1
|
Wang S, Liu T, Ren C, Zhao Y, Qiao S, Zhang Y, Pang S. Heterogeneous graph inference with range constrainted L 2,1-collaborative matrix factorization for small molecule-miRNA association prediction. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 110:108078. [PMID: 38677013 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in regulating gene expression and various biological processes. As a result, they have been identified as effective targets for small molecule (SM) drugs in disease treatment. Heterogeneous graph inference stands as a classical approach for predicting SM-miRNA associations, showcasing commendable convergence accuracy and speed. However, most existing methods do not adequately address the inherent sparsity in SM-miRNA association networks, and imprecise SM/miRNA similarity metrics reduce the accuracy of predicting SM-miRNA associations. In this research, we proposed a heterogeneous graph inference with range constrained L2,1-collaborative matrix factorization (HGIRCLMF) method to predict potential SM-miRNA associations. First, we computed the multi-source similarities of SM/miRNA and integrated these similarity information into a comprehensive SM/miRNA similarity. This step improved the accuracy of SM and miRNA similarity, ensuring reliability for the subsequent inference of the heterogeneity map. Second, we used a range constrained L2,1-collaborative matrix factorization (RCLMF) model to pre-populate the SM-miRNA association matrix with missing values. In this step, we developed a novel matrix decomposition method that enhances the robustness and formative nature of SM-miRNA edges between SM networks and miRNA networks. Next, we built a well-established SM-miRNA heterogeneous network utilizing the processed biological information. Finally, HGIRCLMF used this network data to infer unknown association pair scores. We implemented four cross-validation experiments on two distinct datasets, and HGIRCLMF acquired the highest areas under the curve, surpassing six state-of-the-art computational approaches. Furthermore, we performed three case studies to validate the predictive power of our method in practical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao Institute of Software, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Tiyao Liu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao Institute of Software, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chuanru Ren
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao Institute of Software, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yawu Zhao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao Institute of Software, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Sibo Qiao
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao Institute of Software, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266525, China.
| | - Shanchen Pang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao Institute of Software, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Carnie CJ, Götz MJ, Palma-Chaundler CS, Weickert P, Wanders A, Serrano-Benitez A, Li HY, Gupta V, Awwad SW, Blum CJ, Sczaniecka-Clift M, Cordes J, Zagnoli-Vieira G, D'Alessandro G, Richards SL, Gueorguieva N, Lam S, Beli P, Stingele J, Jackson SP. Decitabine cytotoxicity is promoted by dCMP deaminase DCTD and mitigated by SUMO-dependent E3 ligase TOPORS. EMBO J 2024:10.1038/s44318-024-00108-2. [PMID: 38760575 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analogue decitabine (or 5-aza-dC) is used to treat several haematological cancers. Upon its triphosphorylation and incorporation into DNA, 5-aza-dC induces covalent DNA methyltransferase 1 DNA-protein crosslinks (DNMT1-DPCs), leading to DNA hypomethylation. However, 5-aza-dC's clinical outcomes vary, and relapse is common. Using genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screens, we map factors determining 5-aza-dC sensitivity. Unexpectedly, we find that loss of the dCMP deaminase DCTD causes 5-aza-dC resistance, suggesting that 5-aza-dUMP generation is cytotoxic. Combining results from a subsequent genetic screen in DCTD-deficient cells with the identification of the DNMT1-DPC-proximal proteome, we uncover the ubiquitin and SUMO1 E3 ligase, TOPORS, as a new DPC repair factor. TOPORS is recruited to SUMOylated DNMT1-DPCs and promotes their degradation. Our study suggests that 5-aza-dC-induced DPCs cause cytotoxicity when DPC repair is compromised, while cytotoxicity in wild-type cells arises from perturbed nucleotide metabolism, potentially laying the foundations for future identification of predictive biomarkers for decitabine treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Carnie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Maximilian J Götz
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Pedro Weickert
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Amy Wanders
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Almudena Serrano-Benitez
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hao-Yi Li
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Vipul Gupta
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samah W Awwad
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Jacqueline Cordes
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Guido Zagnoli-Vieira
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giuseppina D'Alessandro
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sean L Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadia Gueorguieva
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Lam
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Stingele
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Urbanowicz K, Turyn J, Smoleński RT, Peters GJ. Novel mass spectrometry-based assay for thymidylate synthase activity. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38660992 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2344187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme responsible for the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), with the co-substrate 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF) as the methyl donor. TS is the only enzyme capable of de novo biosynthesis of dTMP in humans, a nucleotide crucial for DNA synthesis and therefore cell proliferation and survival. As such, TS is a major drug target in chemotherapy by compounds such as 5-fluorouracil. Due to the clinical and physiological importance of TS, the ability to accurately assay its activity is crucial. Several assays have been developed for this purpose, relying on spectrophotometry or radioisotope labeling methods. In this study, we have developed a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry-based method for assessing TS activity by direct and specific measurement of the reaction product, dTMP. The assay was tested on mouse liver homogenates. We noted that excessive 5,10-CH2-THF concentration (400 µM) led to substrate inhibition and therefore 200 µM was used. The activity assayed at 1 µM dUMP was linear with protein content and time (up to 60 min) and was 0.56 ± 0.12 pmol/mg protein/min, in line with previously reported values. Additionally, by using a high mass resolution Orbitrap instrument side reactions were monitored, revealing major changes in folate pools and nucleotide metabolism. These findings highlight the value of the developed TS assay for routine TS activity monitoring in complex matrixes such as clinical material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Laboratory of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Vrije Unversteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moreno LM, Quiroga J, Abonia R, Crespo MDP, Aranaga C, Martínez-Martínez L, Sortino M, Barreto M, Burbano ME, Insuasty B. Synthesis of Novel Triazine-Based Chalcones and 8,9-dihydro-7 H-pyrimido[4,5- b][1,4]diazepines as Potential Leads in the Search of Anticancer, Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3623. [PMID: 38612435 PMCID: PMC11012124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of four series of novel hybrid chalcones (20,21)a-g and (23,24)a-g and six series of 1,3,5-triazine-based pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines (28-33)a-g and the evaluation of their anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic properties. Chalcones 20b,d, 21a,b,d, 23a,d-g, 24a-g and the pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines 29e,g, 30g, 31a,b,e-g, 33a,b,e-g exhibited outstanding anticancer activity against a panel of 60 cancer cell lines with GI50 values between 0.01 and 100 μM and LC50 values in the range of 4.09 μM to >100 μM, several of such derivatives showing higher activity than the standard drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). On the other hand, among the synthesized compounds, the best antibacterial properties against N. gonorrhoeae, S. aureus (ATCC 43300), and M. tuberculosis were exhibited by the pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepines (MICs: 0.25-62.5 µg/mL). The antifungal activity studies showed that triazinylamino-chalcone 29e and triazinyloxy-chalcone 31g were the most active compounds against T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes and A. fumigatus, respectively (MICs = 62.5 μg/mL). Hemolytic activity studies and in silico toxicity analysis demonstrated that most of the compounds are safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leydi M. Moreno
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (J.Q.); (R.A.)
