1
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Pinto MJ, Bizien L, Fabre JM, Ðukanović N, Lepetz V, Henderson F, Pujol M, Sala RW, Tarpin T, Popa D, Triller A, Léna C, Fabre V, Bessis A. Microglial TNFα controls daily changes in synaptic GABAARs and sleep slow waves. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202401041. [PMID: 38695719 PMCID: PMC11070559 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202401041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia sense the changes in their environment. How microglia actively translate these changes into suitable cues to adapt brain physiology is unknown. We reveal an activity-dependent regulation of cortical inhibitory synapses by microglia, driven by purinergic signaling acting on P2RX7 and mediated by microglia-derived TNFα. We demonstrate that sleep induces microglia-dependent synaptic enrichment of GABAARs in a manner dependent on microglial TNFα and P2RX7. We further show that microglia-specific depletion of TNFα alters slow waves during NREM sleep and blunt memory consolidation in sleep-dependent learning tasks. Together, our results reveal that microglia orchestrate sleep-intrinsic plasticity of synaptic GABAARs, sculpt sleep slow waves, and support memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joana Pinto
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Lucy Bizien
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Julie M.J. Fabre
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Nina Ðukanović
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Valentin Lepetz
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Fiona Henderson
- Neurosciences Paris Seine—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS—IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marine Pujol
- Neurosciences Paris Seine—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS—IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Romain W. Sala
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Tarpin
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Popa
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Triller
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fabre
- Neurosciences Paris Seine—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS—IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Alain Bessis
- Institut de Biologie de l’École Normale Supérieure (IBENS), École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France
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2
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Chesnut M, Paschoud H, Repond C, Smirnova L, Hartung T, Zurich MG, Hogberg HT, Pamies D. Human IPSC-Derived Model to Study Myelin Disruption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179473. [PMID: 34502381 PMCID: PMC8430601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is of vital importance to the central nervous system and its disruption is related to a large number of both neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. The differences observed between human and rodent oligodendrocytes make animals inadequate for modeling these diseases. Although developing human in vitro models for oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons has been a great challenge, 3D cell cultures derived from iPSC are now available and able to partially reproduce the myelination process. We have previously developed a human iPSC-derived 3D brain organoid model (also called BrainSpheres) that contains a high percentage of myelinated axons and is highly reproducible. Here, we have further refined this technology by applying multiple readouts to study myelination disruption. Myelin was assessed by quantifying immunostaining/confocal microscopy of co-localized myelin basic protein (MBP) with neurofilament proteins as well as proteolipid protein 1 (PLP1). Levels of PLP1 were also assessed by Western blot. We identified compounds capable of inducing developmental neurotoxicity by disrupting myelin in a systematic review to evaluate the relevance of our BrainSphere model for the study of the myelination/demyelination processes. Results demonstrated that the positive reference compound (cuprizone) and two of the three potential myelin disruptors tested (Bisphenol A, Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, but not methyl mercury) decreased myelination, while ibuprofen (negative control) had no effect. Here, we define a methodology that allows quantification of myelin disruption and provides reference compounds for chemical-induced myelin disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Chesnut
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (L.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Hélène Paschoud
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (H.P.); (C.R.); (M.-G.Z.)
| | - Cendrine Repond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (H.P.); (C.R.); (M.-G.Z.)
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (L.S.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (L.S.); (T.H.)
- Center for Alternative to Animla Testing Europe, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Zurich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (H.P.); (C.R.); (M.-G.Z.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena T. Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (L.S.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (L.S.); (T.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; (H.P.); (C.R.); (M.-G.Z.)
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (D.P.)
