- Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Maja H Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center
| | - Lucia Borriello
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center;
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Montefiore Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center;
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2
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An optimized protocol for assessing changes in mouse whole-brain activity using opto-fMRI. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101761. [PMID: 36240060 PMCID: PMC9568887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in mouse brain, paired with spatially and temporally defined manipulations, offers a powerful tool to causally explain the effect of specific neuronal activity on brain network dynamics. Here, we present an optimized protocol to measure cell-type-specific contributions to changes in whole-brain dynamics in mice using optogenetics (opto)-fMRI. This protocol details the injection of ChR2-expressing AAV, the implantation of optical fiber, the steps to perform opto-BOLD (blood-oxygenation-level-dependent) fMRI recording, and data analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Grimm et al. (2021).
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3
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Guo L, Li N, Yang Z, Li H, Zheng H, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhao X, Mei J, Shi H, Worthen GS, Liu L. Role of CXCL5 in Regulating Chemotaxis of Innate and Adaptive Leukocytes in Infected Lungs Upon Pulmonary Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:785457. [PMID: 34868067 PMCID: PMC8637413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.785457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respirovirus such as influenza virus infection induces pulmonary anti-viral immune response, orchestration of innate and adaptive immunity restrain viral infection, otherwise causes severe diseases such as pneumonia. Chemokines regulate leukocyte recruitment to the inflammation site. One chemokine CXCL5, plays a scavenging role to regulate pulmonary host defense against bacterial infection, but its role in pulmonary influenza virus infection is underdetermined. Here, using an influenza (H1N1) infected CXCL5-/- mouse model, we found that CXCL5 not only responds to neutrophil infiltration into infected lungs at the innate immunity stage, but also affects B lymphocyte accumulation in the lungs by regulating the expression of the B cell chemokine CXCL13. Inhibition of CXCL5-CXCR2 axis markedly induces CXCL13 expression in CD64+CD44hiCD274hi macrophages/monocytes in infected lungs, and in vitro administration of CXCL5 to CD64+ alveolar macrophages suppresses CXCL13 expression via the CXCL5-CXCR2 axis upon influenza challenge. CXCL5 deficiency leads to increased B lymphocyte accumulation in infected lungs, contributing to an enhanced B cell immune response and facilitating induced bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue formation in the infected lungs during the late infection and recovery stages. These data highlight multiple regulatory roles of CXCL5 in leukocyte chemotaxis during pulmonary influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Medical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zening Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Huiwen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jinxi Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yanli Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Junjie Mei
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Haijing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - G Scott Worthen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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4
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Li H, Wang P, Tang L, Sun J, Zhang Y, Luo W, Luo C, Hu Z, Yang L. Distinct Polarization Dynamics of Microglia and Infiltrating Macrophages: A Novel Mechanism of Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5227-5239. [PMID: 34675600 PMCID: PMC8521441 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s335382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent studies indicate that microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) have different roles in diseases such as stroke and spinal cord injury, yet their respective polarized phenotypes and roles remain unclear in spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury (SCIRI). Methods We established a mouse model of SCIRI by transient aortic occlusion followed by reperfusion. Basso mouse scale (BMS) scores were used to test the locomotor functions. The histopathological changes in spinal cord were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and NF-200 immunohistochemistry. Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were employed to analyze the polarized phenotypes of the microglia and infiltrating MDMs, and the resulting inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the role of infiltrating MDMs were investigated by MDMs depletion using systemic administration of clodronate-liposomes. Results SCIRI significantly impaired locomotor function of mice, accompanied with progressed necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and neuron loss in the spinal cord. M1-related pro-inflammatory markers (iNOS, CD16, CD86 and TNF-α) increased dramatically in the early phase following SCIRI. In contrast, M2-related anti-inflammatory markers (CD204 and CD206) elevated at later stage. Besides, the invading MDMs were principally pro-inflammatory M1 type, transiently restricted to the first week after SCIRI. In contrast, microglia were the main source of anti-inflammatory M2 type. Furthermore, depletion of MDMs by clodronate-liposomes significantly preserved neurological functions and relieved neuronal damage caused by SCIRI. Conclusion These findings suggested distinct polarized status of resident microglia and MDMs following SCIRI. Inhibition of the invading MDMs may represent a novel approach for SCIRI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Province Center for Clinical Anesthesia and Anesthesiology, Research Institute of Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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5
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Khadangi F, Forgues AS, Tremblay-Pitre S, Dufour-Mailhot A, Henry C, Boucher M, Beaulieu MJ, Morissette M, Fereydoonzad L, Brunet D, Robichaud A, Bossé Y. Intranasal versus intratracheal exposure to lipopolysaccharides in a murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7777. [PMID: 33833346 PMCID: PMC8032690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to frequent and often severe lung affections caused by COVID-19, murine models of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are increasingly used in experimental lung research. The one induced by a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure is practical. However, whether it is preferable to administer LPS intranasally or intratracheally remains an open question. Herein, female C57Bl/6 J mice were exposed intranasally or intratracheally to one dose of either saline or 3 mg/kg of LPS. They were studied 24 h later. The groups treated with LPS, either intranasally or intratracheally, exhibited a pronounced neutrophilic inflammation, signs of lung tissue damage and protein extravasation into the alveoli, and mild lung dysfunction. The magnitude of the response was generally not different between groups exposed intranasally versus intratracheally. However, the variability of some the responses was smaller in the LPS-treated groups exposed intranasally versus intratracheally. Notably, the saline-treated mice exposed intratracheally demonstrated a mild neutrophilic inflammation and alterations of the airway epithelium. We conclude that an intranasal exposure is as effective as an intratracheal exposure in a murine model of ARDS induced by LPS. Additionally, the groups exposed intranasally demonstrated less variability in the responses to LPS and less complications associated with the sham procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Khadangi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Forgues
