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Card RK, Harrington JM, Reyes NP, Huish EG, Pettegrew J. Does playing surface affect the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the National Football League? A look at the 2017 - 2021 NFL seasons. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:98-101. [PMID: 36757375 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2178817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are devastating injuries for athletes. Prior studies have shown increased ACL injury rates on non-natural surfaces versus natural grass in several sports. The purpose of this study is to calculate the prevalence of ACL injuries in the NFL on natural versus non-natural surfaces to determine if there is a significant increase on non-natural surfaces. METHODS Accessing publicly available data for NFL seasons beginning with the 2017-2018 season through 2021-2022 seasons, all ACL injuries with publicly available data concerning timing and playing surface were recorded and categorized according to playing surface. Practice injuries or those without an identifiable playing surface were excluded. Incidence rates, defined as ACL ruptures per game, were calculated. ACL injuries were recorded for each playing surface, as well as the combined category of non-natural grass surface. Odds ratio was calculated to compare the risk of ACL rupture on non-natural surfaces vs natural grass. RESULTS During the 2017-2021 NFL seasons, 173 ACL ruptures were identified with known surfaces. Injury rate for non-natural surfaces was 0.134 compared to 0.097 for grass. Injury rate ratio for non-natural vs natural grass surfaces was 1.211, a 21.1% increased risk of ACL injury in the NFL on non-natural surfaces vs natural grass. OR for non-natural surfaces 1.239 (95% CI 0.900-1.704). Based on these findings there is a trend toward increased risk of ACL injury on non natural grass surfaces, however this did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Numerous published studies show trends toward increasing rates of ACL injuries on non-natural playing surfaces vs natural grass. Based on our findings the difference is not statistically significant, however it does trend toward increased risk of ACL injury with non-natural surfaces. Further studies should be performed with larger sample sizes in order to further determine the risk of non-natural surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Card
- Valley Consortium for Medical Education Orthopedic Surgery Residency, Modesto, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Harrington
- Valley Consortium for Medical Education Orthopedic Surgery Residency, Modesto, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA, USA
| | - Nathan P Reyes
- Valley Consortium for Medical Education Orthopedic Surgery Residency, Modesto, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA, USA
| | - Eric G Huish
- Valley Consortium for Medical Education Orthopedic Surgery Residency, Modesto, CA, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Pettegrew
- Valley Consortium for Medical Education Orthopedic Surgery Residency, Modesto, CA, USA
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Gupta A, Singh PK, Xu AL, Bronheim RS, McDaniel CM, Aiyer AA. Turf Toe Injuries in the Athlete: an Updated Review of Treatment Options, Rehabilitation Protocols, and Return-to-Play Outcomes. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16:563-574. [PMID: 37789169 PMCID: PMC10587038 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-023-09870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW First metatarsophalangeal joint sprains or turf toe (TT) injuries occur secondary to forceful hyperextension of the great toe. TT injuries are common among athletes, especially those participating in football, soccer, basketball, dancing, and wrestling. This review summarizes the current treatment modalities, rehabilitation protocols, and return-to-play criteria, as well as performance outcomes of patients who have sustained TT injuries. RECENT FINDINGS Less than 2% of TT injuries require surgery, but those that do are typically grade III injuries with damage to the MTP joint, evidence of bony injury, or severe instability. Rehabilitation protocols following non-operative management consist of 3 phases lasting up to 10 weeks, whereas protocols following operative management consist of 4 phases lasting up 20 weeks. Athletes with low-grade injuries typically achieve their prior level of performance. However, among athletes with higher grade injuries, treated both non-operatively and operatively, about 70% are expected to maintain their level of performance. The treatment protocol, return-to-play criteria, and overall performance outcomes for TT injuries depend on the severity and classification of the initial sprain. For grade I injuries, players may return to play once they experience minimal to no pain with normal weightbearing, traditionally after 3-5 days. For grade II injuries, or partial tears, players typically lose 2-4 weeks of play and may need additional support with taping when returning to play. For grade III injuries, or complete disruption of the plantar plate, athletes lose 4-6 weeks or more depending upon treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Gupta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA