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3
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Chesnut M, Hartung T, Hogberg H, Pamies D. Human Oligodendrocytes and Myelin In Vitro to Evaluate Developmental Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7929. [PMID: 34360696 PMCID: PMC8347131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopment is uniquely sensitive to toxic insults and there are concerns that environmental chemicals are contributing to widespread subclinical developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Increased DNT evaluation is needed due to the lack of such information for most chemicals in common use, but in vivo studies recommended in regulatory guidelines are not practical for the large-scale screening of potential DNT chemicals. It is widely acknowledged that developmental neurotoxicity is a consequence of disruptions to basic processes in neurodevelopment and that testing strategies using human cell-based in vitro systems that mimic these processes could aid in prioritizing chemicals with DNT potential. Myelination is a fundamental process in neurodevelopment that should be included in a DNT testing strategy, but there are very few in vitro models of myelination. Thus, there is a need to establish an in vitro myelination assay for DNT. Here, we summarize the routes of myelin toxicity and the known models to study this particular endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Chesnut
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT-Europe), University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helena Hogberg
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
| | - David Pamies
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (M.C.); (T.H.)
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), 4055 Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Cunha MI, Su M, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Müller SA, Schifferer M, Djannatian M, Alexopoulos I, van der Meer F, Winkler A, van Ham TJ, Schmid B, Lichtenthaler SF, Stadelmann C, Simons M. Pro-inflammatory activation following demyelination is required for myelin clearance and oligodendrogenesis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133824. [PMID: 32078678 PMCID: PMC7201919 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination requires innate immune system function, but how exactly microglia and macrophages clear myelin debris after injury and tailor a specific regenerative response is unclear. Here, we asked whether pro-inflammatory microglial/macrophage activation is required for this process. We established a novel toxin-based spinal cord model of de- and remyelination in zebrafish and showed that pro-inflammatory NF-κB–dependent activation in phagocytes occurs rapidly after myelin injury. We found that the pro-inflammatory response depends on myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88). MyD88-deficient mice and zebrafish were not only impaired in the degradation of myelin debris, but also in initiating the generation of new oligodendrocytes for myelin repair. We identified reduced generation of TNF-α in lesions of MyD88-deficient animals, a pro-inflammatory molecule that was able to induce the generation of new premyelinating oligodendrocytes. Our study shows that pro-inflammatory phagocytic signaling is required for myelin debris degradation, for inflammation resolution, and for initiating the generation of new oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Cunha
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Minhui Su
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martina Schifferer
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Minou Djannatian
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska van der Meer
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Winkler
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tjakko J van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bettina Schmid
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Tian Z, Chu T, Shields LBE, Zhu Q, Zhang YP, Kong M, Barnes GN, Wang Y, Shields CB, Cai J. Platelet-Activating Factor Deteriorates Lysophosphatidylcholine-Induced Demyelination Via Its Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4069-4081. [PMID: 32661728 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that platelet-activating factor (PAF) increases the inflammatory response in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, PAF receptor (PAFR) antagonists do not show therapeutic efficacy for MS, and its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of PAF on an ex vivo demyelination cerebellar model following lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, 0.5 mg/mL) application using wild-type and PAFR conventional knockout (PAFR-KO) mice. Demyelination was induced in cerebellar slices that were cultured with LPC for 18 h. Exogenous PAF (1 μM) acting on cerebellar slices alone did not cause demyelination but increased the severity of LPC-induced demyelination in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. LPC inhibited the expression of PAF-AH, MBP, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 but facilitated the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in wild-type preparations. Of note, exogenous PAF stimulated microglial activation in both wild-type and PAFR-KO mice. The subsequent inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 demonstrated a diverse transcriptional profile with or without LPC treatment. PAF promoted TNF-α expression and suppressed TGF-β1 expression indiscriminately in wild-type and knockout slices; however, transcription of IL-1β and IL-6 was not significantly affected in both slices. The syntheses of IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in LPC-induced demyelination preparations without PAF but showed a redundancy in PAF-treated wild-type and knockout slices. These data suggest that PAF can play a detrimental role in LPC-induced demyelination probably due to a redundant response of PAFR-dependent and PAFR-independent effects on inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisen Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.,Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tianci Chu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Qingsan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Maiying Kong