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Sophie Tremblay-Pitre
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Alexis Dufour-Mailhot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Cyndi Henry
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Magali Boucher
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Beaulieu
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Mathieu Morissette
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | | | - David Brunet
- SCIREQ - Scientific Respiratory Equipment Inc., Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Ynuk Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, Pavillon Mallet, M2694, 2725, chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
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6
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Feldman KS, Kim E, Czachowski MJ, Wu Y, Lo CW, Zahid M. Differential effect of anesthetics on mucociliary clearance in vivo in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4896. [PMID: 33649513 PMCID: PMC7921682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a key defense mechanism that functions to entrap and transport inhaled pollutants, particulates, and pathogens away from the lungs. Previous work has identified a number of anesthetics to have cilia depressive effects in vitro. Wild-type C57BL/6 J mice received intra-tracheal installation of 99mTc-Sulfur colloid, and were imaged using a dual-modality SPECT/CT system at 0 and 6 h to measure baseline MCC (n = 8). Mice were challenged for one hour with inhalational 1.5% isoflurane, or intraperitoneal ketamine (100 mg/kg)/xylazine (20 mg/kg), ketamine (0.5 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (50 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.2 mg/kg)/1.5% isoflurane, propofol (120 mg/Kg), or fentanyl/midazolam/dexmedetomidine (0.025 mg/kg/2.5 mg/kg/0.25 mg/kg) prior to MCC assessment. The baseline MCC was 6.4%, and was significantly reduced to 3.7% (p = 0.04) and 3.0% (p = 0.01) by ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/dexmedetomidine challenge respectively. Importantly, combinations of drugs containing fentanyl, and propofol in isolation did not significantly depress MCC. Although no change in cilia length or percent ciliation was expected, we tried to correlate ex-vivo tracheal cilia ciliary beat frequency and cilia-generated flow velocities with MCC and found no correlation. Our results indicate that anesthetics containing ketamine (ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/dexmedetomidine) significantly depress MCC, while combinations containing fentanyl (fentanyl/isoflurane, fentanyl/midazolam/dexmedetomidine) and propofol do not. Our method for assessing MCC is reproducible and has utility for studying the effects of other drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Feldman
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 530 45th St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Eunwon Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 530 45th St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | | | - Yijen Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 530 45th St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 530 45th St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, Rangos Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 530 45th St., Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA.
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7
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Liang Y, Li H, Li J, Yang ZN, Li JL, Zheng HW, Chen YL, Shi HJ, Guo L, Liu LD. Role of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL5 in SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced lung inflammatory innate immune response in an in vivo hACE2 transfection mouse model. Zool Res 2020; 41:621-631. [PMID: 33045777 PMCID: PMC7671918 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and clarifying antiviral immunity in hosts are critical aspects for the development of vaccines and antivirals. Mice are frequently used to generate animal models of infectious diseases due to their convenience and ability to undergo genetic manipulation. However, normal adult mice are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we developed a viral receptor (human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, hACE2) pulmonary transfection mouse model to establish SARS-CoV-2 infection rapidly in the mouse lung. Based on the model, the virus successfully infected the mouse lung 2 days after transfection. Viral RNA/protein, innate immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine expression, and pathological changes in the infected lungs were observed after infection. Further studies indicated that neutrophils were the first and most abundant leukocytes to infiltrate the infected lungs after viral infection. In addition, using infected CXCL5-knockout mice, chemokine CXCL5 was responsible for neutrophil recruitment. CXCL5 knockout decreased lung inflammation without diminishing viral clearance, suggesting a potential target for controlling pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Heng Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Ze-Ning Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Hui-Wen Zheng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Yan-Li Chen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Hai-Jing Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China. E-mail:
| | - Long-Ding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China. E-mail:
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8
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Nie Z, Maung JN, Jacoby DB, Fryer AD. Lung eosinophils increase vagus nerve-mediated airway reflex bronchoconstriction in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L242-L251. [PMID: 31746625 PMCID: PMC7052679 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00040.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresponsiveness by increasing vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Here, we tested whether circulating or airway eosinophils change nerve function. Airway resistance in response to aerosolized 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, 10-300 mM) was measured in wild-type mice or transgenic mice that overexpress IL5 in T cells (+IL5T), overexpress IL5 in airway epithelium (+IL5AE), or overexpress IL5 but are devoid of eosinophils (+IL5AE/-Eos). Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), blood, and bone marrow were quantified. Blood eosinophils were increased in +IL5T and +IL5AE mice compared with wild-type mice. +IL5T mice had increased eosinophils in bone marrow while +IL5AE mice had increased eosinophils in BAL. Eosinophils surrounding large airways were significantly increased only in +IL5AE mice. With intact vagal innervation, aerosolized 5-HT significantly increased airway resistance in +IL5AE mice. 5-HT-induced bronchoconstriction was blocked by vagotomy or atropine, demonstrating that it was mediated via a vagal reflex. Airway resistance was not increased in +IL5AE/-Eos mice, demonstrating that it required lung eosinophils, but was not affected by increased bone marrow or blood eosinophils or by increased IL5 in the absence of eosinophils. Eosinophils did not change M3 function on airway smooth muscle, since airway responses to methacholine in vagotomized mice were not different among strains. Eosinophils surrounding large airways were sufficient, even in the absence of increased IL5 or external insult, to increase vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Specifically blocking or reducing eosinophils surrounding large airways may effectively inhibit reflex hyperresponsiveness mediated by vagus nerves in eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica N Maung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - David B Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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9
