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Levidou G, Arsenakis D, Bolovis DI, Meyer R, Brucker CVM, Papadopoulos T, Theocharis S. Clinical Significance of the Immunohistochemical Expression of Histone Deacetylases (HDACs)-2, -4, and -5 in Ovarian Adenocarcinomas. Biomedicines 2024; 12:947. [PMID: 38790909 PMCID: PMC11118868 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are implicated in carcinogenesis, and HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) are explored as a therapeutic tool in several tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of HDAC-2, -4, and -5 expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). METHODS HDAC-2, -4, and -5 immunohistochemical expression was examined in 92 EOC tissue specimens and was correlated with clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS HDAC-2 was the most frequently (94.4%) expressed isoform, being marginally higher in serous tumors compared with other types (p = 0.08). HDAC-5 was the less frequently expressed (28.1%), being positively associated with HDAC-4. HDAC-4 positivity was associated with lower FIGO-stage (p = 0.045) and T-category (p = 0.043) and the absence of lymph node (p = 0.05) or distant metastasis (p = 0.09) in serous carcinomas. HDAC-2 positivity was correlated with the absence of lymph node metastasis in serous tumors (p = 0.045). On the contrary, HDAC-5 nuclear positivity was correlated with lymph node metastasis in the entire cohort (p = 0.048). HDAC-4 positivity was marginally associated with favorable prognosis in serous carcinomas in univariate survival analysis (p = 0.086), but this correlation was not significant in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a differential expression among HDAC-2, -4, and -5 in ovarian adenocarcinomas in terms of immunolocalization, positivity rate, and associations with clinicopathological parameters, providing evidence for a potential role in the pathobiology of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Levidou
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (R.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Dimitrios Arsenakis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (D.A.); (D.I.B.); (C.V.M.B.)
| | - Dimitrios I. Bolovis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (D.A.); (D.I.B.); (C.V.M.B.)
| | - Roxanne Meyer
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (R.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Cosima V. M. Brucker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (D.A.); (D.I.B.); (C.V.M.B.)
| | - Thomas Papadopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Klinikum Nuremberg, Paracelsus University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany; (R.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athen, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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Bharadwaj KK, Rabha B, Ahmad I, Mathew SP, Bhattacharjee CK, Jaganathan BG, Poddar S, Patel H, Subramaniyan V, Chinni SV, Ramachawolran G, Saleem R, Khalifa Ali EH, Abdel-Daim MM, Baishya D, Ghosh A. Rhamnetin, a nutraceutical flavonoid arrests cell cycle progression of human ovarian cancer (SKOV3) cells by inhibiting the histone deacetylase 2 protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-16. [PMID: 38014451 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2275187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of HDAC 2 promotes cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. HDAC 2 is involved in chromatin remodeling, transcriptional repression, and the formation of condensed chromatin structures. Targeting HDAC 2 presents a promising therapeutic approach for correcting cancer-associated epigenetic abnormalities. Consequently, HDAC 2 inhibitors have evolved as an attractive class of anti-cancer agents. This work intended to investigate the anti-cancer abilities and underlying molecular mechanisms of Rhamnetin in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells (SKOV3), which remain largely unexplored. We employed various in vitro methods, including MTT, apoptosis study, cell cycle analysis, fluorescence microscopy imaging, and in vitro enzymatic HDAC 2 protein inhibition, to examine the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of Rhamnetin in SKOV3 cells. Additionally, we conducted in silico studies using molecular docking, MD simulation, MM-GBSA, DFT, and pharmacokinetic analysis to investigate the binding interaction mechanism within Rhamnetin and HDAC 2, alongside the compound's prospective as a lead candidate. The in vitro assay confirmed the cytotoxic effects of Rhamnetin on SKOV3 cells, through its inhibition of HDAC 2 activity. Rhamnetin, a nutraceutical flavonoid, halted at the G1 phase of the cell cycle and triggered apoptosis in SKOV3 cells. Furthermore, computational studies provided additional evidence of its stable binding to the HDAC 2 protein's binding site cavity. Based on our findings, we conclude that Rhamnetin effectively promotes apoptosis and mitigates the proliferation of SKOV3 cells through HDAC 2 inhibition. These results highlight Rhamnetin as a potential lead compound, opening a new therapeutic strategy for human epithelial ovarian cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijuli Rabha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sam P Mathew
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Bithiah Grace Jaganathan
- Stem Cells and Cancer Biology Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Snikdha Poddar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Pharmacology Unit, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, MONASH University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh V Chinni
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience, and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gobinath Ramachawolran
- Department of Foundation, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rasha Saleem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Hussain Khalifa Ali
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Department of Computational Biology and Biotechnology, Mahapurasha Srimanta Sankaradeva Viswavidyalaya, Guwahati, India
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Aleksandrova Y, Neganova M. Deciphering the Mysterious Relationship between the Cross-Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative and Oncological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14766. [PMID: 37834214 PMCID: PMC10573395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders is extremely complex and is a topic of concern among a growing number of researchers around the world. In recent years, convincing scientific evidence has accumulated that indicates the contribution of a number of etiological factors and pathophysiological processes to the pathogenesis of these two fundamentally different diseases, thus demonstrating an intriguing relationship between oncology and neurodegeneration. In this review, we establish the general links between three intersecting aspects of oncological pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders, i.e., oxidative stress, epigenetic dysregulation, and metabolic dysfunction, examining each process in detail to establish an unusual epidemiological relationship. We also focus on reviewing the current trends in the research and the clinical application of the most promising chemical structures and therapeutic platforms that have a modulating effect on the above processes. Thus, our comprehensive analysis of the set of molecular determinants that have obvious cross-functional pathways in the pathogenesis of oncological and neurodegenerative diseases can help in the creation of advanced diagnostic tools and in the development of innovative pharmacological strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
| | - Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia;
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia
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Xu Q, Yao M, Tang C. RGS2 and female common diseases: a guard of women's health. J Transl Med 2023; 21:583. [PMID: 37649067 PMCID: PMC10469436 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, women around the world are still suffering from various female common diseases with the high incidence, such as ovarian cancer, uterine fibroids and preeclampsia (PE), and some diseases are even with the high mortality rate. As a negative feedback regulator in G Protein-Coupled Receptor signaling (GPCR), the Regulator of G-protein Signaling (RGS) protein family participates in regulating kinds of cell biological functions by destabilizing the enzyme-substrate complex through the transformation of hydrolysis of G Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP). Recent work has indicated that, the Regulator of G-protein Signaling 2 (RGS2), a member belonging to the RGS protein family, is closely associated with the occurrence and development of certain female diseases, providing with the evidence that RGS2 functions in sustaining women's health. In this review paper, we summarize the current knowledge of RGS2 in female common diseases, and also tap and discuss its therapeutic potential by targeting multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333, Binsheng Rd, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Mukun Yao
- Department of Gynecology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3333, Binsheng Rd, Hangzhou, 310052, People's Republic of China.