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville School of Public Health & Information Sciences, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuanyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Christopher B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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6
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Whitehead MJ, McCanney GA, Willison HJ, Barnett SC. MyelinJ: an ImageJ macro for high throughput analysis of myelinating cultures. Bioinformatics 2020; 35:4528-4530. [PMID: 31095292 PMCID: PMC6821319 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary MyelinJ is a free user friendly ImageJ macro for high throughput analysis of fluorescent micrographs such as 2D-myelinating cultures and statistical analysis using R. MyelinJ can analyse single images or complex experiments with multiple conditions, where the ggpubr package in R is automatically used for statistical analysis and the production of publication quality graphs. The main outputs are percentage (%) neurite density and % myelination. % neurite density is calculated using the normalize local contrast algorithm, followed by thresholding, to adjust for differences in intensity. For % myelination the myelin sheaths are selected using the Frangi vesselness algorithm, in conjunction with a grey scale morphology filter and the removal of cell bodies using a high intensity mask. MyelinJ uses a simple graphical user interface and user name system for reproducibility and sharing that will be useful to the wider scientific community that study 2D-myelination in vitro. Availability and implementation MyelinJ is freely available at https://github.com/BarnettLab/MyelinJ. For statistical analysis the freely available R and the ggpubr package are also required. MyelinJ has a user guide (Supplementary Material) and has been tested on both Windows (Windows 10) and Mac (High Sierra) operating systems. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Whitehead
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - George A McCanney
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Axonal degeneration in an in vitro model of ischemic white matter injury. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104672. [PMID: 31707117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic white matter injuries underlie cognitive decline in the elderly and vascular dementia. Ischemia in the subcortical white matter is caused by chronic reduction of blood flow due to narrowing of small arterioles. However, it remains unclear how chronic ischemia leads to white matter pathology. We aimed to develop an in vitro model of ischemic white matter injury using organotypic slice cultures. Cultured cerebellar slices preserved fully myelinated white matter tracts that were amenable to chronic hypoxic insult. Prolonged hypoxia caused progressive morphological evidence of axonal degeneration with focal constrictions and swellings. In contrast, myelin sheaths and oligodendrocytes exhibited remarkable resilience to hypoxia. The cytoskeletal degradation of axons was accompanied by mitochondrial shortening and lysosomal activation. Multiple pharmacological manipulations revealed that the AMPA glutamate receptor, calpain proteolysis, and lysosomal proteases were independently implicated in hypoxia-induced axonal degeneration in our model. Thus, our in vitro model would be a novel experimental system to explore molecular mechanisms of ischemic white matter injury. Furthermore, we verified that the in vitro assay could be successfully utilized to screen for molecules that can ameliorate hypoxia/ischemia-induced axonal degeneration.
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8
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Dooves S, Nadadhur AG, Gasparotto L, Heine VM. Co-culture of Human Stem Cell Derived Neurons and Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3350. [PMID: 33654852 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between neurons and oligodendrocytes is important for proper brain functioning. Multiple co-culture methods have been developed to study oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination or the effect of oligodendrocytes on neurons. However, most of these methods contain cells derived from animal models. In the current protocol, we co-culture human neurons with human oligodendrocytes. Neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) were differentiated separately from pluripotent stem cells according to previously published protocols. To study neuron-glia cross-talk, neurons and OPCs were plated in co-culture mode in optimized conditions for additional 28 days, and prepared for OPC maturation and neuronal morphology analysis. To our knowledge, this is one of the first neuron-OPC protocols containing all human cells. Specific neuronal abnormalities not observed in mono-cultures of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) neurons, became apparent when TSC neurons were co-cultured with TSC OPCs. These results show that this co-culture system can be used to study human neuron-OPC interactive mechanisms involved in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Dooves
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aishwarya G Nadadhur
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Gasparotto
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Sekizar S, Williams A. Ex Vivo Slice Cultures to Study Myelination, Demyelination, and Remyelination in Mouse Brain and Spinal Cord. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1936:169-183. [PMID: 30820899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9072-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro culture systems have been invaluable in understanding the cell biology of oligodendrocytes; the monoculture of primary oligodendroglia has helped characterize different stages of oligodendrocyte maturation in the absence of neurons. However, oligodendrocyte monocultures do not model the interaction of oligodendrocytes with neurons where they form myelin wraps. To circumvent this problem, coculture systems were developed; oligodendrocytes and neurons are cultured together, facilitating the study of myelin wraps and the interaction between the two cell types. However, this coculture system also has limitations, as other cells are not present and it does not represent the three-dimensional multicellular structure seen in vivo. Some of these limitations are resolved by using ex vivo slice cultures to serve as a three-dimensional culture system that is more similar to in vivo and can be used to study myelination, demyelination, and remyelination, over extended periods of time. Slice cultures are economical compared to in vivo studies and live imaging using them is less challenging. The focus of this chapter is to describe how to culture brain and spinal cord slices of mice and use them to study myelination, demyelination, and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Sekizar