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PM2.5 Exposure in the Respiratory System Induces Distinct Inflammatory Signaling in the Lung and the Liver of Mice. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3486841. [PMID: 31871955 PMCID: PMC6913334 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3486841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a harmful air pollutant currently threatening public health. Although many studies have been performed on the general negative effects of PM2.5 in mice and humans, the migration patterns of various immune cells in response to PM2.5 exposure remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the immune cell migratory response in the lung and the liver of intratracheally PM2.5-inoculated mice. To investigate the migration trajectory of immune cells in the lung and the liver tissues of mice, we employed microscopic tools including two-photon intravital imaging, histological analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Our data from two-photon intravital imaging showed that there was no significant difference in the number of infiltrated neutrophils in the lung and the liver of PM2.5-treated mice, compared to the nontreated condition. However, from the histological analysis and the transmission electron microscopy after vascular perfusion to remove intravascular leukocytes, we observed that some leukocytes were frequently observed in the lung and the liver of PM2.5-treated mice. Interestingly, quantification of leukocyte population using flow cytometry showed significant increase of neutrophils and macrophages in the lung, but not much in the liver, 24 h post-PM2.5 treatment. These data imply that two-photon intravital imaging of the lung and the liver actually visualized neutrophils, which were adherent to the luminal side of the vasculature. We then conducted mRNA microarray analysis to further observe how PM2.5 affects gene expression patterns in the lung and the liver. PM2.5 treatment changed the mRNA expression associated with the IL-17 signaling pathway in the lung and changed the mRNA expression associated with metabolic pathways in the liver. In summary, these results suggest that the immune response in the lung is distinctly regulated from that in the liver under acute PM2.5-induced inflammation and that these organs consequently are regulated via distinct signaling pathways.
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10
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Bonnardel E, Prevel R, Campagnac M, Dubreuil M, Marthan R, Berger P, Dupin I. Determination of reliable lung function parameters in intubated mice. Respir Res 2019; 20:211. [PMID: 31521163 PMCID: PMC6744631 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models and, in particular, mice models, are important tools to investigate the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases and to test potential new therapeutic drugs. Lung function measurement is a key step in such investigation. In mice, it is usually performed using forced oscillation technique (FOT), negative pressure-driven forced expiratory (NPFE) and pressure-volume (PV) curve maneuvers. However, these techniques require a tracheostomy, which therefore only allows end-point measurements. Orotracheal intubation has been reported to be feasible and to give reproducible lung function measurements, but the agreement between intubation and tracheostomy generated-data remains to be tested. Methods Using the Flexivent system, we measured lung function parameters (in particular, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first 0.1 s (FEV0.1), compliance (Crs) of the respiratory system, compliance (C) measured using PV loop and an estimate of inspiratory capacity (A)) in healthy intubated BALB/cJ mice and C57BL/6 J mice and compared the results with similar measurements performed in the same mice subsequently tracheostomized after intubation, by means of paired comparison method, correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. The feasibility of repetitive lung function measurements by intubation was also tested. Results We identified parameters that are accurately evaluated in intubated animals (i.e., FVC, FEV0.1, Crs, C and A in BALB/cJ and FVC, FEV0.1, and A in C57BL/6 J). Repetitive lung function measurements were obtained in C57BL/6 J mice. Conclusion This subset of lung function parameters in orotracheally intubated mice is reliable, thereby allowing relevant longitudinal studies. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at (10.1186/s12931-019-1177-9).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Bonnardel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Prevel
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marilyne Campagnac
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marielle Dubreuil
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, CIC 1401, F-33604, Pessac, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, CIC 1401, F-33604, Pessac, France
| | - Isabelle Dupin
- Univ-Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Département de Pharmacologie, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, CIC 1401, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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11
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Mesenchyme-free expansion and transplantation of adult alveolar progenitor cells: steps toward cell-based regenerative therapies. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:17. [PMID: 31452939 PMCID: PMC6702233 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type-2 (AT2) cells are necessary for the lung’s regenerative response to epithelial insults such as influenza. However, current methods to expand these cells rely on mesenchymal co-culture, complicating the possibility of transplantation following acute injury. Here we developed several mesenchyme-free culture conditions that promote growth of murine AT2 organoids. Transplanting dissociated AT2 organoids into influenza-infected mice demonstrated that organoids engraft and either proliferate as AT2 cells or unexpectedly adopt a basal cell-like fate associated with maladaptive regeneration. Alternatively, transplanted primary AT2 cells also robustly engraft, maintaining their AT2 lineage while replenishing the alveolar type-1 (AT1) cell population in the epithelium. Importantly, pulse oximetry revealed significant increase in blood-oxygen saturation in primary AT2 recipients, indicating that transplanted cells also confer increased pulmonary function after influenza. We further demonstrated that both acid installation and bleomycin injury models are also amenable to AT2 transplantation. These studies provide additional methods to study AT2 progenitor potential, while serving as proof-of-principle for adoptive transfer of alveolar progenitors in potential therapeutic applications.