| | - Priya K. Singh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1250 Waters Place, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Amy L. Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Rachel S. Bronheim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Claire M. McDaniel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Amiethab A. Aiyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1800 Orleans St, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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Robertson CM, Williams S, West SW, Starling L, Kemp S, Cross M, Stokes KA. Influence of playing surface on match injury risk in men's professional rugby union in England (2013-2019). Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1615-1624. [PMID: 36004455 PMCID: PMC9825862 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of artificial playing surfaces in professional rugby union is growing, but their effect on the injury risk profile remains unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing surface on match injury risk in men's professional rugby in England. Six seasons of injury data (2013/14-2018/19) were collected from 15 professional English, men's rugby teams participating in domestic and European competition. The incidence, severity, and burden of match injuries were compared across playing surfaces. The dataset included 3351 injuries from a combined European and domestic data set (separated in to 2 categories; artificial and natural/hybrid surfaces) and 2675 injuries from a domestic only dataset (separated into 3 categories; artificial, hybrid, and natural surfaces). There were no differences in incidence rates between surface types on combined European and domestic match data, but injury burden was significantly greater on artificial (3082 days/1000 h, 95% CI 2847-3337) in comparison with natural/hybrid surfaces (2364 days/1000 h, 95% CI 2277-2454, p < 0.001). These differences were primarily driven by a significantly greater mean severity of hip/groin, and foot/toe injuries on artificial surfaces. This is the largest study to date to examine the relationship between surface type and injury risk in rugby union. The average severity and burden of injuries sustained on artificial surfaces was significantly greater compared with those sustained on hybrid/natural grass surfaces. This study can inform those involved in selection of surface for elite sport, weighing up the positive and negative elements of the varying surface types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Robertson
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Sean Williams
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Stephen W. West
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada,O'Brien Institute for Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Lindsay Starling
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - Simon Kemp
- Rugby Football UnionTwickenhamUK,London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Matt Cross
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK,Premiership RugbyTwickenhamUK
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Centre for Health and Injury and Illness Prevention in Sport, Department for HealthUniversity of BathBathUK,Rugby Football UnionTwickenhamUK
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4
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The Utility of Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Traumatic Hallux Valgus. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 101:e145-e148. [PMID: 35836317 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolated disruption of the medial collateral ligament of the great toe is rare and often misdiagnosed as turf toe. It may progress to acquired traumatic hallux valgus, often requiring operative intervention and a longer return to play. This case of a grade II medial collateral ligament injury highlights the importance of a thorough physical examination and consideration of the mechanism of injury. It demonstrates the utility of diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound in establishing a specific diagnosis upon initial patient presentation with great toe pain. It is an example of the use of ultrasound in guiding treatment and monitoring interval healing. In this case, differentiation of the injury from the classic "turf toe" led to proper stabilization with a toe spacer and activity modification, thus preventing progression of traumatic hallux valgus and leading to successful nonoperative treatment with full return to sport. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V.