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (J.Q.); (R.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (J.Q.); (R.A.)
| | - María del P. Crespo
- Grupo de Biotecnología e Infecciones Bacterianas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia;
- Grupo de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (M.B.); (M.E.B.)
| | - Carlos Aranaga
- Grupo de Investigación en Química y Biotecnología (QUIBIO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali 760035, Colombia;
- Grupo de Investigación Traslacional en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Escuela de Biomedicina, Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Martínez
- Unidad de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Departamento de Química Agrícola, Edafología y Microbiología, Universidad de Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Maximiliano Sortino
- Área de Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina;
| | - Mauricio Barreto
- Grupo de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (M.B.); (M.E.B.)
| | - María E. Burbano
- Grupo de Microbiología y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (M.B.); (M.E.B.)
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Grupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterocíclicos, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760042, Colombia; (J.Q.); (R.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sen A, Karati D. An insight into thymidylate synthase inhibitor as anticancer agents: an explicative review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03020-y. [PMID: 38446215 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, a widespread challenge to global health, remains a puzzle of intricate molecular dynamics. This review article delves into the mystery of cancer, with a keen focus on understanding the contributory role of thymidylate synthase (TS) in cancer. TS, a vital enzyme in DNA synthesis and repair, emerges as a significant player in the narrative of cancer development. The conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) is a major step in producing DNA. Numerous malignancies, including those of the breast, colon, lung, and ovary, have been linked to dysregulation of TS activity. Overexpression or mutations of TS lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumorigenesis molecular interactions and signalling pathways involving TS come under scrutiny, revealing the nuanced connections that propel its involvement in cancer progression. Beyond overexpression and mutations, there emerges a subtle layer of regulation that involves microRNAs (miRNAs). These tiny particles attach to the TS messenger RNA, causing translational repression or its degradation, which in turn affects TS activity. Moving towards the therapeutic realm, thymidylate synthase inhibition acts as a promising anti-cancer strategy. Targeting TS with small-molecule inhibitors could provide a novel approach to treat various cancers. By reducing the number of available nucleotides, TS inhibition would slow down or halt cancer cell division, thus depriving the tumor of the building blocks required for its proliferation and growth. The aim is to assess the viability and effectiveness of targeting TS to halt or slow down cancer progression. There is growing evidence that, in comparison to traditional TS inhibitors, few novel antifolate TS inhibitors are effective against a wider variety of neoplasms, such as lung carcinomas. It has been discovered that TS inhibitors increase cancer tissues' sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation, increasing their vulnerability to these treatments. This article aims to provide a comprehensive insight into TS, examining its cellular details, detailing the heterocyclic moieties and molecular foundations, and providing a promising future outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aratrika Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abd-Alsalam E, Hafez HN, Assay MG, Ali AK, El-Farargy AF, Abbass EM. Exploring the Antiproliferative Potency of Pyrido[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Derivatives: Studies on Design, Synthesis, Anticancer Evaluation, SAR, Docking, and DFT Calculations. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301682. [PMID: 38084395 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, an efficient method for the synthesis of a new series of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives has been adopted through the reaction of hydrazinyl pyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidine derivative (1) with different electrophilic species, such as ethyl cyanoacetate and different 1,3 diketone derivatives, gave the corresponding derivatives (2-5). Meanwhile, pyrido[2,3-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines (6-11) were synthesized via reaction of hydrazine derivative 1 with phenylisothiocyanate, potassium thiocyanate, and carbon disulfide. Compound 1 was also submitted to react with different carbonyl compounds to afford pyrido-pyrimidine derivatives (12-15). All the newly synthesized compounds were tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activities against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 2, 3, 7, and 8 displayed very strong inhibitory activity against the two cell lines compared with the standard drug doxorubicin. Furthermore, a docking study of the most active compounds was performed with the thymidylate synthase enzyme (PDB: Code 6qxg). Moreover, DFT calculation was carried out for the most biologically active compounds and a reference drug (Doxorubicin) using the B3LYP/6-31G+(d,p) level of theory. The calculated EHOMO and ELUMO energies were used to calculate the global reactivity parameters. Finally, Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) and structure activity relationship (SAR) were studied to correlate the relation between chemical structure and reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Abd-Alsalam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend N Hafez
- National Research Center, Photochemistry Department (Heterocyclic Unit), Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Assay
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Ali Khalil Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Farargy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Eslam M Abbass
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Amniouel S, Jafri MS. High-accuracy prediction of colorectal cancer chemotherapy efficacy using machine learning applied to gene expression data. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1272206. [PMID: 38304289 PMCID: PMC10830836 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1272206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: FOLFOX and FOLFIRI chemotherapy are considered standard first-line treatment options for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the criteria for selecting the appropriate treatments have not been thoroughly analyzed. Methods: A newly developed machine learning model was applied on several gene expression data from the public repository GEO database to identify molecular signatures predictive of efficacy of 5-FU based combination chemotherapy (FOLFOX and FOLFIRI) in patients with CRC. The model was trained using 5-fold cross validation and multiple feature selection methods including LASSO and VarSelRF methods. Random Forest and support vector machine classifiers were applied to evaluate the performance of the models. Results and Discussion: For the CRC GEO dataset samples from patients who received either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI, validation and test sets were >90% correctly classified (accuracy), with specificity and sensitivity ranging between 85%-95%. In the datasets used from the GEO database, 28.6% of patients who failed the treatment therapy they received are predicted to benefit from the alternative treatment. Analysis of the gene signature suggests the mechanistic difference between colorectal cancers that respond and those that do not respond to FOLFOX and FOLFIRI. Application of this machine learning approach could lead to improvements in treatment outcomes for patients with CRC and other cancers after additional appropriate clinical validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Amniouel
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Mohsin Saleet Jafri
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Benny S, Rajappan Krishnendu P, Kumar S, Bhaskar V, Manisha DS, Abdelgawad MA, Ghoneim MM, Naguib IA, Pappachen LK, Mary Zachariah S, Mathew B, Tp A. A computational investigation of thymidylate synthase inhibitors through a combined approach of 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modelling. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37870113 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2270752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a crucial target of cancer drug discovery and is mainly involved in the De novo synthesis of the DNA precursor thymine. In the present study, to generate reliable models and identify a few promising molecules, we combined QSAR modelling with the pharmacophore hypothesis-generating technique. Input molecules were clustered on their similarity, and a cluster of 74 molecules with a pyrimidine moiety was chosen as the set for 3D-QSAR and pharmacophore modelling. Atom-based and field-based 3D-QSAR models were generated and statistically validated with R2 > 0.90 and Q2 > 0.75. The common pharmacophore hypothesis(CPH) generation identified the best six-point model ADHRRR. Using these best models, a library of FDA-approved drugs was screened for activity and filtered via molecular docking, ADME profiling, and molecular dynamics simulations. The top ten promising TS-inhibiting candidates were identified, and their chemical features profitable for TS inhibitors were explored.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Prayaga Rajappan Krishnendu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vaishnav Bhaskar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Deepthi S Manisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Naguib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena K Pappachen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Subin Mary Zachariah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Tp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lone MN, Gul S, Mehraj U, Sofi S, Dar AH, Ganie SA, Wani NA, Mir MA, Zargar MA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Uracil Derivatives as Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:6212-6231. [PMID: 36849711 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is driven by nucleic acid metabolism, and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in nucleotide synthesis. As a result, thymidylate synthase has emerged as a critical target in chemotherapy. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is currently being used to treat a wide range of cancers, including breast, pancreatic, head and neck, colorectal, ovarian, and gastric cancers The objective of this study was to establish a new methodology for the low-cost, one-pot synthesis of uracil derivatives (UD-1 to UD-5) and to evaluate their therapeutic potential in BC cells. One-pot organic synthesis processes using a single solvent were used for the synthesis of drug analogues of Uracil. Integrated bioinformatics using GEPIA2, UALCAN, and KM plotter were utilized to study the expression pattern and prognostic significance of TYMS, the key target gene of 5-fluorouracil in breast cancer patients. Cell viability, cell proliferation, and colony formation assays were used as in vitro methods to validate the in silico lead obtained. BC patients showed high levels of thymidylate synthase, and high expression of thymidylate synthase was found associated with poor prognosis. In silico studies indicated that synthesized uracil derivatives have a high affinity for thymidylate synthase. Notably, the uracil derivatives dramatically inhibited the proliferation and colonization potential of BC cells in vitro. In conclusion, our study identified novel uracil derivatives as promising therapeutic options for breast cancer patients expressing the augmented levels of thymidylate synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nadeem Lone
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical & Chemical Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Shazia Gul
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Umar Mehraj
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Shazia Sofi
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Abid Hamid Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Shabir Ahmad Ganie
- Division of Basic Sciences and Humanities FoA, SKUAST-K, Srinagar, J&K, India
| | - Nissar Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India.