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Pourjafari F, Ezzatabadipour M, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Afgar A, Haghpanah T. In utero and postnatal exposure to Foeniculum vulgare and Linum usitatissimum seed extracts: modifications of key enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation and estrogen receptors expression in the offspring's ovaries of NMRI mice. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:45. [PMID: 36788561 PMCID: PMC9926564 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to exogenous estrogens such as phytoestrogens (plant-derived estrogens) could affect later health through epigenetic modifications. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Linum usitatissimum (flax) are two common medicinal plants with high phytoestrogen content. Considering the developmental epigenetic programming effect of phytoestrogens, the main goal of the present study was to evaluate the perinatal exposure with life-long exposure to hydroalcoholic extracts of both plants on offspring's ovarian epigenetic changes and estrogen receptors (ESRs) expression level as signaling cascades triggers of phytoestrogens. METHODS Pregnant mice were randomly divided into control (CTL) that received no treatment and extract-treated groups that received 500 mg/kg/day of fennel (FV) and flaxseed (FX) alone or in combination (FV + FX) during gestation and lactation. At weaning, female offspring exposed to extracts prenatally remained on the maternal-doses diets until puberty. Then, the ovaries were collected for morphometric studies and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. RESULTS A reduction in mRNA transcripts of the epigenetic modifying enzymes DNMTs and HDACs as well as estrogen receptors was observed in the FV and FX groups compared to the CTL group. Interestingly, an increase in ESRα/ESRβ ratio along with HDAC2 overexpression was observed in the FV + FX group. CONCLUSION Our findings clearly show a positive relationship between pre and postnatal exposure to fennel and flaxseed extracts, ovarian epigenetic changes, and estrogen receptors expression, which may affect the estrogen signaling pathway. However, due to the high phytoestrogen contents of these extracts, the use of these plants in humans requires more detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Pourjafari
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Massood Ezzatabadipour
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Seyed Noureddin Nematollahi-Mahani
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Afgar
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Haghpanah
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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6
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Krishna A, Singh V, Singh S, Kumar S, Kumar V, Mehrotra D, Singh US, Mahdi AA. Upregulated histone deacetylase 2 gene correlates with the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2021; 29:543-552. [PMID: 32865179 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are considered as an essential regulator of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The HDAC2 enzyme of Class I HDACs plays an important role in tumor progression of human malignancies. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to analyze the HDAC2 gene expression in pre-oral cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and its association with clinico-pathological features. METHODS The HDAC2 protein expression was analyzed through the immunohistochemistry and western blot techniques in 82 oral pre-malignant, 90 OSCC, and 16 normal control tissues. qRT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA fold change in all groups. RESULTS The HDAC2 protein and mRNA levels were significantly higher in OSCC and pre-oral cancer groups compared to the controls. Immunostaining of HDAC2 protein was enhanced in 84.4% of OSCC and 67.1% of pre-cancerous tissue sections (p< 0.01). The mean protein level was analyzed as 1.96 ± 0.44 in oral carcinoma, 1.61 ± 0.39 in pre-cancer and 0.96 ± 0.10 in control tissues. In addition, HDAC2 mean protein level was associated with histological differentiation (OR = 25, p< 0.05) and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stages (OR = 6.2, p< 0.05) of OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS The upregulated HDAC2 gene in pre-cancer and OSCC tissues indicates its crucial role in the transformation of pre-malignant to malignant carcinoma. It could be a potential cancer biomarker of prognosis and targeted therapy in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Krishna
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Shraddha Singh
- Department of Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Sachil Kumar
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Divya Mehrotra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Uma Shankar Singh
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P, India
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F. Effect of vorinostat on INK4 family and HDACs 1, 2, and 3 in pancreatic cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:260-268. [PMID: 34221059 PMCID: PMC8216159 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.314824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: In mammalian cells, several distinct surveillance systems, named cell cycle checkpoints, can interrupt normal cell-cycle progression. The cyclin-dependent kinases are negatively regulated by proteins of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors comprising INK4 and Cip/Kip families. Histone deacetylation induced by histone deacetylases (HDACs) inactivates the INK4 and Cip/Kip families lead to cancer induction. HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) have been indicated to be potent inducers of differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptotic induction. Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA), as an HDACI, is reported to be useful in various cancers. Previously, we reported the effect of trichostatin A on hepatocellular carcinoma and also vorinostat on colon cancer cell lines. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of vorinostat on p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b, and class I HDACs 1, 2, and 3 gene expression, cell growth inhibition, and apoptosis induction in pancreatic cancer AsPC-1 and hepatocellular carcinoma LCL-PI 11 cell lines. Experimental approach: The AsPC-1 and LCL-PI 11 cell lines were cultured and treated with vorinostat. To determine, viability, apoptosis, and the relative expression level of p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b, class I HDACs 1, 2, and 3 genes, MTT assay, cell apoptosis assay, and RT-qPCR were performed, respectively. Findings/Results: Vorinostat significantly inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis, increased p16INK4a, p14ARF, p15INK4b, and decreased class I HDACs 1, 2, and 3 gene expression. Conclusion and implications: Vorinostat can reactivate the INK4 family through inhibition of class I HDACs 1, 2, and 3 genes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
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Ramarao-Milne P, Kondrashova O, Barry S, Hooper JD, Lee JS, Waddell N. Histone Modifying Enzymes in Gynaecological Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040816. [PMID: 33669182 PMCID: PMC7919659 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epigenetics is a process that allows genetic control, without the involvement of sequence changes to DNA or genes. In cancer, epigenetics is a key event in tumour development that can alter the expression of cancer driver genes and result in genomic instability. Due to the critical role of epigenetics in malignant transformation, therapies that target these processes have been developed to treat cancer. Here, we provide a summary of the epigenetic changes that have been described in a variety of gynaecological cancers. We then highlight how these changes are being targeted in preclinical models and clinical trials for gynaecological cancers. Abstract Genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the development of cancer. Epigenetic dysregulation is common in gynaecological cancers and includes altered methylation at CpG islands in gene promoter regions, global demethylation that leads to genome instability and histone modifications. Histones are a major determinant of chromosomal conformation and stability, and unlike DNA methylation, which is generally associated with gene silencing, are amenable to post-translational modifications that induce facultative chromatin regions, or condensed transcriptionally silent regions that decondense resulting in global alteration of gene expression. In comparison, other components, crucial to the manipulation of chromatin dynamics, such as histone modifying enzymes, are not as well-studied. Inhibitors targeting DNA modifying enzymes, particularly histone modifying enzymes represent a potential cancer treatment. Due to the ability of epigenetic therapies to target multiple pathways simultaneously, tumours with complex mutational landscapes affected by multiple driver mutations may be most amenable to this type of inhibitor. Interrogation of the actionable landscape of different gynaecological cancer types has revealed that some patients have biomarkers which indicate potential sensitivity to epigenetic inhibitors. In this review we describe the role of epigenetics in gynaecological cancers and highlight how it may exploited for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Ramarao-Milne
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (P.R.-M.); (O.K.); (N.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (P.R.-M.); (O.K.); (N.W.)
| | - Sinead Barry
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia;
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
| | - Jason S. Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- Epigenetics and Disease Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-38453951
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Medical Genomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; (P.R.-M.); (O.K.); (N.W.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F. Effect of Zebularine in Comparison to Trichostatin A on the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway, Cell Viability, and Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma SK-Hep 1, Human Colorectal Cancer SW620, and Human Pancreatic Cancer PaCa-44 Cell Lines. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:310-323. [PMID: 34903991 PMCID: PMC8653687 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115097.15196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant histone modifications or promoter region hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been recognized as the important epigenetic molecular mechanism in cancer induction. The potential anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTIs) have been investigated in recent years. The current study was assigned to investigate the effect of trichostatin A (HDACI) in comparison to zebularine (DNMTI) on the intrinsic pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bim, and Bak) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL) genes and extrinsic (DR4, DR5, FAS, FAS-L, and TRAIL genes) pathways, DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b, histone deacetylase inhibitors 1, 2, and 3, cell viability, and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SK-Hep 1, colorectal cancer SW620, and pancreatic cancer PaCa-44 cell lines. The SK-Hep 1, SW620, and PaCa-44 cells were cultured and treated with TSA and zebularine. To determine cell apoptosis, cell viability, and the relative gene expression level, flow cytometry assay, MTT assay, and qRT-PCR were done respectively. The result indicated that zebularine and TSA changed the expression level of the Bax, Bak, Bim Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, DR4, DR5, FAS, FAS-L, TRAIL, DNA methyltransferase 1, 3a, and 3b, histone deacetylase inhibitors 1, 2, and 3 by which induced cell apoptosis and inhibit cell growth in all three cell lines. Concluding, TSA induced its role through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in three cell lines, whereas, zebularine played its role via both pathways in the SK-Hep 1cell line, it had no significant effect on Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1 gene expression in SW620 and PaCa-44 cell lines.