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Gould HP, Lostetter SJ, Samuelson ER, Guyton GP. Lower Extremity Injury Rates on Artificial Turf Versus Natural Grass Playing Surfaces: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med 2022; 51:1615-1621. [PMID: 35593739 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211069562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No study has provided a comprehensive systematic review of sports injuries on artificial turf versus natural grass. PURPOSE To comprehensively examine the risk of overall injuries and multiple types of lower extremity injuries across all sports, all levels of competition, and on both old-generation and new-generation artificial turf. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS A systematic review of the English-language literature was performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. All included articles compared overall injury rates or lower extremity (hip, knee, or foot and ankle) injury rates on artificial turf and natural grass. All sports, levels of competition, and turf types were included. Studies were excluded if they did not include overall injury rates or lower extremity injury rates. Because of the heterogeneity of the included studies, no attempt was made to aggregate risk ratios to conduct a quantitative meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 53 articles published between 1972 and 2020 were identified for study inclusion. Most studies on new-generation turf (13/18 articles) found similar overall injury rates between playing surfaces. When individual anatomic injury locations were analyzed, the greatest proportion of articles reported a higher foot and ankle injury rate on artificial turf compared with natural grass, both with old-generation (3/4 articles) and new-generation (9/19 articles) turf. Similar knee and hip injury rates were reported between playing surfaces for soccer athletes on new-generation turf, but football players, particularly those at high levels of competition, were more likely to sustain a knee injury on artificial turf than on natural grass. CONCLUSION The available body of literature suggests a higher rate of foot and ankle injuries on artificial turf, both old-generation and new-generation turf, compared with natural grass. High-quality studies also suggest that the rates of knee injuries and hip injuries are similar between playing surfaces, although elite-level football athletes may be more predisposed to knee injuries on artificial turf compared with natural grass. Only a few articles in the literature reported a higher overall injury rate on natural grass compared with artificial turf, and all of these studies received financial support from the artificial turf industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath P Gould
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Eric R Samuelson
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory P Guyton
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Long R, Long S, Zou L, Huang Z, Huang Y, Hu C, Li D, Li X. Rheology, crystallization, and enhanced mechanical properties of uniaxially oriented ethylene–octene copolymer/polyolefin elastomer blends. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Spitnale MJ, Mathews CG, Barnes AJ, Thier ZT, Jackson JB. Epidemiology of Lower Leg Soft Tissue Injuries in High School Athletes. FOOT & ANKLE ORTHOPAEDICS 2022; 7:24730114211057886. [PMID: 35097487 PMCID: PMC8755937 DOI: 10.1177/24730114211057886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annually there are an estimated 4.5 million sports- and recreation-related
injuries among children and young adults in the United States. The most
common sports-related injuries are to the lower extremities, with two-thirds
occurring among children and young adults (age range 5-24 years). The
objective is to describe the epidemiology of lower leg injuries across 27
high school (HS) sports over a 3-year period. Methods The Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention provided lower
leg injury data for 27 sports in 147 high schools for 2011-2012 through
2013-2014 academic years from National Athletic Treatment, Injury and
Outcomes Network (NATION) HS Surveillance Program. Results The overall rate of lower leg injuries over this 3-year period was 1.70 per
10 000 acute events (AEs) (95% CI, 1.59-1.82). In men, the highest number of
lower leg injuries was in football (n=181), but indoor track had the highest
rate of injury at 2.80 per 10 000 AEs (95% CI, 2.14-3.58). In women, the
highest number of lower leg injuries and the highest rate of injury were in
cross-country (n=76) at 3.85 per 10 000 AEs (95% CI, 3.03-4.81). The
practice injury rate was 0.91 times the competition injury rate (95% CI,
0.78-1.07). Conclusion An improved understanding of the most common sports in which lower leg
injuries are seen may help direct appropriate resource utilization. Our data
would suggest efforts toward prevention of these overuse injuries,
especially in football, track, and cross-country may have the greatest
impact on the health of student athletes. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Spitnale
- University of South Carolina Orthopaedics Center–Prisma Health Midlands, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Candler G. Mathews
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Allen J. Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zachary T. Thier
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN
| | - J. Benjamin Jackson
- University of South Carolina Orthopaedics Center–Prisma Health Midlands, Columbia, SC, USA
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8