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, India.
| | - Mohammed A Zargar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nadhan R, Kashyap S, Ha JH, Jayaraman M, Song YS, Isidoro C, Dhanasekaran DN. Targeting Oncometabolites in Peritoneal Cancers: Preclinical Insights and Therapeutic Strategies. Metabolites 2023; 13:618. [PMID: 37233659 PMCID: PMC10222714 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal cancers present significant clinical challenges with poor prognosis. Understanding the role of cancer cell metabolism and cancer-promoting metabolites in peritoneal cancers can provide new insights into the mechanisms that drive tumor progression and can identify novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for early detection, prognosis, and treatment response. Cancer cells dynamically reprogram their metabolism to facilitate tumor growth and overcome metabolic stress, with cancer-promoting metabolites such as kynurenines, lactate, and sphingosine-1-phosphate promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. Targeting cancer-promoting metabolites could also lead to the development of effective combinatorial and adjuvant therapies involving metabolic inhibitors for the treatment of peritoneal cancers. With the observed metabolomic heterogeneity in cancer patients, defining peritoneal cancer metabolome and cancer-promoting metabolites holds great promise for improving outcomes for patients with peritoneal tumors and advancing the field of precision cancer medicine. This review provides an overview of the metabolic signatures of peritoneal cancer cells, explores the role of cancer-promoting metabolites as potential therapeutic targets, and discusses the implications for advancing precision cancer medicine in peritoneal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Nadhan
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.N.); (S.K.); (J.H.H.); (M.J.)
| | - Srishti Kashyap
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.N.); (S.K.); (J.H.H.); (M.J.)
| | - Ji Hee Ha
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.N.); (S.K.); (J.H.H.); (M.J.)
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Muralidharan Jayaraman
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.N.); (S.K.); (J.H.H.); (M.J.)
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and NanoBioImaging, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Danny N. Dhanasekaran
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.N.); (S.K.); (J.H.H.); (M.J.)
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mteremko D, Chilongola J, Paluch AS, Chacha M. Targeting human thymidylate synthase: Ensemble-based virtual screening for drug repositioning and the role of water. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 118:108348. [PMID: 36257147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A drug repositioning computational approach was carried to search inhibitors for human thymidylate synthase. An ensemble-based virtual screening of FDA-approved drugs showed the drugs Imatinib, Lumacaftor and Naldemedine to be likely candidates for repurposing. The role of water in the drug-receptor interactions was revealed by the application of an extended AutoDock scoring function that included the water forcefield. The binding affinity scores when hydrated ligands were docked were improved in the drugs considered. Further binding free energy calculations based on the Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area method revealed that Imatinib, Lumacaftor and Naldemedine scored -130.7 ± 28.1, -210.6 ± 29.9 and -238.0 ± 25.4 kJ/mol, respectively, showing good binding affinity for the candidates considered. Overall, the analysis of the molecular dynamics trajectory of the receptor-drug complexes revealed stable structures for Imatinib, Lumacaftor and Naldemedine, for the entire simulation time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Mteremko
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania.
| | - Jaffu Chilongola
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Andrew S Paluch
- Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Musa Chacha
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania; Arusha Technical College, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mori R, Ukai J, Tokumaru Y, Niwa Y, Futamura M. The mechanism underlying resistance to 5‑fluorouracil and its reversal by the inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase in breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2022; 24:311. [DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Mori
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Junko Ukai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tokumaru
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| | - Manabu Futamura
- Department of Breast Surgery, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501‑1194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pagilla S, Anagani Kanaka Durga B, Vodnala S, Kamutam R, Mudiraj A, Phanithi PB, Chetti P. Identification of novel quinazolinone hybrids as cytotoxic agents against
C6
glioma cell lines. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sumathi Vodnala
- Department of Chemistry, Nizam College, Basheerbhag Osmania University Hyderabad India
| | | | - Anwita Mudiraj
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | - Prakash Babu Phanithi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad Hyderabad India
| | - Prabhakar Chetti
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hussain F, Rahman FI, Saha P, Mikami A, Osawa T, Obika S, Rahman SMA. Synthesis of Sugar and Nucleoside Analogs and Evaluation of Their Anticancer and Analgesic Potentials. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113499. [PMID: 35684435 PMCID: PMC9182362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical modification of sugars and nucleosides has a long history of producing compounds with improved selectivity and efficacy. In this study, several modified sugars (2–3) and ribonucleoside analogs (4–8) have been synthesized from α-d-glucose in a total of 21 steps. The compounds were tested for peripheral anti-nociceptive characteristics in the acetic acid-induced writhing assay in mice, where compounds 2, 7, and 8 showed a significant reduction in the number of writhes by 56%, 62%, and 63%, respectively. The compounds were also tested for their cytotoxic potential against human HeLa cell line via trypan blue dye exclusion test followed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Compound 6 demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 54 µg/mL. Molecular docking simulations revealed that compounds 2, 7, and 8 had a comparable binding affinity to cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. Additionally, the bridged nucleoside analogs 7 and 8 potently inhibited adenosine kinase enzyme as well, which indicates an alternate mechanistic pathway behind their anti-nociceptive action. Cytotoxic compound 6 demonstrated strong docking with cancer drug targets human cytidine deaminase, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, human thymidine kinase 1, human thymidylate synthase, and human adenosine deaminase 2. This is the first ever reporting of the synthesis and analgesic property of compound 8 and the cytotoxic potential of compound 6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Hussain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Fahad Imtiaz Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Poushali Saha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Atsushi Mikami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.M.); (T.O.); (S.O.)
| | - Takashi Osawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.M.); (T.O.); (S.O.)
| | - Satoshi Obika
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (A.M.); (T.O.); (S.O.)