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F. Effects of trichostatin A on the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway, cell viability, and apoptosis induction in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2021; 14:323-333. [PMID: 34659660 PMCID: PMC8514213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The current study investigated the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on mitochondrial/intrinsic [pro- (Bax, Bak, and Bim) and anti- (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1) apoptotic genes] and cytoplasmic/extrinsic (DR4, DR5, FAS, FAS-L, and TRAIL genes) pathways, histone deacetylase 1, 2, and 3, p53, p73, cell viability, and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and MHCC97L cell lines. BACKGROUND Modulation of the acetylation status of histones, histones modification, plays an important role in regulating gene transcription and expression. Histone deacetylation controlled by histone deacetylases (HDACs) leads to gene downregulation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are an emerging class of therapeutics with potential anticancer effects. They can induce apoptosis by activating both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. METHODS HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and MHCC97L cells were cultured and treated with TSA. To determine viability, apoptosis, and the relative expression level of the mentioned genes, MTT assay, cell apoptosis assay, and qRT-PCR, respectively, were conducted. RESULTS TSA up-regulated Bax, Bak, Bim, DR4, DR5, FAS, FAS-L, TRAIL, p53, and p73 and down-regulated Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, histone deacetylases 1, 2, and 3 significantly, resulting in apoptosis induction. Maximal and minimal apoptosis was seen in the MHCC97H and HCCLM3 cell lines (93.94% and 39.68%, respectively) after 24 and 48 h. Therefore, the MHCC97H cell line was more sensitive to TSA. CONCLUSION The current findings demonstrated that the HDAC inhibitor TSA can induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth through both mitochondrial/intrinsic and cytoplasmic/extrinsic apoptotic pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and MHCC97L cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Sun D, Li T, Xin H, An J, Yang J, Lin J, Meng X, Wang B, Ozaki T, Yu M, Zhu Y. miR-489-3p inhibits proliferation and migration of bladder cancer cells through downregulation of histone deacetylase 2. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:8. [PMID: 32774482 PMCID: PMC7405606 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since human bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system with poor prognosis, it is crucial to clarify the molecular mechanisms of BC development and progression. To the best of our knowledge, the current study demonstrated for the first time that miR-489-3p suppressed BC cell-derived tumor growth in vivo via the downregulation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). According to the results, expression levels of miR-489-3p were lower in BC tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues. Expression of miR-489-3p mimics in BC-derived T24 and 5637 cells resulted in a significant reduction in proliferation and migration rates. Furthermore, bioinformatics analyses indicated that HDAC2 may be a potential downstream target of miR-489-3p. In contrast to miR-489-3p, HDAC2 was expressed at higher levels in BC tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues. Additionally, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC2 caused a marked decrease in the proliferation and migration rates of T24 and 5637 cells. Consistent with these observations, expression of miR-489-3p mimics attenuated the growth of xenograft tumors arising from T24 cells and resulted in HDAC2 downregulation. In conclusion, the results of the current study indicated that the miR-489-3p/HDAC2 axis serves a role in the development and/or the progression of BC and may be a potential molecular target for the development of a novel strategy to treat patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Tianren Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Haotian Xin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jieping Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Toshinori Ozaki
- Department of DNA Damage Signaling, Research Center, The 5th Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, Fujian 361101, P.R. China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Transgenetic Animal Research, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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12
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F. Effect of Zebularine in Comparison to and in Combination with Trichostatin A on CIP/KIP Family (p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2), DNMTs (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b), Class I HDACs (HDACs 1, 2, 3) and Class II HDACs (HDACs 4, 5, 6) Gene Expression, Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction in Colon Cancer LS 174T Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:2131-2139. [PMID: 32711442 PMCID: PMC7573409 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.7.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A pattern of epigenetic modifications and changes, DNA methylation and histone modification, is central to many human cancers. A variety of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been demonstrated to be silenced because of histone deacetylation and DNA hypermethylation in several cancers. Recent in vitro studies have shown that two known mechanisms of epigenetic alteration consisting of methylation and histone deacetylation seem to be the best candidate mechanisms for inactivation of CIP/KIP family (p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, and p27Kip1) in numerous cancers. Numerous investigations have indicated that DNA demethylating and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) can restore the CIP/KIP family gene expression. Previously, we evaluated the effect of trichostatin A (TSA) and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study was designed to investigate the effect of zebularine in comparison to and in combination with trichostatin A on p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, p27Kip1, p57Kip2, DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b, Class I HDACs (HDACs 1, 2, 3) and Class II HDACs (HDACs 4, 5, 6) gene expression, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in colon cancer LS 174T cell line. Materials and Methods: The colon cancer LS 174T cell line was cultured and treated with zebularine and TSA. To determine cell viability, apoptosis, and the relative expression level of the genes, MTT assay, cell apoptosis assay, and qRT-PCR were done respectively. Results: Both compounds significantly inhibited cell growth, and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, both compounds increased p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2 significantly. Additionally, zebularine and TSA decreased DNMTs and HDACs gene expression respectively. Conclusion: The zebularine and trichostatin A can reactivate the CIP/KIP family through inhibition of DNMTs and HDACs genes activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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13
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F. Investigation of the Effect of Zebularine in Comparison to and in Combination with Trichostatin A on p21Cip1/Waf1/ Sdi1, p27Kip1, p57Kip2, DNA Methyltransferases and Histone Deacetylases in Colon Cancer LS 180 Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1819-1828. [PMID: 32592383 PMCID: PMC7568903 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heart of the cell cycle regulatory machine is a group of enzymes named cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). The active form of these enzymes includes a kinase and its partner, a cyclin. The regulation of cyclin-Cdk complexes is provided by Cdk inhibitors (CKIs) such as Cip/Kip family comprising p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2. The hypermethylation and deacetylation of Cip/Kip gene family seem to be frequent in numerous cancers. It has been indicated that increased expression of DNMTs and HDACs contributes to cancer induction. Previously, we reported the effect of DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors on histone deacetylase 1, DNA methyltransferase 1, and CIP/KIP family in colon cancer. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of zebularine in comparison to and in combination with trichostatin A (TSA) on p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, p27Kip1, p57Kip2, DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, 3a and 3b) and histone deacetylases (HDAC1, 2, and 3) genes expression, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in colon cancer LS 180 cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS The colon cancer LS 180 cell line was cultured and treated with zebularine and TSA. To determine cell viability, apoptosis, and the relative expression level of the genes, MTT assay, cell apoptosis assay, and qRT-PCR were done respectively. RESULTS Both compounds significantly inhibited cell growth, and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, both compounds increased p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1, p27Kip1, and p57Kip2 significantly. Additionally, zebularine and TSA decreased DNMTs and HDACs gene expression respectively. CONCLUSION The zebularine and TSA can reactivate the CIP/KIP family through inhibition of DNMTs and HDACs genes activity. .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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14
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Hu Y, Zheng Y, Dai M, Wu J, Yu B, Zhang H, Kong W, Wu H, Yu X. Snail2 induced E-cadherin suppression and metastasis in lung carcinoma facilitated by G9a and HDACs. Cell Adh Migr 2020; 13:285-292. [PMID: 31271097 PMCID: PMC6629185 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1638689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Snail2 is a repressor of E-cadherin during carcinogenesis; however, the specific mechanisms involved in this process remain largely unknown. Here, we determined that Snail2 was highly increased during TGF-β-induced EMT process in lung cells. H3K9 methylation was up-regulated and H3K4/H3K56 acetylation were down-regulated at the E-cadherin promoter. Snail2 interacted with G9a and HDACs to exert suppression of E-cadherin transcription. Overexpression of Snail2 enhanced the migration and invasion ability, whereas G9a and HDACs inhibition significantly reversed this effect. Our study demonstrated the importance of G9a- and HDACs-mediated regulation during Snail2-induced E-cadherin repression and metastasis during LC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,b Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery , China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yayuan Zheng
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Mingrui Dai
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,c Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Bin Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,c Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,c Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Wei Kong
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,c Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Hui Wu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,c Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,c Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
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15
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Ahmed AA, Adam Essa ME. Epigenetic alterations in female urogenital organs cancer: Premise, properties, and perspectives. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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Du Y, Lin J, Zhang R, Yang W, Quan H, Zang L, Han Y, Li B, Sun H, Wu J. Ubiquitin specific peptidase 5 promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation through deubiquitinating HDAC2. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9778-9793. [PMID: 31727867 PMCID: PMC6874447 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Globally, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common gynecological malignancy with poor prognosis. The expression and oncogenic roles of ubiquitin specific peptidase 5 (USP5) have been reported in several cancers except EOC. In the current study, USP5 amplification was highly prevalent in patients with EOC and associated with higher mRNA expression of USP5. USP5 amplification and overexpression was positively correlated with poor prognosis of patients of ovarian serous carcinomas. Disruption of USP5 profoundly repressed cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle G0/G1 phase arrest in ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, USP5 knockdown inhibited xenograft growth in nude mice. Knockdown of USP5 decreased histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) expression and increased p27 (an important cell cycle inhibitor) expression in vitro and in vivo. The promoting effects of USP5 overexpression on cell proliferation and cell cycle transition, as well as the inhibitory effects of USP5 overexpression on p27 expression were mediated by HDAC2. Moreover, USP5 interacted with HDAC2, and disruption of USP5 enhanced the ubiquitination of HDAC2. HDAC2 protein was positively correlated USP5 protein, and negatively correlated with p27 protein in ovarian serous carcinomas tissues. Collectively, our data suggest the oncogenic function of USP5 and the potential regulatory mechanisms in ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Du