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Injury risk among athletes on artificial turf: a review of current literature. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000001021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Cousins BEW, Morris JG, Sunderland C, Bennett AM, Shahtahmassebi G, Cooper SB. Synthetic playing surfaces increase the incidence of match injuries in an elite Rugby Union team. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:134-138. [PMID: 34538756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine differences in match injury incidence between three playing surfaces in elite Rugby Union. DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS Match injury incidence was assessed in 89 elite Rugby Union players over two-seasons of professional competition (44 matches, 1014 h player exposure). Match injury incidence was assessed on three different playing surfaces; natural grass, hybrid (natural grass combined with approximately 3% synthetic fibres) and fully synthetic (sand and rubber infill). Overall injury incidence, contact and non-contact injury incidence, and the incidence of minor (≤7 d lost) and major (≥8 d lost) injuries were considered using mixed effect models. RESULTS Overall match injury incidence doubled on hybrid and synthetic surfaces compared to natural grass (hybrid: OR = 2.58 [95% CI 1.65-4.03], p < 0.001; synthetic: OR = 2.16 [95% CI 1.07-4.37], p = 0.033). Furthermore, the odds of sustaining a contact injury on a pitch containing any synthetic content also increased compared to natural grass (hybrid: OR = 2.31 [95% CI 1.41-3.78], p = 0.001; synthetic: OR = 2.19 [95% CI 1.00-4.77], p = 0.049). The hybrid surface elicited a four times greater likelihood of non-contact injury incidence compared to natural grass (OR = 4.18 [95% CI 1.16-15.04], p = 0.028). However, the playing surface did not affect the severity of match injuries (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that even a small percentage (3%) of synthetic content in the playing surface significantly increases match injury incidence, with an effect seen on both contact and non-contact injury incidence. These findings are important to enable practitioners to be aware of the injury implications of playing matches on hybrid and synthetic pitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben E W Cousins
- Sport Performance Research Group, Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - John G Morris
- Sport Performance Research Group, Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Caroline Sunderland
- Sport Performance Research Group, Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, UK
| | - Anthony M Bennett
- Applied Sport Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Swansea University, UK
| | | | - Simon B Cooper
- Sport Performance Research Group, Sport Science Department, Nottingham Trent University, UK.
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10
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Winson DMG, Miller DLH, Winson IG. Foot injuries, playing surface and shoe design: Should we be thinking more about injury prevention. Foot Ankle Surg 2020; 26:597-600. [PMID: 31447244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of artificial pitches has occurred in a multitude of sports at both professional and amateur levels. Artificial turf has become an extremely attractive option as it is felt to encourage a faster, safer and more entertaining play. However these pitches are not without controversy among sporting professionals and in the media. Foot and ankle injury in sport remains incredibly common and a significant burden on health professionals, but what impact do the new artificial surfaces have on these injuries. This review article aims to establish whether artificial turf has an impact on injury rates in the foot and ankle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M G Winson
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XW, UK.
| | | | - Ian G Winson
- Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK.
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11
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Sujae IH, Abdul Jabbar K, Ong CY, Hamill J. Differences in joint loading during a side-step cutting manoeuvre on different artificial turf infill depths. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:981-992. [PMID: 32160819 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1713206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated differences in joint loading during a side-step manoeuvre on artificial grass turfs with different infill depths. The kinematics and kinetics of 17 trained male inter-college soccer players performing the manoeuvre were captured using 10 high-speed optical cameras synchronised to a force-platform at sampling frequencies of 250 Hz and 1000 Hz respectively. Significantly larger lateral forces (GRFxpeak) (p = 0.036), larger anterior/posterior forces (GRFypeak) (p = 0.062) and larger vertical forces (GRFzpeak) (p = 0.390) suggests that turf with greater infill depths may be firmer. This could elicit greater stresses on the lower extremity, thereby increasing the risk of knee ligament injuries. Significant differences were reported only for ankle inversion angle (p = 0.001; ES = 0.74), inversion/eversion ankle moment (p = 0.039; ES = 0.52) and abduction-adduction ankle moment (p = 0.022; ES = 0.79) at GRFzpeak. Lower extremity adaptations to execute the manoeuvre on turf with greater infill depths may have taken place at the ankle rather than the knee. While this change in technique may implicate injuries, greater infill depths can be counter-intuitive where a certain level of hardness in the artificial turf might be necessary which otherwise could affect the athletes' performance and potentially reduce injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Harris Sujae
- School of Health Sports & Leisure, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Khalid Abdul Jabbar
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chin Yong Ong
- School of Health Sports & Leisure, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joseph Hamill
- School of Health Sports & Leisure, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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12
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Zhou B, Li B, Bai L. The effect of the change of football turf on knee kinematics of adolescent male football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:2040-2044. [PMID: 31113179 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the change of football turf on knee kinematics of adolescent male football players. METHODS Thirteen adolescent male football players were tested by a portable infrared motion analysis system based on markers. The angular displacements of flexion/extension,valgus/varus and internal/external rotation were calculated respectively when players performed 90° shuttle running on artificial turf and natural turf. RESULTS The maximum valgus angle and range of valgus/varus were larger when they were changed from artificial turf to natural turf (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the maximum flexion angle, maximum extension angle, range of flexion/extension, maximum varus angle, maximum internal rotation angle, maximum external rotation angle and range of internal/external rotation (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The change of football turf has a significant effect on knee kinematics of adolescent male football players. The risk of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is increased when players who are changed from artificial turf to natural turf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzheng Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery/Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Joint Surgery/Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Joint Surgery/Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China -