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12
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Isolation of Phage Lysins That Effectively Kill Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mouse Models of Lung and Skin Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00024-19. [PMID: 31010858 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00024-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is rapidly increasing in prevalence among isolates of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, leaving few treatment options. Phage lysins are cell wall hydrolases that have a demonstrated therapeutic potential against Gram-positive pathogens; however, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria prevents most lysins from reaching the peptidoglycan, making them less effective as therapeutics. Nevertheless, a few lysins from Gram-negative bacterial phage can penetrate the bacterial outer membrane with the aid of an amphipathic tail found in the molecule's termini. In this work, we took a phylogenetic approach to systematically identify those lysins from P. aeruginosa phage that would be most effective therapeutically. We isolated and performed preliminary characterization of 16 lysins and chose 2 lysins, PlyPa03 and PlyPa91, which exhibited >5-log killing activity against P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative pathogens (particularly Klebsiella and Enterobacter). These lysins showed rapid killing kinetics and were active in the presence of high concentrations of salt and urea and under pH conditions ranging from 5.0 to 10.0. Activity was not inhibited in the presence of the pulmonary surfactant beractant (Survanta). While neither enzyme was active in 100% human serum, PlyPa91 retained activity in low serum concentrations. The lysins were effective in the treatment of a P. aeruginosa skin infection in a mouse model, and PlyPa91 protected mice in a lung infection model, making these lysins potential drug candidates for Gram-negative bacterial infections of the skin or respiratory mucosa.
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13
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Kim YM, Jeong S, Choe YH, Hyun YM. Two-photon intravital imaging of leukocyte migration during inflammation in the respiratory system. Acute Crit Care 2019; 34:101-107. [PMID: 31723914 PMCID: PMC6786666 DOI: 10.4266/acc.2019.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon intravital imaging is a powerful method by which researchers are able to directly observe biological phenomena in live organisms. Researchers in various biomedical research fields have applied two-photon imaging to a variety of target organs by utilizing this technology’s ability to penetrate to significant depths with minimal phototoxicity. The mouse respiratory system in inflammation models is a good example, as two-photon intravital imaging can provide insights as to how the immune system is activated in response to inflammation within the respiratory system. Inflammation models can be generated via influenza viral, bacterial, or lipopolysaccharide injection. To exteriorize the lungs or trachea, thoracotomy or tracheotomy is performed, respectively; the appropriate combination of inflammation induction and organ exposure is selected depending on the study purpose. On the other hand, visualizing the movement of leukocytes is also an important component; to this end, immune cell populations of interest are either labeled via the genetic attachment of fluorescent proteins or stained with antibodies or dyes. With the proper selection of methods at each step, twophoton intravital imaging can yield visual evidence regarding immune responses to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soi Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Choe
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Hyun
- Department of Anatomy and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Paris AJ, Guo L, Dai N, Katzen JB, Patel PN, Worthen GS, Brenner JS. Using selective lung injury to improve murine models of spatially heterogeneous lung diseases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0202456. [PMID: 30943189 PMCID: PMC6447173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lung diseases, such as the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), display significant regional heterogeneity with patches of severely injured tissue adjacent to apparently healthy tissue. Current mouse models that aim to mimic ARDS generally produce diffuse injuries that cannot reproducibly generate ARDS’s regional heterogeneity. This deficiency prevents the evaluation of how well therapeutic agents reach the most injured regions and precludes many regenerative medicine studies since it is not possible to know which apparently healing regions suffered severe injury initially. Finally, these diffuse injury models must be relatively mild to allow for survival, as their diffuse nature does not allow for residual healthy lung to keep an animal alive long enough for many drug and regenerative medicine studies. To solve all of these deficiencies in current animal models, we have created a simple and reproducible technique to selectively induce lung injury in specific areas of the lung. Our technique, catheter-in-catheter selective lung injury (CICSLI), involves guiding an inner catheter to a particular area of the lung and delivering an injurious agent mixed with nanoparticles (fluorescently and/or radioactively labeled) that can be used days later to track the location and extent of where the initial injury occurred. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CICSLI can produce a more severe injury than diffuse models, yet has much higher survival since CICSLI intentionally leaves lung regions undamaged. Collectively, these attributes of CICSLI will allow investigators to better study how drugs act within heterogeneous lung pathologies and how regeneration occurs in severely damaged lung tissue, thereby aiding the development of new therapies for ARDS and other heterogenous lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Paris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lei Guo
- Kunming National High-level Biosafety Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeremy B. Katzen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Priyal N. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - G. Scott Worthen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jacob S. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Center for Translational Targeted Therapeutics and Nanomedicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Nichols AL, Noridomi K, Hughes CR, Jalali-Yazdi F, Eaton JB, Lai LH, Advani G, Lukas RJ, Lester HA, Chen L, Roberts RW. α1-FANGs: Protein Ligands Selective for the α-Bungarotoxin Site of the α1-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2568-2576. [PMID: 30059207 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels that play a central role in neuronal and neuromuscular signal transduction. Here, we have developed FANG ligands, fibronectin antibody-mimetic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-generated ligands, using mRNA display. We generated a 1 trillion-member primary e10FnIII library to target a stabilized α1 nicotinic subunit (α211). This library yielded 270000 independent potential protein binding ligands. The lead sequence, α1-FANG1, represented 25% of all library sequences, showed the highest-affinity binding, and competed with α-bungarotoxin (α-Btx). To improve this clone, a new library based on α1-FANG1 was subjected to heat, protease, binding, off-rate selective pressures, and point mutations. This resulted in α1-FANG2 and α1-FANG3. These proteins bind α211 with KD values of 3.5 nM and 670 pM, respectively, compete with α-Btx, and show improved subunit specificity. α1-FANG3 is thermostable ( Tm = 62 °C) with a 6 kcal/mol improvement in folding free energy compared with that of the parent α1-FANG1. α1-FANG3 competes directly with the α-Btx binding site of intact neuromuscular heteropentamers [(α1)2β1γδ] in mammalian culture-derived cellular membranes and in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing these nAChRs. This work demonstrates that mRNA display against a monomeric ecto-domain of a pentamer has the capability to select ligands that bind that subunit in both a monomeric and a pentameric context. Overall, our work provides a route to creating a new family of stable, well-behaved proteins that specifically target this important receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L. Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Kaori Noridomi
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, United States
| | - Christopher R. Hughes
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Farzad Jalali-Yazdi
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - J. Brek Eaton
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4409, United States
| | - Lan Huong Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
| | - Gaurav Advani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
| | - Ronald J. Lukas
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85013-4409, United States
| | - Henry A. Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125-0001, United States
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, United States
- Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Richard W. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, United States
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, United States
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1211, United States
- Norris Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1111, United States
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16
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Robinson E, MacDonald KD, Slaughter K, McKinney M, Patel S, Sun C, Sahay G. Lipid Nanoparticle-Delivered Chemically Modified mRNA Restores Chloride Secretion in Cystic Fibrosis. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2034-2046. [PMID: 29910178 PMCID: PMC6094356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The promise of gene therapy for the treatment of cystic fibrosis has yet to be fully clinically realized despite years of effort toward correcting the underlying genetic defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). mRNA therapy via nanoparticle delivery represents a powerful technology for the transfer of genetic material to cells with large, widespread populations, such as airway epithelia. We deployed a clinically relevant lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP) for packaging and delivery of large chemically modified CFTR mRNA (cmCFTR) to patient-derived bronchial epithelial cells, resulting in an increase in membrane-localized CFTR and rescue of its primary function as a chloride channel. Furthermore, nasal application of LNP-cmCFTR restored CFTR-mediated chloride secretion to conductive airway epithelia in CFTR knockout mice for at least 14 days. On day 3 post-transfection, CFTR activity peaked, recovering up to 55% of the net chloride efflux characteristic of healthy mice. This magnitude of response is superior to liposomal CFTR DNA delivery and is comparable with outcomes observed in the currently approved drug ivacaftor. LNP-cmRNA-based systems represent a powerful platform technology for correction of cystic fibrosis and other monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Robinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Kelvin D MacDonald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kai Slaughter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Madison McKinney
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Conroy Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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17
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Nosaka N, Crother TR, Chen S, Arditi M, Shimada K. Optimal tube length of orotracheal intubation for mice. Lab Anim 2018; 53:79-83. [PMID: 29649932 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218765032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endotracheal tube (ETT) management is an essential technique in handling mice with mechanical ventilators. Malposition into bronchi causes not only lethal complications for them but also less efficient mechanical ventilation. However, in general, it is difficult to know whether the ETT is placed with appropriate depth into the trachea of mice. We measured the distance from incisors to the bifurcation of trachea of multiple mice, and created a new estimation formula to obtain the suitable ETT length for mice with a body weight range from 17 g to 25 g: length (mm) = 0.5 × bodyweight (g) + 7. However, millimeter step adjustments are impracticable. Thus, slightly shorter than 2 cm (18-20 mm) may be the universal ETT length for mice with bodyweight > 17 g. Furthermore, their foot size may be a good alternative to predict the individual optimal ETT length for mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Nosaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Timothy R Crother
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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18
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Abstract
Pulmonary delivery in animal models can be performed using either direct administration methods or by passive inhalation. Direct pulmonary delivery requires the animal to be endotracheally intubated, whereas passive delivery uses a nose-only or a whole-body chamber. Endotracheal delivery of therapeutics and vaccines allows investigators to deliver the payload directly into the lung without the limitations associated with passive pulmonary administration methods. Additionally, endotracheal delivery can achieve deep lung delivery without the involvement of other exposure routes and is more reproducible and quantitative than passive pulmonary delivery in terms of accurate dosing. Here we describe the endotracheal delivery of both liquids and dry powders for preclinical models of treatment and exposure.
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19
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Teillaud JL, Regard L, Martin C, Sibéril S, Burgel PR. Exploring the Role of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Using a Mouse Model of Bacteria-Infected Lungs. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1845:223-239. [PMID: 30141016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8709-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models can be helpful tools for deciphering the generation, maintenance, and role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) during infections or tumor development. We describe here the establishment of a persistent lung infection in immune-competent mice by intratracheal instillation of agarose beads containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. After instillation, animals develop a chronic pulmonary infection, marked by the presence of TLS. This experimental setting allows the study of the function of TLS induced by bacteria encountered in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) as P. aeruginosa and S. aureus are the two main bacterial strains that infect bronchi of adult CF patients. Additionally, we describe also how to manipulate the immune response in these infected animals by targeting immune cells involved in TLS function. Overall, this approach makes it possible to explore the role of chronic inflammation in the induction and maintenance of TLS in infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Teillaud
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory "Cancer, immune Control and Escape", Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1138, Paris Cedex 06, France. .,Cordeliers Research Center, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1138, Paris, France. .,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.
| | - Lucile Regard
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, UPRES EA 2511, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie et Service de Physiologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Clémence Martin
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, UPRES EA 2511, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie et Service de Physiologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Sibéril
- Cordeliers Research Center, Laboratory "Cancer, immune Control and Escape", Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS 1138, Paris Cedex 06, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 1138, Paris, France.,Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, UMRS 1138, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Régis Burgel
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, UPRES EA 2511, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie et Service de Physiologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Paris, France
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20
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Critical role of CXCL4 in the lung pathogenesis of influenza (H1N1) respiratory infection. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1529-1541. [PMID: 28120850 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Annual epidemics and unexpected pandemics of influenza are threats to human health. Lung immune and inflammatory responses, such as those induced by respiratory infection influenza virus, determine the outcome of pulmonary pathogenesis. Platelet-derived chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) has an immunoregulatory role in inflammatory diseases. Here we show that CXCL4 is associated with pulmonary influenza infection and has a critical role in protecting mice from fatal H1N1 virus respiratory infection. CXCL4 knockout resulted in diminished viral clearance from the lung and decreased lung inflammation during early infection but more severe lung pathology relative to wild-type mice during late infection. Additionally, CXCL4 deficiency decreased leukocyte accumulation in the infected lung with markedly decreased neutrophil infiltration into the lung during early infection and extensive leukocyte, especially lymphocyte accumulation at the late infection stage. Loss of CXCL4 did not affect the activation of adaptive immune T and B lymphocytes during the late stage of lung infection. Further study revealed that CXCL4 deficiency inhibited neutrophil recruitment to the infected mouse lung. Thus the above results identify CXCL4 as a vital immunoregulatory chemokine essential for protecting mice against influenza A virus infection, especially as it affects the development of lung injury and neutrophil mobilization to the inflamed lung.