| | - S. M. Abdur Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.H.); (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-1732477343
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Khan SR, Kuzminov A. Thymine-starvation-induced chromosomal fragmentation is not required for thymineless death in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1138-1155. [PMID: 35324030 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thymine or thymidine starvation induces robust chromosomal fragmentation in E. coli thyA deoCABD mutants, and is proposed to be the cause of thymineless death (TLD). However, fragmentation kinetics challenges the idea that fragmentation causes TLD, by peaking before the onset of TLD and disappearing by the time TLD accelerates. Quantity and kinetics of fragmentation also stays unchanged in hyper-TLD-exhibiting recBCD mutant, making its faster and deeper TLD independent of fragmentation as well. Elimination of fragmentation without affecting cellular metabolism did not abolish TLD in the thyA mutant, but reduced early TLD in the thyA recBCD mutant, suggesting replication-dependent, but undetectable by pulsed field gel, double-strand breaks contributed to TLD. Chromosomal fragmentation, but not TLD, was eliminated in both the thyA and thyA recBCD mutants harboring deoCABD operon. Expression of a single gene, deoA, encoding thymidine phosphorylase, was sufficient to abolish fragmentation, suggesting thymidine-to-thymine interconversion during T-starvation being a key factor. Overall, this study reveals that chromosomal fragmentation, a direct consequence of T-starvation, is either dispensable or redundant for the overall TLD pathology, including hyper-TLD in the recBCD mutant. Replication forks, unlike chromosomal fragmentation, may provide minor contribution to TLD, but only in the repair-deficient thyA deoCABD recBCD mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharik R Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrei Kuzminov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hydrazone-based Materials; DFT, TD-DFT, NBO Analysis, Fukui Function, MESP Analysis, and Solar Cell Applications. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1857-1871. [PMID: 35737283 PMCID: PMC9402755 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to numerous pharmaceutical and biological activities hydrazone (TC) based materials, it was important to investigate quantum chemical studies such as Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis, molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), and local reactivity usage Fukui function for six TC derivatives compounds. DFT, NBO, MESP, and local reactivity calculations were obtained via utilizing CAM-Becke's three-parameter functional and Leee Yange Parr (CAM-B3LYP) functional and 6-311G + + (2d, 2p) basis set. Optimized molecular structures for all studied compounds were obtained usage the DFT/CAM-B3LYP/6-311G + + (2d, 2p) method. In addition, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), energy gap (Eg), light harvest efficiency (LHE), and open-circuit voltage (Voc) of all studied MSs are calculated and illustrated. These properties indicate that these molecular modeling structures as good candidates for utilization in organic DSSCs. The calculated spectroscopic investigations of hydrazine derivatives have been obtained by applying the TD/CAM-B3LYP/6-311G + + (2d, 2p) method. the calculated UV-Vis absorption spectra for molecular structures under study show nice correlations with experimental spectra.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li S, Zhao J, Lv L, Dong D. Identification and Validation of TYMS as a Potential Biomarker for Risk of Metastasis Development in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:762821. [PMID: 34858842 PMCID: PMC8630669 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.762821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mortality. Unfortunately, there are few reports on effective biomarkers for HCC metastasis. This study aimed to discover potential key genes of HCC, which could provide new insights for HCC metastasis. GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) microarray and TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) datasets were integrated to screen for candidate genes involved in HCC metastasis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and then we performed enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO), together with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). A protein-protein interaction network was then built and analyzed utilizing STRING and Cytoscape, followed by the identification of 10 hub genes by cytoHubba. Four genes were associated with survival, their prognostic value was verified by prognostic signature analysis. Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) gene was identified as significant HCC metastasis-associated genes after mRNA expression validation and IHC analysis. TYMS silencing in HCC cells remarkedly inhibited growth and invasion. Finally, we found TYMS silencing dramatically decrease DNA synthesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, resulting in the inhibition of HCC metastasis, indicating TYMS had close associations with HCC development. These findings provided new insights into HCC metastasis and identified candidate gene prognosis signatures for HCC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Leng Y, Dang S, Yin F, Gao T, Xiao X, Zhang Y, Chen L, Qin C, Lai N, Zhan XY, Huang K, Luo C, Kang Y, Wang N, Li Y, Liang Y, Huang B. GDPLichi: a DNA Damage Repair-Related Gene Classifier for Predicting Lung Adenocarcinoma Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Response. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733533. [PMID: 34970479 PMCID: PMC8713481 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common and mortal malignancies, usually with a poor prognosis in its advanced or recurrent stages. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of human cancers including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), and significantly improved patients' prognoses. However, the prognostic and predictive outcomes differ because of tumor heterogeneity. Here, we present an effective method, GDPLichi (Genes of DNA damage repair to predict LUAD immune checkpoint inhibitors response), as the signature to predict the LUAD patient's response to the ICIs. GDPLichi utilized only 7 maker genes from 8 DDR pathways to construct the predictive model and classified LUAD patients into two subgroups: low- and high-risk groups. The high-risk group was featured by worse prognosis and decreased B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD8+ central memory T cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), myeloid dendritic cells (MDC), and immune scores as compared to the low-risk group. However, our research also suggests that the high-risk group was more sensitive to ICIs, which might be explained by increased TMB, neoantigen, immune checkpoint molecules, and immune suppression genes' expression, but lower TIDE score as compared to the low-risk group. This conclusion was verified in three other LUAD cohort datasets (GSE30219, GSE31210, GSE50081).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Leng
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiying Dang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tianshun Gao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changfei Qin
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nannan Lai
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhan
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanming Luo
- Center for Clinical Neuroscience, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Kang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhong Liang
- School of Medicine, Southern University Of Science And Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bihui Huang
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lemos BC, Westphal R, Filho EV, Fiorot RG, Carneiro JWM, Gomes ACC, Guimarães CJ, de Oliveira FCE, Costa PMS, Pessoa C, Greco SJ. Synthetic enamine naphthoquinone derived from lawsone as cytotoxic agents assessed by in vitro and in silico evaluations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 53:128419. [PMID: 34715305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized ten enamine naphthoquinones with yields ranging from 43 to 76%. These compounds were screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities by MTT assay against four types of human cancer cell lines: HCT116, PC3, HL60 and SNB19. The naphthoquinones bearing the picolylamine (7) and quinoline (12) moieties were the most actives (IC50 < 24 μM for all the cell lines), which were comparable or better to the values obtained for the control drugs. In silico evaluations allowed us to develop a qualitative Structure-Activity Relationship which suggest that electrostatic features, particularly the C2-C3 internuclear repulsion and the molecular dipole moment, relate to the biological response. Furthermore, Molecular Docking simulations indicate that the synthetic compounds have the potential to act as anticancer molecules by inhibiting topoisomerase-II and thymidylate synthase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara C Lemos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil
| | - Regina Westphal
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil
| | - Eclair Venturini Filho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo G Fiorot
- Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Outeiro de São João Batista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Walkimar M Carneiro
- Chemistry Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Outeiro de São João Batista, 24020-141 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline C Gomes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro, Campus Realengo, Rio de Janeiro CEP.: 21715-000, Brazil
| | - Celina J Guimarães
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará., Fortaleza, Ceará CEP.: 60430-275, Brazil; Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Fátima C E de Oliveira
- Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mikael S Costa
- Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Pharmacy Sector, Foundation of Oncology Control of the state of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas CEP.: 69040-010, Brazil
| | - Sandro J Greco
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo CEP.:29075-910, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nycz JE. The Synthesis of Hypodiphosphoric Acid and Derivatives with P-P Bond, including Esters and Diphosphine Dioxides: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237286. [PMID: 34885870 PMCID: PMC8659023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of hypodiphosphoric acid and its related compounds began in 1877, but no summary of the synthetic efforts has been reported. This review includes published papers related to the molecules containing the >P(=O)-P(=O)< fragment, which notably resembles the structure of the >P(=O)-O-P(=O)< moiety, the essential building block of many important molecules found in nature and in the field of medicinal chemistry. This review covers the strategies related to the synthesis of hypodiphosphoric acid (former name hypophosphoric acid), its ester form, and diphosphine dioxides. Finally, some properties and applications of these structures studied during this period are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek E Nycz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Szkolna 9, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Strengths and Weaknesses of Cell Synchronization Protocols Based on Inhibition of DNA Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910759. [PMID: 34639098 PMCID: PMC8509769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synchronous cell populations are commonly used for the analysis of various aspects of cellular metabolism at specific stages of the cell cycle. Cell synchronization at a chosen cell cycle stage is most frequently achieved by inhibition of specific metabolic pathway(s). In this respect, various protocols have been developed to synchronize cells in particular cell cycle stages. In this review, we provide an overview of the protocols for cell synchronization of mammalian cells based on the inhibition of synthesis of DNA building blocks-deoxynucleotides and/or inhibition of DNA synthesis. The mechanism of action, examples of their use, and advantages and disadvantages are described with the aim of providing a guide for the selection of suitable protocol for different studied situations.