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13
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Ranson C, George J, Rafferty J, Miles J, Moore I. Playing surface and UK professional rugby union injury risk. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2393-2398. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1458588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Ranson
- Athlete Health, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | | | - James Rafferty
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - John Miles
- Medical Department, Welsh Rugby Union, Cardiff, UK
| | - Isabel Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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14
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Tovar-Cuellar W, Galván-Villamarín F, Ortiz-Morales J. Complications associated with the techniques for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in patients under 18 years old: A systematic review. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recote.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Tovar-Cuellar W, Galván-Villamarín F, Ortiz-Morales J. Complicaciones asociadas a las diferentes técnicas de reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior en menores de 18 años: Revisión sistemática. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed) 2018; 62:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recot.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Fabricant
- 1Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 2Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 3Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Ragaert K, Delva L, Van Damme N, Kuzmanovic M, Hubo S, Cardon L. Microstructural foundations of the strength and resilience of LLDPE artificial turf yarn. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Ragaert
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - L. Delva
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - N. Van Damme
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - M. Kuzmanovic
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - S. Hubo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
| | - L. Cardon
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Centre for Polymer & Material Technologies, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture; Ghent University; Technologie Park 915 Gent 9052 Belgium
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18
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Trégouët P. An assessment of hallux limitus in university basketball players compared with noncompetitive individuals. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2016; 104:468-72. [PMID: 25275734 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-104.5.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injuries of the first metatarsophalangeal joint have lately been receiving attention from researchers owing to the important functions of this joint. However, most of the studies of turf toe injuries have focused on sports played on artificial turf. METHODS This study compared the range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in collegiate basketball players (n = 123) and noncompetitive individuals (n = 123). RESULTS A statistically significant difference (P < .001) in range of motion was found between the two groups. The difference between the two sample means was 21.35°. CONCLUSIONS With hallux rigidus being a potential sequela of repeated turf toe injuries, it seems likely that subacute turf toe injuries occur in basketball players, leading to degenerative changes that result in hallux limitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Trégouët
- Centre Audomarois de Recherche Biomécanique, 22 rue des Epeers, 62500 Saint Omer, France. (E-mail: )
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe acute lower extremity injuries and evaluate extrinsic risk factors in female youth soccer. DESIGN Nested case-control study. SETTING Youth soccer clubs in Seattle, WA. PARTICIPANTS Female soccer players (n = 351) ages 11 to 15 years randomly selected from 4 soccer clubs from which 83% of their players were enrolled with complete follow-up for 92% of players. INTERVENTIONS Injured players were interviewed regarding injury, field surface, shoe type, and position. Uninjured controls, matched on game or practice session, were also interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The association between risk factors and acute lower extremity injury using logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS One hundred seventy-three acute lower extremity injuries occurred involving primarily the ankle (39.3%), knee (24.9%), and thigh (11.0%). Over half (52.9%) recovered within 1 week, whereas 30.2% lasted beyond 2 weeks. During practices, those injured were approximately 3-fold (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.49-5.31) more likely to play on grass than artificial turf and 2.4-fold (95% CI, 1.03-5.96) more likely to wear cleats on grass than other shoe and surface combinations. During games, injured players were 89% (95% CI, 1.03-4.17) more likely to play defender compared with forward. CONCLUSIONS Half of the acute lower extremity injuries affected the ankle or knee. Grass surface and wearing cleats on grass increased training injuries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The majority, 64%, of female youth soccer players' acute injuries involve the ankle and knee and injury prevention strategies in this age group should target these areas. When considering playing surfaces for training, communities and soccer organizations should consider the third-generation artificial turf a safe alternative to grass.