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21
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Liu Z, Fu S, Tang N. A Standardized Method for Measuring Internal Lung Surface Area via Mouse Pneumonectomy and Prosthesis Implantation. J Vis Exp 2017:56114. [PMID: 28784942 PMCID: PMC5612599 DOI: 10.3791/56114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary morphology, physiology, and respiratory functions change in both physiological and pathological conditions. Internal lung surface area (ISA), representing the gas-exchange capacity of the lung, is a critical criterion to assess respiratory function. However, observer bias can significantly influence measured values for lung morphological parameters. The protocol that we describe here minimizes variations during measurements of two morphological parameters used for ISA calculation: internal lung volume (ILV) and mean linear intercept (MLI). Using ISA as a morphometric and functional parameter to determine the outcome of alveolar regeneration in both pneumonectomy (PNX) and prosthesis implantation mouse models, we found that the increased ISA following PNX treatment was significantly blocked by implantation of a prosthesis into the thoracic cavity1. The ability to accurately quantify ISA is not only expected to improve the reliability and reproducibility of lung function studies in injured-induced alveolar regeneration models, but also to promote mechanistic discoveries of multiple pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, Peking University; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing
| | - Siling Fu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing;
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22
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Dua K, Shukla SD, Hansbro PM. Aspiration techniques for bronchoalveolar lavage in translational respiratory research: Paving the way to develop novel therapeutic moieties. J Biol Methods 2017; 4:e73. [PMID: 31453230 PMCID: PMC6706109 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2017.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a simple, yet informative tool in understanding the immunopathology of various lung diseases via quantifying various inflammatory cells, cytokines and growth factors. At present, this traditional method is often blended with several robust and sophisticated molecular and biological techniques sustaining the significance and longevity of this technique. Crucially, the existence of slightly distinct approaches and variables employed at different laboratories around the globe in performing BAL aspiration indeed demands an utmost need to optimize and develop an effective, cost-effective and a reproducible technique. This mini review will be of importance to the biological translational scientist, particularly respiratory researchers in understanding the fundamentals and approaches to apply and consider with BAL aspiration techniques. This will ensure generating a meaningful and clinically relevant data which in turn accelerate the development of new and effective therapeutic moieties for major respiratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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23
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Altemeier WA, Hung CF, Matute-Bello G. Mouse Models of Acute Lung Injury. ACUTE LUNG INJURY AND REPAIR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46527-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Rodriguez-Tirado C, Kitamura T, Kato Y, Pollard JW, Condeelis JS, Entenberg D. Long-term High-Resolution Intravital Microscopy in the Lung with a Vacuum Stabilized Imaging Window. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768066 DOI: 10.3791/54603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis to secondary sites such as the lung, liver and bone is a traumatic event with a mortality rate of approximately 90% 1. Of these sites, the lung is the most difficult to assess using intravital optical imaging due to its enclosed position within the body, delicate nature and vital role in sustaining proper physiology. While clinical modalities (positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)) are capable of providing noninvasive images of this tissue, they lack the resolution necessary to visualize the earliest seeding events, with a single pixel consisting of nearly a thousand cells. Current models of metastatic lung seeding postulate that events just after a tumor cell's arrival are deterministic for survival and subsequent growth. This means that real-time intravital imaging tools with single cell resolution 2 are required in order to define the phenotypes of the seeding cells and test these models. While high resolution optical imaging of the lung has been performed using various ex vivo preparations, these experiments are typically single time-point assays and are susceptible to artifacts and possible erroneous conclusions due to the dramatically altered environment (temperature, profusion, cytokines, etc.) resulting from removal from the chest cavity and circulatory system 3. Recent work has shown that time-lapse intravital optical imaging of the intact lung is possible using a vacuum stabilized imaging window 2,4,5 however, typical imaging times have been limited to approximately 6 hr. Here we describe a protocol for performing long-term intravital time-lapse imaging of the lung utilizing such a window over a period of 12 hr. The time-lapse image sequences obtained using this method enable visualization and quantitation of cell-cell interactions, membrane dynamics and vascular perfusion in the lung. We further describe an image processing technique that gives an unprecedentedly clear view of the lung microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takanori Kitamura
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh
| | - Yu Kato
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - Jeffery W Pollard
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Woman's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh
| | - John S Condeelis
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy & Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine;
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25
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Paris AJ, Liu Y, Mei J, Dai N, Guo L, Spruce LA, Hudock KM, Brenner JS, Zacharias WJ, Mei HD, Slamowitz AR, Bhamidipati K, Beers MF, Seeholzer SH, Morrisey EE, Worthen GS. Neutrophils promote alveolar epithelial regeneration by enhancing type II pneumocyte proliferation in a model of acid-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1062-L1075. [PMID: 27694472 PMCID: PMC5206401 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00327.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial regeneration is essential for resolution of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although neutrophils have traditionally been considered mediators of epithelial damage, recent studies suggest they promote type II pneumocyte (AT2) proliferation, which is essential for regenerating alveolar epithelium. These studies did not, however, evaluate this relationship in an in vivo model of alveolar epithelial repair following injury. To determine whether neutrophils influence alveolar epithelial repair in vivo, we developed a unilateral acid injury model that creates a severe yet survivable injury with features similar to ARDS. Mice that received injections of the neutrophil-depleting Ly6G antibody had impaired AT2 proliferation 24 and 72 h after acid instillation, which was associated with decreased reepithelialization and increased alveolar protein concentration 72 h after injury. As neutrophil depletion itself may alter the cytokine response, we questioned the contribution of neutrophils to alveolar epithelial repair in neutropenic granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)-/- mice. We found that the loss of G-CSF recapitulated the neutrophil response of Ly6G-treated mice and was associated with defective alveolar epithelial repair, similar to neutrophil-depleted mice, and was reversed by administration of exogenous G-CSF. To approach the mechanisms, we employed an unbiased protein analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from neutrophil-depleted and neutrophil-replete mice 12 h after inducing lung injury. Pathway analysis identified significant differences in multiple signaling pathways that may explain the differences in epithelial repair. These data emphasize an important link between the innate immune response and tissue repair in which neutrophils promote alveolar epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Paris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Junjie Mei