Collapse
|
22
|
Jurczyk M, Król M, Midro A, Kurnik-Łucka M, Poniatowski A, Gil K. Cardiotoxicity of Fluoropyrimidines: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194426. [PMID: 34640443 PMCID: PMC8509845 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a growing public health problem; it is responsible annually for millions of deaths worldwide. Fluoropyrimidines are highly effective and commonly prescribed anti-neoplastic drugs used in a wide range of chemotherapy regimens against several types of malignancies. 5-fluorouracil and its prodrugs affect neoplastic cells in multiple ways by impairing their proliferation, principally through the inhibition of thymidylate synthase. Fluoropyrimidine-induced cardiotoxicity was described more than 50 years ago, but many details such as incidence, mechanisms, and treatment are unclear and remain disputed. Severe cardiotoxicity is not only life-threatening, but also leads to withdrawal from an optimal chemotherapy regimen and decreases survival rate. Differences in the frequency of cardiotoxicity are explained by different chemotherapy schedules, doses, criteria, and populations. Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms include coronary vasospasm, endothelial damage, oxidative stress, Krebs cycle disturbances, and toxic metabolites. Such varied pathophysiology of the cardiotoxicity phenomenon makes prevention and treatment more difficult. Cardiovascular disturbances, including chest pain, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction, are among the most common side effects of this class of anti-neoplastic medication. This study aims to summarize the available data on fluoropyrimidine cardiotoxicity with respect to symptoms, incidence, metabolism, pathophysiological mechanism, diagnosis, management, and resistance.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Zheng C, Huang Y, He M, Xu WW, Li B. Molecular mechanisms of chemo- and radiotherapy resistance and the potential implications for cancer treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:315-340. [PMID: 34766149 PMCID: PMC8554658 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery is the primary treatment approach for cancer, but the survival rate is very low due to the rapid progression of the disease and presence of local and distant metastasis at diagnosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are important components of the multidisciplinary approaches for cancer treatment. However, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy may result in treatment failure or even cancer recurrence. Radioresistance in cancer is often caused by the repair response to radiation-induced DNA damage, cell cycle dysregulation, cancer stem cells (CSCs) resilience, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Understanding the molecular alterations that lead to radioresistance may provide new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to improve radiotherapy efficacy. Patients who develop resistance to chemotherapy drugs cannot benefit from the cytotoxicity induced by the prescribed drug and will likely have a poor outcome with these treatments. Chemotherapy often shows a low response rate due to various drug resistance mechanisms. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance and chemoresistance in cancer and discusses recent developments in therapeutic strategies targeting chemoradiotherapy resistance to improve treatment outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Ping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Can‐Can Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Yun‐Na Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineNational Engineering Research Center of Genetic MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Ming‐Liang He
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Wen Wen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering MedicineNational Engineering Research Center of Genetic MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineCollege of Life Science and TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesInstitute of Life and Health EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhouP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Identifying hydrophobic protein patches to inform protein interaction interfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018234118. [PMID: 33526682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018234118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between proteins lie at the heart of numerous biological processes and are essential for the proper functioning of the cell. Although the importance of hydrophobic residues in driving protein interactions is universally accepted, a characterization of protein hydrophobicity, which informs its interactions, has remained elusive. The challenge lies in capturing the collective response of the protein hydration waters to the nanoscale chemical and topographical protein patterns, which determine protein hydrophobicity. To address this challenge, here, we employ specialized molecular simulations wherein water molecules are systematically displaced from the protein hydration shell; by identifying protein regions that relinquish their waters more readily than others, we are then able to uncover the most hydrophobic protein patches. Surprisingly, such patches contain a large fraction of polar/charged atoms and have chemical compositions that are similar to the more hydrophilic protein patches. Importantly, we also find a striking correspondence between the most hydrophobic protein patches and regions that mediate protein interactions. Our work thus establishes a computational framework for characterizing the emergent hydrophobicity of amphiphilic solutes, such as proteins, which display nanoscale heterogeneity, and for uncovering their interaction interfaces.
Collapse
|
25
|
Desrosiers V, Barat C, Breton Y, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ. Thymidylate synthase is essential for efficient HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Virology 2021; 561:47-57. [PMID: 34146963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis. A study performed by our group on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1 showed that many enzymes related to the folate cycle pathway, such as TS, are upregulated in productively infected cells. Here, we suggest that TS is essential for an effective HIV-1 infection in MDMs. Indeed, a TS specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) as well as the TS specific inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) caused a reduction in productively infected cells. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that this treatment decreased the efficacy of the early steps of the viral cycle. The RTX inhibitory effect was counteracted by dNTP addition. These results suggest that TS is essential for the early stages of HIV-1 infection by providing optimal dNTP concentrations in MDMs. TS and its related pathway may thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target for HIV-1 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desrosiers
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
El-Etrawy AAS, Sherbiny FF. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling investigation of new N'-(2-Thiouracil-5-oyl) hydrazone derivatives as potential anti-breast cancer and anti-bacterial agents. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Fouad MA, Salem SE, Hussien MM, Badr DM, Zekri AN, Hafez HF, Shouman SA. The Clinical Significance of Promoter Methylation of Fluoropyrimidine Metabolizing and Cyclooxygenase Genes in Colorectal Cancer. Epigenet Insights 2021; 14:2516865720986231. [PMID: 33644686 PMCID: PMC7890744 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720986231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the impact of promoter methylation of flouropyrimidine (FP) metabolizing and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) genes on their mRNA expression and on the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. METHODS Methylation specific-PCR and real time-PCR of thymidylate synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) and COX2 were performed at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of FP therapy. Pairwise comparisons were conducted between the subgroups of CRC patients. The event free survival (EFS) and the hazard of progression were estimated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS At baseline CRC patients, both TS and TP were overexpressed, in spite of the unmethylation of TS and the full methylation of TP genes. Significant downexpression of DPD and COX2 were associated their promoter's methylation. At the end of FP therapy, TS, DPD and COX2 were overexpressed by 7.52, 2.88 and 3.45 folds, respectively, while TP was downexpressed by 0.54 fold. However, no change was observed in the methylation status of genes with FP therapy. Pairwise comparisons revealed significant difference in the expression and the methylation status of genes according to the clinicopathological characters of CRC patients either at baseline or after FP therapy. The overexpression of DPD and COX2 genes were indicators for a poor EFS of CRC patients. Also, the high level of COX2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with the hazard of progression (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.02-3.03). CONCLUSION The promoter methylation of FP metabolizing and COX2 genes has significant impact on the expression and the treatment outcome of CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ahmed Fouad
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Salem Eid Salem
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Hussien
- Medical Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Doaa Mohamed Badr
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman N. Zekri
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Hafez Farouk Hafez