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Rulin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Heng Quan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zang
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Yaqin Han
- Pathology Center, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P. R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
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17
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Hu Y, Zheng Y, Dai M, Wang X, Wu J, Yu B, Zhang H, Cui Y, Kong W, Wu H, Yu X. G9a and histone deacetylases are crucial for Snail2-mediated E-cadherin repression and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3442-3452. [PMID: 31432592 PMCID: PMC6825017 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional E-cadherin loss, a hallmark of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is important for metastasis. However, the mechanism of Snail2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) EMT and metastasis remains unclear. Here, we showed that Snail2 was upregulated in primary HCC, and significantly increased during transforming growth factor-β-induced liver cell EMT. Snail2-overexpressing and knockdown cell lines have been established to determine its function in EMT in HCC. H3K9 methylation was upregulated and H3K4 and H3K56 acetylation were downregulated at the E-cadherin promoter in Snail2-overexpressing cancer cells. Furthermore, Snail2 interacted with G9a and histone deacetylases (HDACs) to form a complex to suppress E-cadherin transcription. Snail2 overexpression enhanced migration and invasion in HCC cells, whereas G9a and HDAC inhibition significantly reversed this effect. Moreover, Snail2 overexpression in cancer cells increased tumor metastasis and shortened survival time in mice, whereas G9a and HDAC inhibitors extended survival. Our study not only reveals a critical mechanism underlying the epigenetic regulation of EMT but also suggests novel treatment strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yayuan Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingrui Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueju Wang
- Pathology Department, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Mrkvicova A, Chmelarova M, Peterova E, Havelek R, Baranova I, Kazimirova P, Rudolf E, Rezacova M. The effect of sodium butyrate and cisplatin on expression of EMT markers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210889. [PMID: 30653577 PMCID: PMC6336326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone modifications play a key role in the epigenetic regulation of gene transcription in cancer cells. Histone acetylations are regulated by two classes of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs are increased in ovarian carcinomas and they are involved in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In our study we investigated anticancer effect of HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaBu) on cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cell lines A2780 and A2780cis. A2780 and A2780cis were treated with NaBu alone or in combination with cisplatin (CP). NaBu inhibited the growth of both cell lines and enhanced cytotoxic effect of CP. Exposure to NaBu for 24 h induced cell cycle arrest. The expressions of EMT-related genes and proteins were further investigated by qPCR and western blot analysis. Loss of E-cadherin has been shown to be crucial in ovarian cancer development. We found that NaBu dramatically induce expression of E-cadherin gene (CDH1) and protein levels in A2780 and A2780cis. We investigated correlation between transcription and methylation of CDH1gene. Methylation level analysis in 32 CpG sites in CDH1 gene (promoter/exon1 regions) was performed using bisulfite NGS (Next Generation Sequencing). We found that cisplatin-resistant cell line A2780cis cells differ from their cisplatin-sensitive counterparts in the CDH1 methylation. Methylation in A2780cis cells is elevated compared to A2780. However, NaBu-induced expression of CDH1 was not accompanied by CDH1 demethylation. NaBu treatment induced changes in expression of EMT-related genes and proteins. Interestingly E-cadherin zinc finger transcriptional repressor SNAIL1 was upregulated in both cell lines. Mesenchymal marker vimentin was downregulated. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are necessary for pericellular proteolysis and facilitate migration and invasion of tumour cells. NaBu induced mRNA expression of MMPs, mild changes in activities of gelatinases MMP2 and MMP9 were detected. Our data demonstrate that NaBu sensitizes cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, re-established E-cadherin expression, but it was not able to reverse the EMT phenotype completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Mrkvicova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcela Chmelarova
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Peterova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Second Department of Internal Medicine – Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Havelek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Baranova
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kazimirova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rezacova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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19
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Fiedor E, Zajda K, Gregoraszczuk EL. Leptin Receptor Antagonists' Action on HDAC Expression Eliminating the Negative Effects of Leptin in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:329-336. [PMID: 29976638 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM A common finding in cancer cells is the overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs), leading to altered expression and activity of numerous proteins involved in carcinogenesis. Considering that leptin can modulate the levels of HDACs, we hypothesised that leptin receptor antagonists can alter HDAC expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS HDAC expression in cells exposed to leptin and leptin receptor antagonists (SHLA and Lan2) were evaluated in ovarian epithelial (OVCAR-3, CaOV3) and folliculoma (COV434, KGN) cells. RESULTS Higher HDAC expression was found in epithelial compared to folliculoma cells. Leptin increased class I and II HDACs only in OVCAR-3 cells, and SHLA was more potent then Lan-2. In folliculoma cells, leptin only increased class II HDAC expression, Lan-2 was more potent than SHLA in the COV434 and neither antagonist affected the KGN cells. CONCLUSION SHLA and Lan2 eliminate the negative effects of leptin on HDAC expression in a cell-type-dependent manner. This is the first report testing leptin receptor blockers as HDAC inhibitors in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Fiedor
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Zajda
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa L Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland
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20
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Zhou L, Xu X, Liu H, Hu X, Zhang W, Ye M, Zhu X. Prognosis Analysis of Histone Deacetylases mRNA Expression in Ovarian Cancer Patients. J Cancer 2018; 9:4547-4555. [PMID: 30519361 PMCID: PMC6277648 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases modulate the dynamic balance of histone acetylation and deacetylation in cells, which participate in epigenetic regulations. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that histone deacetylases are associated with angiogenesis, cell proliferation and survival in a variety of human cancers. However, the expression and distinct prognostic value of histone deacetylases in ovarian cancer have not been well elucidated. In the present study, we collected the overall survival (OS), progress free survival (PFS), and histone deacetylases (HDAC1-11) mRNA expression in ovarian cancer from the Kaplan-Meier plotter online database. We investigated the relationship between histone deacetylases mRNA level and the clinicopathological parameters of the ovarian cancer patients, such as histology subtypes, clinical stages, grades and TP53 mutation. Our analysis data showed that over-expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC4, HDAC5 and HDAC11 were correlated to poor overall survival and unfavorable progress free survival in all ovarian cancer patients. Notably, the higher level of HDAC11 was associated with the worse OS and PFS for serous/ stage III+IV/ grade III/ TP53 mutation ovarian cancer patients. In conclusion, HDACs may play a crucial role in the prognosis of ovarian cancer, but it is worth noting that HDAC11 may be a biomarker for poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hailing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Miaomiao Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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21
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El-Tokhy AK, Zin EDDH, Foda AAM, Moussa GI, Abo ENSEDAEF. The interplay between paraoxonase-1 and epigenetic changes in colorectal carcinoma. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY RESEARCH 2018; 12:63-72. [DOI: 10.5897/ajbr2018.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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22
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Bayat S, Shekari Khaniani M, Choupani J, Alivand MR, Mansoori Derakhshan S. HDACis (class I), cancer stem cell, and phytochemicals: Cancer therapy and prevention implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1445-1453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Gov E, Kori M, Arga KY. Multiomics Analysis of Tumor Microenvironment Reveals Gata2 and miRNA-124-3p as Potential Novel Biomarkers in Ovarian Cancer. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:603-615. [PMID: 28937943 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a common and, yet, one of the most deadly human cancers due to its insidious onset and the current lack of robust early diagnostic tests. Tumors are complex tissues comprised of not only malignant cells but also genetically stable stromal cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind epithelial-stromal crosstalk in ovarian cancer is a great challenge in particular. In the present study, we performed comparative analyses of transcriptome data from laser microdissected epithelial, stromal, and ovarian tumor tissues, and identified common and tissue-specific reporter biomolecules-genes, receptors, membrane proteins, transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and metabolites-by integration of transcriptome data with genome-scale biomolecular networks. Tissue-specific response maps included common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and reporter biomolecules were reconstructed and topological analyses were performed. We found that CDK2, EP300, and SRC as receptor-related functions or membrane proteins; Ets1, Ar, Gata2, and Foxp3 as TFs; and miR-16-5p and miR-124-3p as putative biomarkers and warrant further validation research. In addition, we report in this study that Gata2 and miR-124-3p are potential novel reporter biomolecules for ovarian cancer. The study of tissue-specific reporter biomolecules in epithelial cells, stroma, and tumor tissues as exemplified in the present study offers promise in biomarker discovery and diagnostics innovation for common complex human diseases such as ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Gov
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Adana Science and Technology University , Adana, Turkey
| | - Medi Kori
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
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Epigenetic regulation of interleukin-8 expression by class I HDAC and CBP in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70798-70810. [PMID: 29050320 PMCID: PMC5642595 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inhibitors of epigenetic regulators have been effective in the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and other hematopoietic malignancies, they have been less effective in solid tumors, including ovarian cancer (OC). We have previously shown that inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity induces expression of the pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic chemokine interleukin-8 (CXCL8, IL-8) in OC cells, resulting in their increased survival and proliferation. Here, we show that in addition to ovarian cancer SKOV3, OVCAR3, and CAOV3 cells, HDAC inhibition induces the CXCL8 expression in HeLa cells, but not in CTCL Hut-78 cells. In OC cells, the CXCL8 expression is induced by pharmacological inhibition of class I HDACs. Interestingly, while an individual suppression of HDAC1, HDAC2, or HDAC3 by corresponding siRNAs inhibits the CXCL8 expression, their simultaneous suppression induces the CXCL8 expression. The induced CXCL8 expression in OC cells is dependent on histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of CREB-binding protein (CBP), but not p300, and is associated with HAT-dependent p65 recruitment to CXCL8 promoter. Together, our results show that the CXCL8 expression in OC cells is induced by combined inhibition of HDAC1, -2, and -3, and silenced by suppression of HAT activity of CBP. In addition, our data indicate that the induced CXCL8 expression may be responsible for the limited effectiveness of HDAC inhibitors in OC and perhaps other solid cancers characterized by CXCL8 overexpression, and suggest that targeting class I HDACs and CBP may provide novel combination strategies by limiting the induced CXCL8 expression.