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine and MS Society Edinburgh Centre, Edinburgh bioQuarter, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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10
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Sherafat A, Hill RA, Nishiyama A. Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Proliferation, Fate, and Myelination. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1791:145-156. [PMID: 30006707 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7862-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte development and myelination are processes in the central nervous system that are regulated by cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Organotypic slice cultures provide a simple method for studying factors that affect oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and myelination in the context of the local cellular environment. Here we show that major glial cell types and neurons are preserved in slice cultures from postnatal mouse forebrain, and their morphological characteristics are retained. We further demonstrate that cellular processes requiring interactions with neighboring cells such as myelination can proceed in slice culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Robert A Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA. .,Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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11
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Tan GA, Furber KL, Thangaraj MP, Sobchishin L, Doucette JR, Nazarali AJ. Organotypic Cultures from the Adult CNS: A Novel Model to Study Demyelination and Remyelination Ex Vivo. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:317-328. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Shih Y, Ly PTT, Wang J, Pallen CJ. Glial and Neuronal Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Alpha (PTPα) Regulate Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Myelination. J Mol Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28647856 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CNS myelination defects occur in mice deficient in receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPα). Here, we investigated the role of PTPα in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination using cells and tissues from wild-type (WT) and PTPα knockout (KO) mice. PTPα promoted the timely differentiation of neural stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Compared to WT OPCs, KO OPC cultures had more NG2+ progenitors, fewer myelin basic protein (MBP)+ oligodendrocytes, and reduced morphological complexity. In longer co-cultures with WT neurons, more KO than WT OPCs remained NG2+ and while equivalent MBP+ populations of WT and KO cells formed, the reduced area occupied by the MBP+ KO cells suggested that their morphological maturation was impeded. These defects were associated with reduced myelin formation in KO OPC/WT neuron co-cultures. Myelin formation was also impaired when WT OPCs were co-cultured with KO neurons, revealing a novel role for neuronal PTPα in myelination. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an important regulator of OPC differentiation and myelination. Wnt signaling activity was not dysregulated in OPCs lacking PTPα, but suppression of Wnt signaling by the small molecule XAV939 remediated defects in KO oligodendrocyte differentiation and enhanced myelin formation by KO oligodendrocytes. However, the myelin segments that formed were significantly shorter than those produced by WT oligodendrocytes, raising the possibility of a role for glial PTPα in myelin extension distinct from its pro-differentiating actions. Altogether, this study reveals PTPα as a molecular coordinator of oligodendroglial and neuronal signals that controls multiple aspects of oligodendrocyte development and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Shih
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Philip T T Ly
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Wang
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catherine J Pallen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Tal E, Shiloh Y. Monitoring the ATM-Mediated DNA Damage Response in the Cerebellum Using Organotypic Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1599:419-430. [PMID: 28477136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6955-5_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ATM gene and its protein product, the ATM protein kinase, were identified as a result of attempts to understand the molecular basis of the genetic disorder, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). The cardinal symptom of A-T is neurodegeneration expressed primarily as progressive cerebellar atrophy. A major tool in the investigation of ATM functions in the cerebellum is cerebellar organotypic cultures, which allow cerebellar slices to live in culture for several weeks without losing their viability and organization. These cultures are amenable to various treatments and manipulations and provide a close look at Purkinje cells in their almost natural environment. We optimized the protocol for establishing and maintaining these cultures and provide here examples of readouts of the DNA damage response in cerebellar organotypic cultures treated with a DNA-damaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Tal
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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