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Samia A. Shouman
- Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Design, synthesis, biological assessment and molecular docking studies of some new 2-Thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-ones as potential anticancer and antibacterial agents. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
29
|
Wang S, Yuan XH, Wang SQ, Zhao W, Chen XB, Yu B. FDA-approved pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles for cancer therapy: Synthesis and clinical application. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113218. [PMID: 33540357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in the development of anticancer agents over the past few decades, and a lot of new anticancer agents from natural and synthetic sources have been produced. Among heterocyclic compounds, pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles possess a variety of biological activities such as anticancer, antiviral, etc. To date, 147 pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles have been approved for clinical assessment or are currently being used in clinic, 57 of which have been approved by FDA for clinical treatment of various diseases, and 22 of them are being used in the clinic for the treatment of different cancers. As the potentially privileged scaffolds, pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocycles may be used to discover new drugs with similar biological targets and improved therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the anticancer applications and synthetic routes of 22 approved pyrimidine-fused bicyclic heterocyclic drugs in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Han Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Cancer Institute, NO.127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Wen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Cancer Institute, NO.127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dersh D, Phelan JD, Gumina ME, Wang B, Arbuckle JH, Holly J, Kishton RJ, Markowitz TE, Seedhom MO, Fridlyand N, Wright GW, Huang DW, Ceribelli M, Thomas CJ, Lack JB, Restifo NP, Kristie TM, Staudt LM, Yewdell JW. Genome-wide Screens Identify Lineage- and Tumor-Specific Genes Modulating MHC-I- and MHC-II-Restricted Immunosurveillance of Human Lymphomas. Immunity 2021; 54:116-131.e10. [PMID: 33271120 PMCID: PMC7874576 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumors frequently subvert major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) peptide presentation to evade CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance, though how this is accomplished is not always well defined. To identify the global regulatory networks controlling antigen presentation, we employed genome-wide screening in human diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCLs). This approach revealed dozens of genes that positively and negatively modulate MHC-I cell surface expression. Validated genes clustered in multiple pathways including cytokine signaling, mRNA processing, endosomal trafficking, and protein metabolism. Genes can exhibit lymphoma subtype- or tumor-specific MHC-I regulation, and a majority of primary DLBCL tumors displayed genetic alterations in multiple regulators. We established SUGT1 as a major positive regulator of both MHC-I and MHC-II cell surface expression. Further, pharmacological inhibition of two negative regulators of antigen presentation, EZH2 and thymidylate synthase, enhanced DLBCL MHC-I presentation. These and other genes represent potential targets for manipulating MHC-I immunosurveillance in cancers, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devin Dersh
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - James D Phelan
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megan E Gumina
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Boya Wang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jesse H Arbuckle
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rigel J Kishton
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Tovah E Markowitz
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mina O Seedhom
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nathan Fridlyand
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - George W Wright
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michele Ceribelli
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Justin B Lack
- NIAID Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Thomas M Kristie
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan W Yewdell
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Prasher P, Sharma M, Singh SP, Rawat DS. Barbiturate derivatives for managing multifaceted oncogenic pathways: A mini review. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:364-373. [PMID: 33210368 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of metastasis comprises synchronized erroneous expressions of several composite pathways, which are difficult to manage simultaneously with the representative anticancer molecules. The emergence of the drug resistance and the complex interplay between these pathways further potentiates cancer related complexities. Barbiturates and their derivatives present a commendable anticancer profile by attenuating the cancer manifesting metabolic and enzymatic pathways including, but not limited to matrix metalloproteinases, xanthine oxidase, amino peptidases, histone deacetylases, and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase. The derivatization and conjugation of barbiturates with pharmacophores delivers a suitable hybrid profile in containing the anomalous expression of these pathways. The present report presents a succinct collation of the barbiturates and their derivatives in managing the various cancer causing pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Samarth P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Devendra S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yu S, Zhang C, Xie KP. Therapeutic resistance of pancreatic cancer: Roadmap to its reversal. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188461. [PMID: 33157162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease with limited opportunity for resectable surgery as the first choice for cure due to its late diagnosis and early metastasis. The desmoplastic stroma and cellular genetic or epigenetic alterations of pancreatic cancer impose physical and biological barriers to effective therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Here, we review the current therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer, and underlying mechanisms and potential reversal of therapeutic resistance, a hallmark of this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to the South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to the South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Ping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital Affiliated to the South China University of Technology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li Z, Liu J, Chen H, Zhang Y, Shi H, Huang L, Tao J, Shen R, Wang T. Ferritin Light Chain (FTL) competes with long noncoding RNA Linc00467 for miR-133b binding site to regulate chemoresistance and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:467-477. [PMID: 31675755 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality rates are decreasing in virtue of CRC screening and improved therapeutic methods, CRC is still a leading cause of cancer deaths. One of the main causes is chemoresistance occurrence in CRC. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance benefits to CRC diagnosis and treatment. In this study, gene expression was determined by western blot and qRT-PCR. The biological functions of genes in CRC cells were studied by knocking down or overexpressing the gene in CRC cells and then analyzing cell sensitivity to 5-Fu by the MTT assay and the flow cytometry, and analyzing cell migration and invasion by transwell assays. The luciferase reporter assay was used to examine microRNA regulation of target gene expression, and biotin pull-down assay was performed to detect interaction between RNA molecules. This study found that ferritin light chain (FTL) and long intergenic noncoding RNA Linc00467 were both upregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines, and inversely correlated to CRC patient survival. FTL and Linc00467 promoted CRC cells abilities to resistance against 5-fluor-ouracil (5-Fu), migration and invasion. These effects were compromised by miR-133b which targeted both FTL and Linc00467. miR-133b interacted with Linc00467 and miR-133b inhibitor prevented Linc00467 knockdown-induced alternations of FTL expression and biological functions. Both FTL and Linc00467 are oncogenes in CRC. FTL expression upregulated in CRC via Linc00467/ miR-133b axis, and leads to CRC cell resistance against 5-FU treatment and promotes CRC metastasis. FTL expression upregulated in CRC via Linc00467/miR-133b axis, and leads to CRC cell resistance to 5-FU treatment and promotes CRC metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengyao Li
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoze Shi
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longchang Huang
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Tao
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renhui Shen
