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von Witting E, Hober S, Kanje S. Affinity-Based Methods for Site-Specific Conjugation of Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1515-1524. [PMID: 34369763 PMCID: PMC8377709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of various reagents to antibodies has long been an elegant way to combine the superior binding features of the antibody with other desired but non-natural functions. Applications range from labels for detection in different analytical assays to the creation of new drugs by conjugation to molecules which improves the pharmaceutical effect. In many of these applications, it has been proven advantageous to control both the site and the stoichiometry of the conjugation to achieve a homogeneous product with predictable, and often also improved, characteristics. For this purpose, many research groups have, during the latest decade, reported novel methods and techniques, based on small molecules, peptides, and proteins with inherent affinity for the antibody, for site-specific conjugation of antibodies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these methods and their applications and also describes a historical perspective of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma von Witting
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-114 19, Stockholm, Sweden
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Poźniak M, Porębska N, Krzyścik MA, Sokołowska-Wędzina A, Jastrzębski K, Sochacka M, Szymczyk J, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. The cytotoxic conjugate of highly internalizing tetravalent antibody for targeting FGFR1-overproducing cancer cells. Mol Med 2021; 27:46. [PMID: 33962559 PMCID: PMC8103757 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) represent one of the most promising approaches in the current immuno-oncology research. The precise delivery of cytotoxic drugs to the cancer cells using ADCs specific for tumor-associated antigens enables sparing the healthy cells and thereby reduces unwanted side effects. Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) has been demonstrated in numerous tumors and thereby constitutes a convenient molecular target for selective cancer treatment. We have recently engineered tetravalent anti-FGFR1 antibody, T-Fc, and have demonstrated that it displays extremely efficient internalization into FGFR1 producing cells, a feature highly desirable in the ADC approach. We have revealed that T-Fc mediates clustering of FGFR1, largely enhancing the uptake of FGFR1-T-Fc complexes by induction of clathrin-independent endocytic routes. The aim of this study was to obtain highly internalizing cytotoxic conjugate of the T-Fc for specific delivery of drugs into FGFR1-positive cancer cells. METHODS Conjugation of the T-Fc to a cytotoxic payload, vcMMAE, was carried out via maleimide chemistry, yielding the T-Fc-vcMMAE. The specific binding of the T-Fc-vcMMAE conjugate to FGFR1 was confirmed in vitro with BLI technique. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry were applied to determine FGFR1-dependence of the T-Fc-vcMMAE internalization. Western blot analyses of FGFR1-dependent signaling were conducted to assess the impact of the T-Fc-vcMMAE on FGFR1 activation and initiation of downstream signaling cascades. Finally, using FGFR1-negative and FGFR1-possitive cell lines, the cytotoxic potential of the T-Fc-vcMMAE was evaluated. RESULTS We have performed the efficient conjugation of the tetravalent engineered antibody with a cytotoxic drug and generated FGFR1-specific ADC molecule, T-Fc-vcMMAE. We have demonstrated that T-Fc-vcMMAE conjugate exhibits high selectivity and affinity for FGFR1, similarly to T-Fc. Furthermore, we have shown that T-Fc constitutes an effective drug delivery vehicle as T-Fc-vcMMAE was efficiently and selectively internalized by FGFR1-producing cells leading to their death. Interestingly, we show that the efficiency of the uptake of T-Fc-vcMMAE corresponds well with the cytotoxicity of the conjugate, but doesn't correlate with the FGFR1expression level. CONCLUSION Our results show that T-Fc-vcMMAE fulfills the key criteria for the successful cytotoxic drug carrier in a targeted approach against FGFR1-positive cancer cells. Furthermore, our data implicate that not solely expression level of the receptor, but rather its cellular trafficking should be taken into account for selection of suitable molecular targets and cancer models for successful ADC approach.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Poźniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyścik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sokołowska-Wędzina
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Jastrzębski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Sochacka
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Kuru E, Määttälä RM, Noguera K, Stork DA, Narasimhan K, Rittichier J, Wiegand D, Church GM. Release Factor Inhibiting Antimicrobial Peptides Improve Nonstandard Amino Acid Incorporation in Wild-type Bacterial Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1852-1861. [PMID: 32603088 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a tunable chemical genetics approach for enhancing genetic code expansion in different wild-type bacterial strains that employ apidaecin-like, antimicrobial peptides observed to temporarily sequester and thereby inhibit Release Factor 1 (RF1). In a concentration-dependent matter, these peptides granted a conditional lambda phage resistance to a recoded Escherichia coli strain with nonessential RF1 activity and promoted multisite nonstandard amino acid (nsAA) incorporation at in-frame amber stop codons in vivo and in vitro. When exogenously added, the peptides stimulated specific nsAA incorporation in a variety of sensitive, wild-type (RF1+) strains, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a species in which nsAA incorporation has not been previously reported. Improvement in nsAA incorporation was typically 2-15-fold in E. coli BL21, MG1655, and DH10B strains and A. tumefaciens with the >20-fold improvement observed in probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917. In-cell expression of these peptides promoted multisite nsAA incorporation in transcripts with up to 6 amber codons, with a >35-fold increase in BL21 showing moderate toxicity. Leveraging this RF1 sensitivity allowed multiplexed partial recoding of MG1655 and DH10B that rapidly resulted in resistant strains that showed an additional approximately twofold boost to nsAA incorporation independent of the peptide. Finally, in-cell expression of an apidaecin-like peptide library allowed the discovery of new peptide variants with reduced toxicity that still improved multisite nsAA incorporation >25-fold. In parallel to genetic reprogramming efforts, these new approaches can facilitate genetic code expansion technologies in a variety of wild-type bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkin Kuru