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ning Dai
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Viral Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Lynn A Spruce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin M Hudock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jacob S Brenner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William J Zacharias
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hankun D Mei
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kartik Bhamidipati
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael F Beers
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,The Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven H Seeholzer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cell Pathology Division, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,The Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,Penn Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - G Scott Worthen
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; .,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,The Penn Center for Pulmonary Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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26
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Chen T, Chen C, Zhang Z, Zou Y, Peng M, Wang Y. Toll-like receptor 4 knockout ameliorates neuroinflammation due to lung-brain interaction in mechanically ventilated mice. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 56:42-55. [PMID: 27067748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a crucial receptor in the innate immune system, and increasing evidence supports its role in inflammation, stress, and tissue injury, including injury to the lung and brain. We aimed to investigate the effects of TLR4 on neuroinflammation due to the lung-brain interaction in mechanically ventilated mice. Male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and TLR4 knockout (TLR4 KO) mice were divided into three groups: (1) control group (C): spontaneous breathing; (2) anesthesia group (A): spontaneous breathing under anesthesia; and (3) mechanical ventilation group (MV): 6h of MV under anesthesia. The behavioral responses of mice were tested with fear conditioning tests. The histological changes in the lung and brain were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The level of TLR4 mRNA in tissue was measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Microgliosis, astrocytosis, and the TLR4 immunoreactivity in the hippocampus were measured by double immunofluorescence. MV mice exhibited impaired cognition, and this impairment was less severe in TLR4 KO mice than in WT mice. In WT mice, MV increased TLR4 mRNA expression in the lung and brain. MV induced mild lung injury, which was prevented in TLR4 KO mice. MV mice exhibited increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, increased microglia and astrocyte activation. Microgliosis was alleviated in TLR4 KO mice. MV mice exhibited increased TLR4 immunoreactivity, which was expressed in microglia and astrocytes. These results demonstrate that TLR4 is involved in neuroinflammation due to the lung-brain interaction and that TLR4 KO ameliorates neuroinflammation due to lung-brain interaction after prolonged MV. In addition, Administration of a TLR4 antagonist (100μg/mice) to WT mice also significantly attenuated neuroinflammation of lung-brain interaction due to prolonged MV. TLR4 antagonism may be a new and novel approach for the treatment and management of neuroinflammation in long-term mechanically ventilated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Yufeng Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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27
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Avgousti DC, Herrmann C, Kulej K, Pancholi NJ, Sekulic N, Petrescu J, Molden RC, Blumenthal D, Paris AJ, Reyes ED, Ostapchuk P, Hearing P, Seeholzer SH, Worthen GS, Black BE, Garcia BA, Weitzman MD. A core viral protein binds host nucleosomes to sequester immune danger signals. Nature 2016; 535:173-7. [PMID: 27362237 PMCID: PMC4950998 DOI: 10.1038/nature18317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral proteins mimic host protein structure and function to redirect cellular processes and subvert innate defenses. Small basic proteins compact and regulate both viral and cellular DNA genomes. Nucleosomes are the repeating units of cellular chromatin and play an important part in innate immune responses. Viral-encoded core basic proteins compact viral genomes, but their impact on host chromatin structure and function remains unexplored. Adenoviruses encode a highly basic protein called protein VII that resembles cellular histones. Although protein VII binds viral DNA and is incorporated with viral genomes into virus particles, it is unknown whether protein VII affects cellular chromatin. Here we show that protein VII alters cellular chromatin, leading us to hypothesize that this has an impact on antiviral responses during adenovirus infection in human cells. We find that protein VII forms complexes with nucleosomes and limits DNA accessibility. We identified post-translational modifications on protein VII that are responsible for chromatin localization. Furthermore, proteomic analysis demonstrated that protein VII is sufficient to alter the protein composition of host chromatin. We found that protein VII is necessary and sufficient for retention in the chromatin of members of the high-mobility-group protein B family (HMGB1, HMGB2 and HMGB3). HMGB1 is actively released in response to inflammatory stimuli and functions as a danger signal to activate immune responses. We showed that protein VII can directly bind HMGB1 in vitro and further demonstrated that protein VII expression in mouse lungs is sufficient to decrease inflammation-induced HMGB1 content and neutrophil recruitment in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Together, our in vitro and in vivo results show that protein VII sequesters HMGB1 and can prevent its release. This study uncovers a viral strategy in which nucleosome binding is exploited to control extracellular immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne C. Avgousti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Katarzyna Kulej
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Neha J. Pancholi
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nikolina Sekulic
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Currently: Biotechnology Centre of Oslo and Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Joana Petrescu
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Villanova University, Villanova, PA USA
| | - Rosalynn C. Molden
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew J. Paris
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emigdio D. Reyes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Philomena Ostapchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York USA