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, and , Wuxi, Jiangsu.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fares J, Kanojia D, Rashidi A, Ulasov I, Lesniak MS. Landscape of combination therapy trials in breast cancer brain metastasis. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:1939-1952. [PMID: 32086955 PMCID: PMC7423704 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Combination therapy has become a cornerstone in cancer treatment to potentiate therapeutic effectiveness and overcome drug resistance and metastasis. In this work, we explore combination trials in breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM), highlighting deficiencies in trial design and underlining promising combination strategies. On October 31, 2019, we examined ClinicalTrials.gov for interventional and therapeutic clinical trials involving combination therapy for BCBM, without limiting for date or location. Information on trial characteristics was collected. Combination therapies used in trials were analyzed and explored in line with evidence from the medical literature. Sixty-five combination therapy trials were selected (n = 65), constituting less than 0.7% of all breast cancer trials. Most trials (62%) combined ≥2 chemotherapeutic agents. Chemotherapy with radiation was main-stay in 23% of trials. Trastuzumab was mostly used in combination (31%), followed by lapatinib (20%) and capecitabine (15%). Common strategies involved combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors with thymidylate synthase inhibitors (6 trials), dual HER-dimerization inhibitors (3 trials), microtubule inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (3 trials), and HER-dimerization inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (3 trials). The combination of tucatinib and capecitabine yielded the highest objective response rate (83%) in early phase trials. The triple combination of trastuzumab, tucatinib and capecitabine lowered the risk of disease progression or death by 52% in patients with HER2-positive BCBM. Combining therapeutic agents based on biological mechanisms is necessary to increase the effectiveness of available anti-cancer regimens. Significant survival benefit has yet to be achieved in future combination therapy trials. Enhancing drug delivery through blood-brain barrier permeable agents may potentiate the overall therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- High Impact Cancer Research program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maciej S. Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The advances of methotrexate resistance in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 28:1183-1193. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
36
|
Detection of a G-Quadruplex as a Regulatory Element in Thymidylate synthase for Gene Silencing Using Polypurine Reverse Hoogsteen Hairpins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145028. [PMID: 32708710 PMCID: PMC7404261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) enzyme is an anti-cancer target given its role in DNA biosynthesis. TYMS inhibitors (e.g., 5-Fluorouracil) can lead to drug resistance through an autoregulatory mechanism of TYMS that causes its overexpression. Since G-quadruplexes (G4) can modulate gene expression, we searched for putative G4 forming sequences (G4FS) in the TYMS gene that could be targeted using polypurine reverse Hoogsteen hairpins (PPRH). G4 structures in the TYMS gene were detected using the quadruplex forming G-rich sequences mapper and confirmed through spectroscopic approaches such as circular dichroism and NMR using synthetic oligonucleotides. Interactions between G4FS and TYMS protein or G4FS and a PPRH targeting this sequence (HpTYMS-G4-T) were studied by EMSA and thioflavin T staining. We identified a G4FS in the 5’UTR of the TYMS gene in both DNA and RNA capable of interacting with TYMS protein. The PPRH binds to its corresponding target dsDNA, promoting G4 formation. In cancer cells, HpTYMG-G4-T decreased TYMS mRNA and protein levels, leading to cell death, and showed a synergic effect when combined with 5-fluorouracil. These results reveal the presence of a G4 motif in the TYMS gene, probably involved in the autoregulation of TYMS expression, and the therapeutic potential of a PPRH targeted to the G4FS.
Collapse
|
37
|
Drug-Drug Interactions of Irinotecan, 5-Fluorouracil, Folinic Acid and Oxaliplatin and Its Activity in Colorectal Carcinoma Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112614. [PMID: 32512790 PMCID: PMC7321123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and/or irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) is the standard of care for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). This strategy inhibits tumor growth but provokes drug resistance and serious side effects. We aimed to improve FOLFOXIRI by optimization of the dosing and the sequence of drug administration. We employed an orthogonal array composite design and linear regression analysis to obtain cell line-specific drug combinations for four CRC cell lines (DLD1, SW620, HCT116, LS174T). Our results confirmed the synergy between folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil and additivity, or even antagonism, between the other drugs of the combination. The drug combination administered at clinical doses resulted in significantly higher antagonistic interactions compared to the low-dose optimized drug combination (ODC). We found that the concomitant administration of the optimized drug combination (ODC) was comparatively active to sequential administration. However, the administration of oxaliplatin or the active metabolite of irinotecan seemed to sensitize the cells to the combination of folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil. ODCs were similarly active in non-cancerous cells as compared to the clinically used doses, indicating a lack of reduction of side effects. Interestingly, ODCs were inactive in CRC cells chronically pretreated with FOLFOXIRI, suggesting the occurrence of resistance. We were unable to improve FOLFOXIRI in terms of efficacy or specificity. Improvement of CRC treatment should come from the optimization of targeted drugs and immunotherapy strategies.
Collapse
|
38
|
Singh H, Kaur M, Kaur H, Sharma I, Bhandari A, Kaur G, Singh P. Structural tuning of acridones for developing anticancer agents targeting dihydrofolate reductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126631. [PMID: 31447082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Targeting dihydrofolate reductase, here, we report the tumor growth inhibitory activity of substituted acridones. The screening of the molecules over 60 cell line panel of human cancer cells identified (S)-oxiran-2-ylmethyl 9-oxo-9,10-dihydroacridine-4-carboxylate (19) with average GI50 0.3 μM. The specificity of the compound to CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4 and SR cell lines of leukemia and SW-620, SF268, LOXIMVI, ACHN and MCF7 cancerous cells exhibiting GI50 in the nM range was observed. C6 Glioma cells treated with compound 19 showed differentiated cell morphology and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase. The interactions of the compound with dihydrofolate reductase were ascertained with the help of enzyme immunoassays, molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Indu Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Anmol Bhandari
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gurcharan Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Palwinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pacifico S, Santucci M, Luciani R, Saxena P, Linciano P, Ponterini G, Lauriola A, D'Arca D, Marverti G, Guerrini R, Costi MP. Cyclic Peptides Acting as Allosteric Inhibitors of Human Thymidylate Synthase and Cancer Cell Growth. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193493. [PMID: 31561530 PMCID: PMC6804113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a prominent drug target for different cancer types. However, the prolonged use of its classical inhibitors, substrate analogs that bind at the active site, leads to TS overexpression and drug resistance in the clinic. In the effort to identify anti-TS drugs with new modes of action and able to overcome platinum drug resistance in ovarian cancer, octapeptides with a new allosteric inhibition mechanism were identified as cancer cell growth inhibitors that do not cause TS overexpression. To improve the biological properties, 10 cyclic peptides (cPs) were designed from the lead peptides and synthesized. The cPs were screened for the ability to inhibit recombinant human thymidylate synthase (hTS), and peptide 7 was found to act as an allosteric inhibitor more potent than its parent open-chain peptide [Pro3]LR. In cytotoxicity studies on three human ovarian cancer cell lines, IGROV-1, A2780, and A2780/CP, peptide 5 and two other cPs, including 7, showed IC50 values comparable with those of the reference drug 5-fluorouracil, of the open-chain peptide [d-Gln4]LR, and of another seven prolyl derivatives of the lead peptide LR. These promising results indicate cP 7 as a possible lead compound to be chemically modified with the aim of improving both allosteric TS inhibitory activity and anticancer effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Pacifico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Matteo Santucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Rosaria Luciani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Puneet Saxena