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Cacan E. Epigenetic-mediated immune suppression of positive co-stimulatory molecules in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:328-339. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Cacan
- Department of Molecular Biology Genetics; Gaziosmanpasa University; Tokat 60250 Turkey
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Cacan E. Epigenetic regulation of RGS2 (Regulator of G-protein signaling 2) in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. J Chemother 2017; 29:173-178. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2016.1277007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ercan Cacan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
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Silva F, Félix A, Serpa J. Functional redundancy of the Notch pathway in ovarian cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2686-2691. [PMID: 27698843 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, despite advances in treatment. The most common histological type, high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma (OSC) is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, and although these types of tumors frequently respond to surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy, they usually recur. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is an unusual histological type, which is known to be intrinsically chemoresistant and is associated with poor prognosis in advanced stages. In recent years, genetic alterations and epigenetic modulation of signaling pathways have been reported in OSC and OCCC, including the overexpression of Notch pathway elements and histone deacetylases. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), including vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), alter the transcription of genes involved in cell growth, survival and apoptosis, and have become an attractive therapeutic approach. However, no previous work has addressed the effect of HDACis, and in particular vorinostat, on Notch signaling in ovarian cancer. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the modulation of the Notch pathway by vorinostat in ovarian cancer. Using immunofluorescence and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the present results revealed that vorinostat activated the Notch pathway in OCCC and OSC cell lines, through different Notch ligands. In OCCC, the activation of the Notch pathway appeared to occur through Delta-like (Dll) ligands 1, 2 and 3, whereas in OSC Dll1 and Jagged 1 and 2 ligands were involved. The activation of the Notch pathway by vorinostat, in OCCC and OSC cell lines, culminated in the increased expression of the same downstream transcription factors, hairy enhancer of split (Hes) 1 and 5, and Hes-related proteins 1 and 2. In conclusion, vorinostat modulates the expression of several downstream targets of the Notch pathway and independent Notch receptors and ligands that are expressed in OSC and OCCC. This upregulation of the Notch pathway may explain why vorinostat therapy fails in ovarian carcinoma treatment, as shown in certain clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Silva
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC-FCM-UNL), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal; Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Ana Félix
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC-FCM-UNL), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal; Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal; Department of Pathology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Serpa
- Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC-FCM-UNL), NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon 1169-056, Portugal; Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon 1099-023, Portugal
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Helland Ø, Popa M, Bischof K, Gjertsen BT, McCormack E, Bjørge L. The HDACi Panobinostat Shows Growth Inhibition Both In Vitro and in a Bioluminescent Orthotopic Surgical Xenograft Model of Ovarian Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158208. [PMID: 27352023 PMCID: PMC4924861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most epithelial ovarian carcinomas (EOC), epigenetic changes are evident, and overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) represents an important manifestation. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the effects of the novel HDAC inhibitor (HDACi) panobinostat, both alone and in combination with carboplatin, on ovarian cancer cell lines and in a murine bioluminescent orthotopic surgical xenograft model for EOC. Methods The effects of panobinostat, both alone and in combination with carboplatin, on proliferation and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines, were evaluated using colony and WST-1 assays, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry analysis. In addition, mechanisms were characterised by western blotting and phosphoflow analysis. Immuno-deficient mice were engrafted orthotopically with SKOV-3luc+ cells and serial bioluminescence imaging monitored the effects of treatment with panobinostat and/or carboplatin and/or surgery. Survival parameters were also measured. Results Panobinostat treatment reduced cell growth and diminished cell viability, as shown by the induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro. We observed increased levels of cleaved PARP and caspase-3, downregulation of cdc2 protein kinase, acetylation of H2B and higher pH2AX expression. The combined administration of carboplatin and panobinostat synergistically increased the anti-tumour effects compared to panobinostat or carboplatin treatment alone. In our novel ovarian cancer model, the mice showed significantly higher rates of survival when treated with panobinostat, carboplatin or a combination of both, compared to the controls. Panobinostat was as efficient as carboplatin regarding prolongation of survival. No significant additional effect on survival was observed when surgery was combined with carboplatin/panobinostat treatment. Conclusions Panobinostat demonstrates effective in vitro growth inhibition in ovarian cancer cells. The efficacy of panobinostat and carboplatin was equal in the orthotopic EOC model used. We conclude that panobinostat is a promising therapeutic alternative that needs to be further assessed for the treatment of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Helland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 72, 5058 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PB 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Mihaela Popa
- KinN Therapeutics, Laboratoriebygget, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Katharina Bischof
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 72, 5058 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PB 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PB 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PB 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Line Bjørge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Liesvei 72, 5058 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, PB 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Peper JK, Stevanović S. A combined approach of human leukocyte antigen ligandomics and immunogenicity analysis to improve peptide-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1295-303. [PMID: 25822767 PMCID: PMC11029747 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1682-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The breakthrough development of immune checkpoint inhibitors as clinically effective novel therapies demonstrates the potential of cancer immunotherapy. The identification of suitable targets for specific immunotherapy, however, remains a challenging task. Most peptides previously used for vaccination in clinical trials were able to elicit strong immunological responses but failed with regard to clinical benefit. This might, at least partly, be caused by an inadequate peptide selection, usually derived from established tumor-associated antigens which are not necessarily presented as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands. Recently, HLA ligandome analysis revealed cancer-associated peptides, which have been used in clinical trials showing encouraging impact on survival. To improve peptide-based cancer immunotherapy, our group established a combined approach of HLA ligandomics and immunogenicity analysis for the identification of vaccine peptides. This approach is based on the identification of naturally presented HLA ligands on tumor samples, the selection of tumor-associated/tumor-specific HLA ligands and their subsequent testing for immunogenicity in vitro. In this review, we want to present our pipeline for the identification of vaccine peptides, focusing on ovarian cancer, and want to discuss differences to other approaches. Furthermore, we want to give a short outlook of a potential multi-peptide vaccination trial using the novel identified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kerstin Peper
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany,
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Chen HP, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. Histone deacetylases and mechanisms of regulation of gene expression. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:35-47. [PMID: 25746103 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2015012997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become widely recognized that histone modification plays a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and is involved in a wide spectrum of disease regulation. Histone acetylation is a major modification that affects gene transcription and is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs acetylate lysines of histone proteins, resulting in the relaxation of chromatin structure, and they also facilitate gene activation. Conversely, HDACs remove acetyl groups from hyperacetylated histones and suppress general gene transcription. In addition to histones, numerous nonhistone proteins can be acetylated and deacetylated, and they also are involved in the regulation of a wide range of diseases. To date there are 18 HDACs in mammals classified into 4 classes based on homology to yeast HDACs. Accumulating evidence has revealed that HDACs play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes including inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge of HDACs in carcinogenesis and describe the involvement of HDACs in cancer-associated molecular processes. It is hoped than an understanding of the role of HDACs in cancer will lead to the design of more potent and specific drugs targeting selective HDAC proteins for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ping Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
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Peper JK, Bösmüller HC, Schuster H, Gückel B, Hörzer H, Roehle K, Schäfer R, Wagner P, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S, Fend F, Staebler A. HLA ligandomics identifies histone deacetylase 1 as target for ovarian cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1065369. [PMID: 27467910 PMCID: PMC4910750 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1065369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent approval of clincially effective immune checkpoint inhibitors illustrates the potential of cancer immunotherapy. A challenging task remains the identification of specific targets guiding immunotherapy. Facilitated by technical advances, the direct identification of physiologically relevant targets is enabled by analyzing the HLA ligandome of cancer cells. Since recent publications demonstrate the immunogenicity of ovarian cancer (OvCa), immunotherapies, including peptide-based cancer vaccines, represent a promising treatment approach. To identify vaccine peptides, we employed a combined strategy of HLA ligandomics in high-grade serous OvCa samples and immunogenicity analysis. Only few proteins were naturally presented as HLA ligands on all samples analyzed, including histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2. In vitro priming of CD8(+) T cells demonstrated that two HDAC1/2-derived HLA ligands can induce T-cell responses, capable of killing HLA-matched tumor cells. High HDAC1 expression shown by immunohistochemistry in 136 high-grade serous OvCa patients associated with significantly reduced overall survival (OS), whereas patients with high numbers of CD3(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor epithelium and CD8(+) TILs in the tumor stroma showed improved OS. However, correlating HDAC1 expression with TILs, high levels of TILs abrogated the impact of HDAC1 on OS. This study strengthens the role of HDAC1/2 as an important tumor antigen in OvCa, demonstrating its impact on OS in a large cohort of OvCa patients. We further identified two immunogenic HDAC1-derived peptides, which frequently induce multi-functional T-cell responses in many donors, suitable for future multi-peptide vaccine trials in OvCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kerstin Peper
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Heiko Schuster
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Gückel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helen Hörzer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Roehle
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Wagner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette Staebler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
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Bassett SA, Barnett MPG. The role of dietary histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors in health and disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:4273-301. [PMID: 25322459 PMCID: PMC4210916 DOI: 10.3390/nu6104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of the histone proteins associated with DNA is an important process in the epigenetic regulation of DNA structure and function. There are several known modifications to histones, including methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, and a range of factors influence each of these. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove the acetyl group from lysine residues within a range of proteins, including transcription factors and histones. Whilst this means that their influence on cellular processes is more complex and far-reaching than histone modifications alone, their predominant function appears to relate to histones; through deacetylation of lysine residues they can influence expression of genes encoded by DNA linked to the histone molecule. HDAC inhibitors in turn regulate the activity of HDACs, and have been widely used as therapeutics in psychiatry and neurology, in which a number of adverse outcomes are associated with aberrant HDAC function. More recently, dietary HDAC inhibitors have been shown to have a regulatory effect similar to that of pharmacological HDAC inhibitors without the possible side-effects. Here, we discuss a number of dietary HDAC inhibitors, and how they may have therapeutic potential in the context of a whole food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalome A Bassett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Histone deacetylase 2 controls p53 and is a critical factor in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:524-38. [PMID: 25072962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) regulates biological processes by deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins. HDAC2 is overexpressed in numerous cancer types, suggesting general cancer-relevant functions of HDAC2. In human tumors the TP53 gene encoding p53 is frequently mutated and wild-type p53 is often disarmed. Molecular pathways inactivating wild-type p53 often remain to be defined and understood. Remarkably, current data link HDAC2 to the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 by deacetylation and to the maintenance of genomic stability. Here, we summarize recent findings on HDAC2 overexpression in solid and hematopoietic cancers with a focus on mechanisms connecting HDAC2 and p53 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we present an evidence-based model that integrates molecular pathways and feedback loops by which p53 and further transcription factors govern the expression and the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of HDAC2 and of p53 itself. Understanding the interactions between p53 and HDAC2 might aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches against cancer.