| | - Patrick Hearing
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York USA
| | - Steven H. Seeholzer
- Protein and Proteomics Core, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - G. Scott Worthen
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben E. Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Epigenetics Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Matthew D. Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
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28
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Limjunyawong N, Mock J, Mitzner W. Instillation and Fixation Methods Useful in Mouse Lung Cancer Research. J Vis Exp 2015:e52964. [PMID: 26381993 DOI: 10.3791/52964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to instill live agents, cells, or chemicals directly into the lung without injuring or killing the mice is an important tool in lung cancer research. Although there are a number of methods that have been published showing how to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements, none are without potential problems for rapid tracheal instillation in large cohorts of mice. In the present paper, a simple and quick method is described that enables an investigator to carry out such instillations in an efficient manner. The method does not require any special tools or lighting and can be learned with very little practice. It involves anesthetizing a mouse, making a small incision in the neck to visualize the trachea, and then inserting an intravenous catheter directly. The small incision is quickly closed with tissue adhesive, and the mice are allowed to recover. A skilled student or technician can do instillations at an average rate of 2 min/mouse. Once the cancer is established, there is frequently a need for quantitative histologic analysis of the lungs. Traditionally pathologists usually do not bother to standardize lung inflation during fixation, and analyses are often based on a scoring system that can be quite subjective. While this may sometime be sufficiently adequate for gross estimates of the size of a lung tumor, any proper stereological quantification of lung structure or cells requires a reproducible fixation procedure and subsequent lung volume measurement. Here we describe simple reliable procedures for both fixing the lungs under pressure and then accurately measuring the fixed lung volume. The only requirement is a laboratory balance that is accurate over a range of 1 mg-300 g. The procedures presented here thus could greatly improve the ability to create, treat, and analyze lung cancers in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathachit Limjunyawong
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Jason Mock
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University;
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29
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Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes. J Control Release 2015; 217:345-51. [PMID: 26264835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, in vitro transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a potential therapeutic platform. To fulfill its promise, effective delivery of mRNA to specific cell types and tissues needs to be achieved. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are efficient carriers for short-interfering RNAs and have entered clinical trials. However, little is known about the potential of LNPs to deliver mRNA. Here, we generated mRNA-LNPs by incorporating HPLC purified, 1-methylpseudouridine-containing mRNA comprising codon-optimized firefly luciferase into stable LNPs. Mice were injected with 0.005-0.250mg/kg doses of mRNA-LNPs by 6 different routes and high levels of protein translation could be measured using in vivo imaging. Subcutaneous, intramuscular and intradermal injection of the LNP-encapsulated mRNA translated locally at the site of injection for up to 10days. For several days, high levels of protein production could be achieved in the lung from the intratracheal administration of mRNA. Intravenous and intraperitoneal and to a lesser extent intramuscular and intratracheal deliveries led to trafficking of mRNA-LNPs systemically resulting in active translation of the mRNA in the liver for 1-4 days. Our results demonstrate that LNPs are appropriate carriers for mRNA in vivo and have the potential to become valuable tools for delivering mRNA encoding therapeutic proteins.
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30
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Chen T, Peng M, Xu X, Wang Y. Prolonged mechanical ventilation-induced neuroinflammation affects postoperative memory dysfunction in surgical mice. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:159. [PMID: 25887955 PMCID: PMC4423516 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients undergoing surgery frequently develop neuropsychological disturbances, including cognitive decline or memory impairment, and routine clinical procedures such as mechanical ventilation (MV) may affect acute-phase brain outcome. We aimed to investigate the effect of the prolonged MV on postoperative memory dysfunction in surgical mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the following three groups: (1) The control group (group C) comprised anesthetized, unventilated animals; (2) the surgery group (subgroups S1h, S3h and S6h) was unventilated animals that underwent surgery under general anesthesia; and (3) the MV group (subgroups MV1h, MV3h and MV6h) was made up of animals under MV for 1 hour, 3 hours or 6 hours after surgery. Separate cohorts of animals were tested for memory function with fear conditioning tests or were killed at 6 hours, 1 day or 3 days postsurgery or post-MV to examine levels systemic and hippocampal interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and assessed synaptic structure and microglial activation. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS The MV6h group showed increased CD11b-immunopositive cells, synapse degeneration, cytochrome c release, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 activation after surgery, as well as a decrease in freezing time after surgery. At 6 hours and 1 day post-MV, MV6h increased NF-κB activation and levels of systemic and hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged MV after surgery further aggravates cognitive decline that may stem from upregulation of hippocampal IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, partially via activation of gliocytes in the surgical mouse hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Xing Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, East Lake Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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31
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Cai Y, Kimura S. Noninvasive intratracheal intubation to study the pathology and physiology of mouse lung. J Vis Exp 2013:e50601. [PMID: 24300823 DOI: 10.3791/50601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. With the increasing availability of knockout and transgenic derivatives, together with a vast amount of genetic information, mice provide one of the best models to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology and physiology of lung diseases. Inhalation, intranasal instillation, intratracheal instillation, and intratracheal intubation are the most widely used techniques by a number of investigators to administer materials of interest to mouse lungs. There are pros and cons for each technique depending on the goals of a study. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented. This technique was applied to administer bleomycin to mouse lungs as a model to study pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
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