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20
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Lawrence DW, Comper P, Hutchison MG. Influence of Extrinsic Risk Factors on National Football League Injury Rates. Orthop J Sports Med 2016; 4:2325967116639222. [PMID: 27088102 PMCID: PMC4820027 DOI: 10.1177/2325967116639222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The risk of injury associated with American football is significant, with recent reports indicating that football has one of the highest rates of all-cause injury, including concussion, of all major sports. There are limited studies examining risk factors for injuries in the National Football League (NFL). Purpose: To identify risk factors for NFL concussions and musculoskeletal injuries. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Injury report data were collected prospectively for each week over the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regular seasons for all 32 teams. Poisson regression models were used to identify the relationship between predetermined variables and the risk of the 5 most frequent injuries (knee, ankle, hamstring, shoulder, and concussion). Results: A total of 480 games or 960 team games (TGs) from the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regular seasons were included in this study. A trend to an increasing risk of concussion and TG ankle injury with decreasing mean game-day temperature was observed. The risk of TG concussion (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.16; 95% CI, 1.35-3.45; P = .001) and TG ankle injury (IRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.10-1.98; P = .01) was significantly greater for TGs played at a mean game-day temperature of ≤9.7°C (≤49.5°F) compared with a mean game-day temperature of ≥21.0°C (≥69.8°F). The risk of TG shoulder injury was significantly increased for TGs played on grass surfaces (IRR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.81; P = .038) compared with synthetic surfaces. The risk of TG injury was not associated with time in season, altitude, time zone change prior to game, or distance traveled to a game. Conclusion: This study evaluated extrinsic risk factors for injury in the NFL. A hazardous association was identified for risk of concussion and ankle injury with colder game-day temperature. Further research should be conducted to substantiate this relationship and its potential implication for injury prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Lawrence
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Comper
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Abstract
This prospective study looked at the incidence of injury (IN) sustained by players during a season in an amateur women's football league in Trinidad and Tobago where games were played on grass (GR) and on a new generation artificial turf (AT). The overall incidence of time loss injuries was 27.6/1000 player hours (95% CI: 17.0, 38.2). Most injuries were mild and players returned to play within one week of sustaining an injury. Players who trained predominately on, and played their home games on AT (PAT) sustained significantly fewer injuries when playing games on GR than those sustained while playing on AT (p=0.006). There were no differences in injury rates between games played on AT versus games played on GR (p=0.68). Most injuries were of a non-contact nature and so an injury prevention program should be implemented to reduce the injury rate in this amateur league.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Babwah
- a Sports Medicine & Injury Rehabilitation Clinic, Centre of Excellence , Macoya , Trinidad and Tobago
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the most recent literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric anterior cruciate ligament injury. RECENT FINDINGS There is an increasing prevalence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in pediatric and adolescent athletes, and nonoperative management of these injuries results in worse outcomes than surgical reconstruction. Prevention exercise protocols are cost-effective in preventing this injury in adolescent athletes. A number of techniques are currently in practice that address anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the skeletally immature, but there is no consensus on the optimal technique. SUMMARY The reported clinical outcomes from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in young patients are favorable.