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Fridley BL, Armasu SM, Cicek MS, Larson MC, Wang C, Winham SJ, Kalli KR, Koestler DC, Rider DN, Shridhar V, Olson JE, Cunningham JM, Goode EL. Methylation of leukocyte DNA and ovarian cancer: relationships with disease status and outcome. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:21. [PMID: 24774302 PMCID: PMC4102255 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide interrogation of DNA methylation (DNAm) in blood-derived leukocytes has become feasible with the advent of CpG genotyping arrays. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), one report found substantial DNAm differences between cases and controls; however, many of these disease-associated CpGs were attributed to differences in white blood cell type distributions. Methods We examined blood-based DNAm in 336 EOC cases and 398 controls; we included only high-quality CpG loci that did not show evidence of association with white blood cell type distributions to evaluate association with case status and overall survival. Results Of 13,816 CpGs, no significant associations were observed with survival, although eight CpGs associated with survival at p < 10-3, including methylation within a CpG island located in the promoter region of GABRE (p = 5.38 x 10-5, HR = 0.95). In contrast, 53 CpG methylation sites were significantly associated with EOC risk (p <5 x10-6). The top association was observed for the methylation probe cg04834572 located approximately 315 kb upstream of DUSP13 (p = 1.6 x10-14). Other disease-associated CpGs included those near or within HHIP (cg14580567; p =5.6x10-11), HDAC3 (cg10414058; p = 6.3x10-12), and SCR (cg05498681; p = 4.8x10-7). Conclusions We have identified several CpGs in leukocytes that are differentially methylated by case-control status. Since a retrospective study design was used, we cannot differentiate whether DNAm was etiologic or resulting from EOC; thus, prospective studies of EOC-associated loci are the critical next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas, Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Wisnieski F, Calcagno DQ, Leal MF, Chen ES, Gigek CO, Santos LC, Pontes TB, Rasmussen LT, Payão SLM, Assumpção PP, Lourenço LG, Demachki S, Artigiani R, Burbano RR, Smith MC. Differential expression of histone deacetylase and acetyltransferase genes in gastric cancer and their modulation by trichostatin A. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:6373-81. [PMID: 24668547 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is still the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, even though its incidence and mortality have declined over the recent few decades. Epigenetic control using histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as trichostatin A (TSA), is a promising cancer therapy. This study aimed to assess the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of three histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3), two histone acetyltransferases (GCN5 and PCAF), and two possible targets of these histone modifiers (MYC and CDKN1A) in 50 matched pairs of gastric tumors and corresponding adjacent nontumors samples from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, as well as their correlations and their possible associations with clinicopathological features. Additionally, we evaluated whether these genes are sensitive to TSA in gastric cancer cell lines. Our results demonstrated downregulation of HDAC1, PCAF, and CDKN1A in gastric tumors compared with adjacent nontumors (P < 0.05). On the other hand, upregulation of HDAC2, GCN5, and MYC was observed in gastric tumors compared with adjacent nontumors (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of MYC was correlated to HDAC3 and GCN5 (P < 0.05), whereas CDKN1A was correlated to HDAC1 and GCN5 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). In addition, the reduced expression of PCAF was associated with intestinal-type gastric cancer (P = 0.03) and TNM stages I/II (P = 0.01). The increased expression of GCN5 was associated with advanced stage gastric cancer (P = 0.02) and tumor invasion (P = 0.03). The gastric cell lines treated with TSA showed different patterns of histone deacetylase and acetyltransferase mRNA expression, downregulation of MYC, and upregulation of CDKN1A. Our findings suggest that alteration of histone modifier genes play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis, contributing to MYC and CDKN1A deregulation. In addition, all genes studied here are modulated by TSA, although this modulation appears to be dependent of the genetic background of the cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Wisnieski
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, São Paulo, 04023900, Brazil,
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Ravillah D, Mohammed A, Qian L, Brewer M, Zhang Y, Biddick L, Steele VE, Rao CV. Chemopreventive effects of an HDAC2-selective inhibitor on rat colon carcinogenesis and APCmin/+ mouse intestinal tumorigenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 348:59-68. [PMID: 24218540 PMCID: PMC3868878 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.208645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modulators, particularly histone deacetylases (HDACs), are valid targets for cancer prevention and therapy. Recent studies report that HDAC2 overexpression is associated with colon tumor progression and is a potential target for colon cancer prevention. This study tested chemopreventive and dose-response effects of Ohio State University HDAC42 (OSU-HDAC42), a selective HDAC2 inhibitor, using a rat colon carcinogenesis model to assess aberrant crypt foci inhibition and a familial adenomatous polyposis model to assess intestinal tumor inhibition. Colonic aberrant crypt foci were induced by azoxymethane (AOM) (15 mg/kg body weight, once-weekly subcutaneous injections at 8 and 9 weeks age). One week after AOM treatment, groups of rats were fed an AIN-76A diet containing 0, 75, 150, and 300 ppm OSU-HDAC42 for 8 weeks, and colonic aberrant crypt foci were evaluated. To assess the inhibitory effect of OSU-HDAC42 on small-intestinal polyps and colon tumor growth, 6-week-old male C57Bl/6J-APC(min/+)mice were fed an AIN-76A diet containing 150 ppm OSU-HADC42 or 300 ppm pan-HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxyamic acid (SAHA) for 80 days. Our results demonstrate that dietary OSU-HDAC42 produced dose-dependent inhibition of AOM-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci formation (13-50%; P < 0.01 to < 0.0001) and reduced multiple crypts with ≥ 4 crypts per focus (25-57%; P < 0.01 to < 0.0001) in F344 rats. Our findings show that 150 ppm OSU-HDAC42 significantly inhibited small-intestinal polyps (>46%; P < 0.001), with polyp size measuring >1 mm (P < 0.001), and colon tumors (>26%) in APC(min/+)mice, whereas 300 ppm SAHA showed nonsignificant inhibition. Mice fed 150 ppm OSU-HDAC42 had significantly decreased HDAC2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, B cell lymphoma 2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, and cell division cycle homolog 25C expression levels and increased p53 expression levels. These observations demonstrate the chemopreventive efficacy of OSU-HDAC42 against chemically induced and polyposis models of intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgadevi Ravillah
- Hematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, PCS Oklahoma Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (D.R., A.M., L.Q., M.B., Y.Z., L.B., C.V.R.); and Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemoprevention Agent Development Research Group, National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (V.E.S.)