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rosa-Maria Määttälä
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Arts and Sciences, MCPHS University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karen Noguera
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Devon A. Stork
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kamesh Narasimhan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jonathan Rittichier
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniel Wiegand
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - George M. Church
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Dammes N, Peer D. Monoclonal antibody-based molecular imaging strategies and theranostic opportunities. Theranostics 2020; 10:938-955. [PMID: 31903161 PMCID: PMC6929980 DOI: 10.7150/thno.37443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging modalities hold great potential as less invasive techniques for diagnosis and management of various diseases. Molecular imaging combines imaging agents with targeting moieties to specifically image diseased sites in the body. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become increasingly popular as novel therapeutics against a variety of diseases due to their specificity, affinity and serum stability. Because of the same properties, mAbs are also exploited in molecular imaging to target imaging agents such as radionuclides to the cell of interest in vivo. Many studies investigated the use of mAb-targeted imaging for a variety of purposes, for instance to monitor disease progression and to predict response to a specific therapeutic agent. Herein, we highlighted the application of mAb-targeted imaging in three different types of pathologies: autoimmune diseases, oncology and cardiovascular diseases. We also described the potential of molecular imaging strategies in theranostics and precision medicine. Due to the nearly infinite repertoire of mAbs, molecular imaging can change the future of modern medicine by revolutionizing diagnostics and response prediction in practically any disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Dammes
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Peer
- Laboratory of Precision NanoMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Wissler HL, Ehlerding EB, Lyu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Eshraghi A, Buuh ZY, McGuth JC, Guan Y, Engle JW, Bartlett SJ, Voelz VA, Cai W, Wang RE. Site-Specific Immuno-PET Tracer to Image PD-L1. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2028-2036. [PMID: 30875232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapid ascension of immune checkpoint blockade treatments has placed an emphasis on the need for viable, robust, and noninvasive imaging methods for immune checkpoint proteins, which could be of diagnostic value. Immunoconjugate-based positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) allows for sensitive and quantitative imaging of target levels and has promising potential for the noninvasive evaluation of immune checkpoint proteins. However, the advancement of immuno-PET is currently limited by available imaging tools, which heavily rely on full-length IgGs with Fc-mediated effects and are heterogeneous mixtures upon random conjugation with chelators for imaging. Herein, we have developed a site-specific αPD-L1 Fab conjugate with the chelator 1,4,7-triazacyclononane- N, N', N″-triacetic acid (NOTA), enabling radiolabeling for PET imaging, using the amber suppression-mediated genetic incorporation of unnatural amino acid (UAA), p-azidophenylalanine. This Fab conjugate is homogeneous and demonstrated tight binding toward the PD-L1 antigen in vitro. The radiolabeled version, 64Cu-NOTA-αPD-L1, has been employed in PET imaging to allow for effective visualization and mapping of the biodistribution of PD-L1 in two normal mouse models, including the capturing of different PD-L1 expression levels in the spleens of the different mouse types. Follow-up in vivo blocking studies and ex vivo fluorescent staining further validated specific tissue uptakes of the imaging agent. This approach illustrates the utility of UAA-based site-specific Fab conjugation as a general strategy for making sensitive PET imaging probes, which could facilitate the elucidation of the roles of a wide variety of immune checkpoint proteins in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley L Wissler
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Zhigang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Si Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Anisa Eshraghi
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Zakey Yusuf Buuh
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Jeffrey C McGuth
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Yifu Guan
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Sarah J Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Vincent A Voelz
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
| | - Rongsheng E Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Temple University , 1901 N. 13th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19122 , United States
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