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23
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Ballal MS, Usuelli FG, Montrasio UA, Molloy A, La Barbera L, Villa T, Banfi G. Rotational and peak torque stiffness of rugby shoes. Foot (Edinb) 2014; 24:107-10. [PMID: 25095720 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sports people always strive to avoid injury. Sports shoe designs in many sports have been shown to affect traction and injury rates. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the differing stiffness and torque in rugby boots that are designed for the same effect. METHODS Five different types of rugby shoes commonly worn by scrum forwards were laboratory tested for rotational stiffness and peak torque on a natural playing surface generating force patterns that would be consistent with a rugby scrum. RESULTS The overall internal rotation peak torque was 57.75±6.26 Nm while that of external rotation was 56.55±4.36 Nm. The Peak internal and external rotational stiffness were 0.696±0.1 and 0.708±0.06 Nm/deg respectively. Our results, when compared to rotational stiffness and peak torques of football shoes published in the literature, show that shoes worn by rugby players exert higher rotational and peak torque stiffness compared to football shoes when tested on the same natural surfaces. There was significant difference between the tested rugby shoes brands. CONCLUSION In our opinion, to maximize potential performance and lower the potential of non-contact injury, care should be taken in choosing boots with stiffness appropriate to the players main playing role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez S Ballal
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L7 9AL, UK.
| | | | | | - Andy Molloy
- University Hospital Aintree, Longmoor Lane, Liverpool L7 9AL, UK
| | - Luigi La Barbera
- Laboratory of Biological Structure, Mechanics Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano and IRCCS Galeazzi, Italy
| | - Tomaso Villa
- Laboratory of Biological Structure, Mechanics Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano and IRCCS Galeazzi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- CTS Piede e Caviglia, RCCS Galeazzi, 4 Zip 20100 Milan, Italy
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24
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George E, Harris AHS, Dragoo JL, Hunt KJ. Incidence and risk factors for turf toe injuries in intercollegiate football: data from the national collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system. Foot Ankle Int 2014; 35:108-15. [PMID: 24334272 DOI: 10.1177/1071100713514038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turf toe is the general term for a sprain of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint complex. Previously attributed to shoe design and artificial turf, the incidence of turf toe injury has been thought to decline with the advent of newer turf designs. However, the current incidence and epidemiology remain unknown as the majority of the literature consists of small series and addresses diagnosis and treatment rather than epidemiology and prevention. METHODS We examined data from the NCAA's Injury Surveillance System (ISS) for 5 football seasons (2004-2005 through 2008-2009), including all preseason, regular season, and postseason practice and competition data. The incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors for turf toe injury, defined as injury to the connective tissue of the first MTP joint, plantar plate complex, and/or sesamoid fracture, were determined. RESULTS The overall incidence of turf toe injuries in NCAA football players was 0.062 per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-Es; 95% CI 0.052, 0.072). Athletes were nearly 14 times more likely to sustain the injury during games compared to practice, with a mean days lost due to injury of 10.1 (7.9, 12.4). Fewer than 2% of turf toe injuries required operative intervention. There was a significantly higher injury rate on third-generation artificial surfaces compared to natural grass (0.087 per 1000 A-E [0.067, 0.11] vs 0.047 per 1000 A-E [0.036, 0.059]). The majority of injuries occurred as a result of contact with the playing surface (35.4%) or contact with another player (32.7%), and running backs and quarterbacks were the most common positions to suffer turf toe injury. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a significantly higher incidence of turf toe injuries during games, a greater susceptibility among running backs and quarterbacks, and a significant contribution of playing surface to risk of injury. Though turf toe injuries may be less common that previously reported in elite football players, these injuries warrant appropriate acute and long-term management to prevent long-term dysfunction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, case series.
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