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Valproic acid, but not levetiracetam, selectively decreases HDAC7 and HDAC2 expression in human ovarian cancer cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:225-32. [PMID: 24200999 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are often overexpressed in cancer cells, leading to altered expression and activity of numerous proteins involved in carcinogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that expression of class I HDACs is increased in ovarian carcinomas and plays a significant role in carcinogenesis and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Two compounds, valproic acid (VPA) and levetiracetam (LEV), exhibit HDAC inhibitor (HDACI) activity in various cell types, but data concerning their activity in ovarian cancer are lacking. Here we compared the effects of VPA and LEV as HDACIs, using a human ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3. Cells were cultured with VPA or LEV at concentrations between 1 and 10 mM for 1-24h. HDAC activity was determined by fluorometric assay and confirmed by western blotting. Expression of HDAC genes was determined by real-time PCR and HDAC proteins expression was evaluated by western blotting. Additionally, we used high-performance liquid chromatography to determine whether OVCAR-3 cells can metabolize LEV to its major metabolite, 2-pyrrolidinone-n-butyric acid (PBA), which might exert HDACI activity. LEV, however, had no apparent effect on HDAC activity, or gene and protein expression. The OVCAR-3 cell line was able to metabolize LEV to PBA, but the effect was small. Our observations suggest that VPA should be considered as a possible adjunctive drug in ovarian cancer treatment.
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Ali MW, Cacan E, Liu Y, Pierce JY, Creasman WT, Murph MM, Govindarajan R, Eblen ST, Greer SF, Hooks SB. Transcriptional suppression, DNA methylation, and histone deacetylation of the regulator of G-protein signaling 10 (RGS10) gene in ovarian cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60185. [PMID: 23533674 PMCID: PMC3606337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
RGS10 regulates ovarian cancer cell growth and survival, and RGS10 expression is suppressed in cell models of ovarian cancer chemoresistance. However, the mechanisms governing RGS10 expression in ovarian cancer are poorly understood. Here we report RGS10 suppression in primary ovarian cancer and CAOV-3 ovarian cancer cells compared to immortalized ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) cells, and in A2780-AD chemoresistant cells compared to parental A2780 cells. RGS10-1 and RGS10-2 transcripts are expressed in ovarian cancer cells, but only RGS10-1 is suppressed in A2780-AD and CAOV-3 cells, and the RGS10-1 promoter is uniquely enriched in CpG dinucleotides. Pharmacological inhibition of DNA methyl-transferases (DNMTs) increased RGS10 expression, suggesting potential regulation by DNA methylation. Bisulfite sequencing analysis identified a region of the RGS10-1 promoter with significantly enhanced DNA methylation in chemoresistant A2780-AD cells relative to parental A2780 cells. DNA methylation in CAOV-3 and IOSE cells was similar to A2780 cells. More marked differences were observed in histone acetylation of the RGS10-1 promoter. Acetylated histone H3 associated with the RGS10-1 promoter was significantly lower in A2780-AD cells compared to parental cells, with a corresponding increase in histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme association. Similarly, acetylated histone levels at the RGS10-1 promoter were markedly lower in CAOV-3 cells compared to IOSE cells, and HDAC1 binding was doubled in CAOV-3 cells. Finally, we show that pharmacological inhibition of DNMT or HDAC enzymes in chemoresistant A2780-AD cells increases RGS10 expression and enhances cisplatin toxicity. These data suggest that histone de-acetylation and DNA methylation correlate with RGS10 suppression and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Markers for loss of RGS10 expression may identify cancer cells with unique response to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad W. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ercan Cacan
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Young Pierce
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - William T. Creasman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mandi M. Murph
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Eblen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Susanna F. Greer
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shelley B. Hooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) increase gene expression through induction of histone acetylation. However, it remains unclear whether specific gene expression changes determine the apoptotic response following HDACis administration. Herein, we discuss evidence that HDACis trigger in cancer and leukemia cells not only widespread histone acetylation but also actual increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage that are further increased following treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapies. While the origins of ROS production are not completely understood, mechanisms, including inflammation and altered antioxidant signaling, have been reported. While the generation of ROS is an explanation, at least in part, for the source of DNA damage observed with HDACi treatment, DNA damage can also be independently induced by changes in the DNA repair activity and chromatin remodeling factors. Recent development of sirtuin inhibitors (SIRTis) has shown that, similar to HDACis, these drugs induce increases in ROS and DNA damage used singly, or in combination with HDACis and other drugs. Thus, induction of apoptosis by HDACis/SIRTis may result through oxidative stress and DNA damage mechanisms in addition to direct activation of apoptosis-inducing genes. Nevertheless, while DNA damage and stress responses could be of interest as markers for clinical responses, they have yet to be validated as markers for responses to HDACi treatment in clinical trials, alone, and in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Robert
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Carrier F. Chromatin Modulation by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Impact on Cellular Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 5:51-59. [PMID: 24648865 PMCID: PMC3955893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that cells are more sensitive to ionizing radiation during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle when their chromatin is highly compacted. However, highly compacted chromatin is less susceptible to DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) than relaxed chromatin. Therefore, it is now becoming apparent that it is the cell capacity to repair its damaged DNA and refold its chromatin into its original compacted status that primarily affects the overall cellular sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACIs) are a new class of anticancer agents that relax chromatin structure by increasing the levels of histone acetylation. The effect of HDACIs on normal and cancer cells sensitivity to ionizing radiation differs. Reports have indicated that HDACIs can protect normal cells while simultaneously sensitize cancer cells to ionizing radiation. This difference may stem from the individual characteristic of the normal and cancer cells chromatin structure. This review discusses this possibility and addresses the role of HDACIs in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- France Carrier
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland
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Han Y, Zhang Y, Yang LH, Mi XY, Dai SD, Li QC, Xu HT, Yu JH, Li G, Zhao J, Han C, Yuan XM, Wang EH. X-radiation inhibits histone deacetylase 1 and 2, upregulates Axin expression and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:183. [PMID: 23110995 PMCID: PMC3542190 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays an important role in the deacetylation of histone, which can alter gene expression patterns and affect cell behavior associated with malignant transformation. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationships between HDAC1, HDAC2, clinicopathologic characteristics, patient prognosis and apoptosis, to clarify the mechanism of upregulation of the Axis inhibitor Axin (an important regulator of the Wnt pathway) by X-radiation and to elucidate the effect of siRNA on radiation therapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods HDAC1 and HDAC2 expression levels were measured by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription PCR. Apoptosis was determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling and fluorescence activated cell sorting. BE1 cells expressing Axin were exposed to 2 Gy of X-radiation. Results Expression of HDAC1 and that of HDAC2 were correlated, and significantly higher in NSCLC tissues than in normal lung tissues (P < 0.05). HDAC1 and HDAC2 expression was correlated with pTNM stage and negatively correlated with differentiation of NSCLC and apoptotic index (P < 0.05). The prognosis of patients with low expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 was better than that of those with high expression. X-radiation and siRNA inhibited HDAC1 and HDAC2 expression in NSCLC cells and Axin levels were significantly higher in BE1 cells. Conclusions X-radiation and siRNA inhibit expression of HDAC1 and HDAC2, weaken the inhibitory effect of HDAC on Axin, upregulate Axin expression and induce apoptosis of lung cancer cells. Inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 is a means of enhancing the radiosensitivity of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, North 2nd Road 92, Heping Ward, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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Delcuve GP, Khan DH, Davie JR. Targeting class I histone deacetylases in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 17:29-41. [PMID: 23062071 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.729042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Class I histone deacetylases (HDACs) are often overexpressed in cancer, and their inhibition typically leads cancer cells, but not normal cells, to apoptosis. Hence, the field of cancer therapy has experienced a continued surge in the development of HDAC inhibitors. AREAS COVERED Class I comprises of HDAC1, 2, 3 and 8. HDAC1, 2 and 3 are active as subunits of multiprotein complexes while an HDAC8 complex has not been identified. Besides being a major contributor to poor prognosis in childhood neuroblastoma, little is known of HDAC8 functions and substrates. The targeting and activities of HDAC1 - 3 are modulated by post-translational modifications and association with numerous proteins. The composition of the various HDAC complexes is cell type dependent and fluctuates with intra- and intercellular stimuli. These HDAC complexes play roles at multiple levels in gene expression and genome stability. The application of isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors has met with varying success in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION To elucidate the mechanism and cellular impact of HDAC inhibitors, we need to identify the spectrum of class I HDAC complexes and their functions. In the cases of HDAC1 - 3, selectivity of HDAC inhibitors should be directed against relevant complexes. HDAC8 active site unique features facilitate the design of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève P Delcuve
- University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, 715 McDermot Avenue, Room 600A, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
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Diyabalanage HVK, Granda ML, Hooker JM. Combination therapy: histone deacetylase inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapeutics for cancer. Cancer Lett 2012; 329:1-8. [PMID: 23032720 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising strategies to increase the efficacy of standard chemotherapy drugs is by combining them with low doses of histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis). Regarded as chemosensitizers, the addition of well-tolerated doses of HDACis to platinum-based chemotherapeutics has been proven in vitro and in vivo in recent studies for many cancer types and stages. In this review, we discuss the most commonly used combinations of histone deacetylase inhibitors and platinum based drugs in the context of their possible mechanisms, efficiency, efficacy, and related drawbacks in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himashinie V K Diyabalanage
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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Kim MG, Pak JH, Choi WH, Park JY, Nam JH, Kim JH. The relationship between cisplatin resistance and histone deacetylase isoform overexpression in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines. J Gynecol Oncol 2012; 23:182-9. [PMID: 22808361 PMCID: PMC3395014 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2012.23.3.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between cisplatin resistance and histone deacetylase (HDAC) isoform overexpression in ovarian cancer cell lines. Methods Expression of four HDAC isoforms (HDAC 1, 2, 3, and 4) in two ovarian cancer cell lines, SKOV3 and OVCAR3, exposed to various concentrations of cisplatin was examined by western blot analyses. Cells were transfected with plasmid DNA of each HDAC. The overexpression of protein and mRNA of each HDAC was confirmed by western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses, respectively. The cell viability of the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells transfected with HDAC plasmid DNA was measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay after treatment with cisplatin. Results The 50% inhibitory concentration of the SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells can be determined 15-24 hours after treatment with 15 µg/mL cisplatin. The expression level of acetylated histone 3 protein in SKOV3 cells increased after exposure to cisplatin. Compared with control cells at 24 hours after cisplatin exposure, the viability of SKOV3 cells overexpressing HDAC 1 and 3 increased by 15% and 13% (p<0.05), respectively. On the other hand, OVCAR3 cells that overexpressed HDAC 2 and 4 exhibited increased cell viability by 23% and 20% (p<0.05), respectively, compared with control cells 24 hours after exposure to cisplatin. Conclusion In SKOV3 and OVCAR3 epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines, the correlation between HDAC overexpression and cisplatin resistance was confirmed. However, the specific HDAC isoform associated with resistance to cisplatin varied depending on the ovarian cancer cell line. These results may suggest that each HDAC isoform conveys cisplatin resistance via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyun Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Singh BN, Zhou H, Li J, Tipton T, Wang B, Shao G, Gilbert EN, Li Q, Jiang SW. Preclinical studies on histone deacetylase inhibitors as therapeutic reagents for endometrial and ovarian cancers. Future Oncol 2012; 7:1415-28. [PMID: 22112317 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from lysine residues of histones and the deacetylation allows for tighter electrostatic interactions between DNA and histones, leading to a more compact chromatin conformation with limited access for transactivators and the suppression of transcription. HDAC mRNA and protein overexpression was observed in endometrial and ovarian cancers. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that HDAC inhibitors, through their actions on histone and nonhistone proteins, are able to reactivate the tumor suppressor genes, inhibit cell cycle progression and induce cell apoptosis in endometrial and ovarian cancer cell cultures. Results from mouse xenograft models also demonstrated the potency of HDAC inhibitors as anticancer reagents when used as single agent or in combination with classical chemotherapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahma N Singh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine at Savannah, Savannah, GA 31404, USA
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46
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Richon VM. Targeting histone deacetylases: development of vorinostat for the treatment of cancer. Epigenomics 2012; 2:457-65. [PMID: 22121904 DOI: 10.2217/epi.10.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible histone acetylation on lysine residues, regulated by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases (HDACs), plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. Aberrant gene expression resulting from increased HDAC activity and histone hypoacetylation has been observed in human tumors and genetic knockdown studies support a role of HDACs in cancer. Treatment with small-molecule inhibitors of HDAC activity results in anti-tumor effects in a variety of transformed cell lines. Several HDAC inhibitors are in clinical development and show anti-tumor activity in cancer patients. Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) was the first HDAC inhibitor approved for the treatment of cancer and will be the focus of this article.
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Tarasenko N, Cutts SM, Phillips DR, Inbal A, Nudelman A, Kessler-Icekson G, Rephaeli A. Disparate impact of butyroyloxymethyl diethylphosphate (AN-7), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and doxorubicin in mice bearing a mammary tumor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31393. [PMID: 22384017 PMCID: PMC3285631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI) butyroyloxymethyl diethylphosphate (AN-7) synergizes the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin (Dox) and anti-HER2 on mammary carcinoma cells while protecting normal cells against their insults. This study investigated the concomitant changes occurring in heart tissue and tumors of mice bearing a subcutaneous 4T1 mammary tumor following treatment with AN-7, Dox, or their combination. Dox or AN-7 alone led to inhibition of both tumor growth and lung metastases, whereas their combination significantly increased their anticancer efficacy and attenuated Dox- toxicity. Molecular analysis revealed that treatment with Dox, AN-7, and to a greater degree, AN-7 together with Dox increased tumor levels of γH2AX, the marker for DNA double-strand breaks and decreased the expression of Rad51, a protein needed for DNA repair. These events culminated in increased apoptosis, manifested by the appearance of cytochrome-c in the cytosol. In the myocardium, Dox-induced cardiomyopathy was associated with an increase in γH2AX expression and a reduction in Rad51 and MRE11 expression and increased apoptosis. The addition of AN-7 to the Dox treatment protected the heart from Dox insults as was manifested by a decrease in γH2AX levels, an increase in Rad51 and MRE11 expression, and a diminution of cytochrome-c release. Tumor fibrosis was high in untreated mice but diminished in Dox- and AN-7-treated mice and was almost abrogated in AN-7+Dox-treated mice. By contrast, in the myocardium, Dox alone induced a dramatic increase in fibrosis, and AN7+Dox attenuated it. The high expression levels of c-Kit, Ki-67, c-Myc, lo-FGF, and VEGF in 4T1 tumors were significantly reduced by Dox or AN-7 and further attenuated by AN-7+Dox. In the myocardium, Dox suppressed these markers, whereas AN-7+Dox restored their expression. In conclusion, the combination of AN-7 and Dox results in two beneficial effects, improved anticancer efficacy and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Tarasenko
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Suzanne M. Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Don R. Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aida Inbal
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Gania Kessler-Icekson
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Ada Rephaeli
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Beilinson Campus, Petach-Tikva, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The cyclic depsipeptide largazole from a cyanobacterium of the genus Symploca is a marine natural product with a novel chemical scaffold and potently inhibits class I histone deacetylases (HDACs). Largazole possesses highly differential growth-inhibitory activity, preferentially targeting transformed over non-transformed cells. The intriguing structure and biological activity of largazole have attracted strong interest from the synthetic chemistry community to establish synthetic routes to largazole and to investigate its potential as a cancer therapeutic. This Highlight surveys recent advances in this area with a focus on the discovery, synthesis, target identification, structure-activity relationships, HDAC8-largazole thiol crystal structure, and biological studies, including in vivo anticancer and osteogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyong Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Dell'Aversana C, Lepore I, Altucci L. HDAC modulation and cell death in the clinic. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1229-44. [PMID: 22336671 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are two opposing classes of enzymes, which finely regulate the balance of histone acetylation affecting chromatin packaging and gene expression. Imbalanced acetylation has been associated with carcinogenesis and cancer progression. In contrast to genetic mutations, epigenetic changes are potentially reversible. This implies that epigenetic alterations are amenable to pharmacological interventions. Accordingly, some epigenetic-based drugs (epidrugs) have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for cancer treatment. Here, we focus on the biological features of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis), analyzing the mechanism(s) of action and their current use in clinical practice.
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological cancer. Due to few early symptoms and a lack of early detection strategies, most patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease. Most of these patients, although initially responsive, eventually develop drug resistance. In this chapter, epigenetic changes in ovarian cancer are described. Various epigenetic changes including CpG island methylation and histone modification have been identified in ovarian cancer. These aberrations are associated with distinct disease subtypes and present in circulating serum of ovarian cancer patients. Several epigenetic changes have shown promise for their diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive capacity but still need further validation.In contrast to DNA mutations and deletions, epigenetic modifications are potentially reversible by epigenetic therapies. Promising preclinical studies show epigenetic drugs to enhance gene re-expression and drug sensitivity in ovarian cancer cell lines and animal models.
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