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Angela Lauriola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Domenico D'Arca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Remo Guerrini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sobich J, Prokopowicz M, Maj P, Wilk P, Zieliński Z, Frączyk T, Rode W. Thymidylate synthase-catalyzed, tetrahydrofolate-dependent self-inactivation by 5-FdUMP. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 674:108106. [PMID: 31520592 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of previous crystallographic studies, N4-hydroxy-dCMP, a slow-binding thymidylate synthase inhibitor apparently caused "uncoupling" of the two thymidylate synthase-catalyzed reactions, including the N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate one-carbon group transfer and reduction, suggesting the enzyme's capacity to use tetrahydrofolate as a cofactor reducing the pyrimidine ring C(5) in the absence of the 5-methylene group. Testing the latter interpretation, a possibility was examined of a TS-catalyzed covalent self-modification/self-inactivation with certain pyrimidine deoxynucleotides, including 5-fluoro-dUMP and N4-hydroxy-dCMP, that would be promoted by tetrahydrofolate and accompanied with its parallel oxidation to dihydrofolate. Electrophoretic analysis showed mouse recombinant TS protein to form, in the presence of tetrahydrofolate, a covalently bound, electrophoretically separable 5-fluoro-dUMP-thymidylate synthase complex, similar to that produced in the presence of N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Further studies of the mouse enzyme binding with 5-fluoro-dUMP/N4-hydroxy-dCMP by TCA precipitation of the complex on filter paper showed it to be tetrahydrofolate-promoted, as well as to depend on both time in the range of minutes and the enzyme molecular activity, indicating thymidylate synthase-catalyzed reaction to be responsible for it. Furthermore, the tetrahydrofolate- and time-dependent, covalent binding by thymidylate synthase of each 5-fluoro-dUMP and N4-hydroxy-dCMP was shown to be accompanied by the enzyme inactivation, as well as spectrophotometrically confirmed dihydrofolate production, the latter demonstrated to depend on the reaction time, thymidylate synthase activity and temperature of the incubation mixture, further documenting its catalytic character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sobich
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Prokopowicz
- Warsaw University, College of Inter-Faculty Individual Studies in Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and Faculty of Physics, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Maj
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Zieliński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Guo R, Tian Y, Jin X, Huang X, Yang J. Thymidylate Synthase, a New Myoepithelial Biomarker for Breast Lesions. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 27:852-858. [PMID: 31234664 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919858403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background. The identification of myoepithelial cells (MECs) can facilitate the differential diagnosis of breast lesions. We previously found thymidylate synthase (TS) expression in the nuclei of MECs in breast tissues, which prompted us to investigate the usefulness of TS as a sensitive and specific biomarker in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions, similar to other MEC biomarkers (ie, tumor protein [P63] and cluster of differentiation 10 [CD10]). Methods. Immunohistochemistry for TS, P63, and CD10 was performed on paraffin sections from 189 breast specimens. Results. The results showed the intensity of the immunoreactive TS signal to be comparable with that of P63 in the nuclei of MECs. Furthermore, the nuclei of MECs stained strongly for TS and P63 in normal breast tissues (obtained adjacent to invasive breast lesions), benign breast lesions, and carcinoma in situ, whereas the cytoplasm of MECs stained strongly for CD10. The immunoreactive TS signal in the cytoplasm of MECs was variable in 22 out of 32 (65.6%) cases of invasive breast carcinoma and 4 out of 20 cases (20.0%) of ductal carcinoma in situ. We found no immunoreactive TS signal in the nuclei of luminal and stromal cells in breast lesions, although there was a weak positive signal in the cytoplasm of luminal and stromal cells. Conclusions. TS is a sensitive and specific MEC biomarker in the differential diagnosis of breast lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xueyuan Jin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaozhong Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sheela DL, Narayanankutty A, Nazeem PA, Raghavamenon AC, Muthangaparambil SR. Lauric acid induce cell death in colon cancer cells mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation: An in silico and in vitro study. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:753-761. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119839185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coconut oil (CO) is enriched with medium chain saturated fatty acids like lauric acid (LA), capric acid and caprylic acid, which are known to have several health benefits. LA, the predominant fatty acid in CO, is reported to possess anticancer activity mediated through oxidative stress-induced apoptosis; however, there is no clear information on its cellular signalling mechanism. The present study screened the anticancer potential of various fatty acids present in CO (capric acid, caprylic acid and LA) using in silico tools such as CDOCKER in Accelrys Discovery Studio by targeting proteins like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclin-dependent kinase and thymidine synthase (TS). The results were further confirmed using cell culture-based studies and quantitative PCR. Among the tested compounds, LA was found to be the most active and showed a higher affinity towards EGFR and TS. Corroborating with these results, LA-induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity towards HCT-15 (human colon cancer), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and Raw 264.7 (murine macrophages) cells exhibiting morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Further, in HCT-15 cells exposed to LA (30 and 50 µg/mL), the expression of EGFR was found to be downregulated by 1.33- and 1.58-fold. The study thus concludes that the anticancer activity of LA may be partially mediated by the downregulation of EGFR signalling and consequent reduction in cell viability through apoptosis. Since EGFR signalling is crucial in cancer cell survival and is a prime target in drug development, the present study has pharmacological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- DL Sheela
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India
| | - A Narayanankutty
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - PA Nazeem
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India
| | - AC Raghavamenon
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SR Muthangaparambil
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Radwan AS, Khalid MAA. Synthesis, Docking, and Anticancer Activity of New Thiazole Clubbed Thiophene, Pyridine, or Chromene Scaffolds. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Radwan
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College; Taif University; Taif 21995 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. A. Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College; Taif University; Taif 21995 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; University of Khartoum; Khartoum P.O. Box 321 Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The inhibition of thymidine phosphorylase can reverse acquired 5FU-resistance in gastric cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:497-505. [PMID: 30276573 PMCID: PMC6476841 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0881-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5FU can be converted to its active metabolite fluoro-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) through two pathways: the orotate phosphoribosyl transferase-ribonucleotide reductase (OPRT-RR) pathway and the thymidine phosphorylase-thymidine kinase (TP-TK) pathway. We investigated the mechanism underlying 5FU-resistance, focusing on the changes in the 5FU metabolisms. METHODS MKN45 and 5FU-resistant MKN45/F2R cells were treated with 5FU or fluoro-deoxyuridine (FdU) in combination with hydroxyurea (HU) or tipiracil (TPI). The amount of FdUMP was determined by the density of the upper band of thymidylate synthase on Western blotting. RESULTS The MKN45/F2R cells exhibited 5FU resistance (37.1-fold) and showed decreased OPRT and increased TP levels. In both cells, the FdUMP after treatment with 5FU was decreased when RR was inhibited by HU but not when TP was inhibited by TPI. A metabolome analysis revealed the loss of intracellular deoxyribose 1-phosphate (dR1P) in both cells, indicating that FdUMP was synthesized from 5FU only through the OPRT-RR pathway because of the loss of dR1P. After the knockdown of TK, the FdUMP after treatment with FdU was decreased in MKN45 cells. However, it was not changed in MKN45/F2R cells. Furthermore, TP inhibition caused an increase in FdUMP after treatment with 5FU or FdU and reversed the 5FU resistance in MKN45/F2R cells, indicating that FdUMP was reduced through the TP-TK pathway in MKN45/F2R cells. CONCLUSIONS In MKN45/F2R cells, the reduction of FdUMP through the TP-TK pathway caused 5FU resistance, and the inhibition of TP reversed the resistance to 5FU, suggesting that the combination of 5FU and TPI is a promising cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Short article: Influence of regulatory NLRC5 variants on colorectal cancer survival and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30:838-842. [PMID: 29762254 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NLRC5 is an interferon γ-inducible protein, which plays a role in immune surveillance with a potential influence on cancer survival. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of potential regulatory variants in NLRC5 on overall survival and survival after 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We carried out a case-only study in a Czech population of 589 cases; 232 received 5-FU-based therapy. Eleven variants within NLRC5 were selected using in-silico tools. Associations between polymorphisms and survival were assessed by Cox regression analysis adjusting for age at diagnosis, sex, and TNM stage. Survival curves were derived using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Two variants showed a significant association with survival. All patients and metastasis-free patients at the time of diagnosis (pM0) who were homozygous carriers of the minor allele of rs27194 had a decreased overall survival (OSall and OSpM0) and event-free survival (EFSpM0) under a recessive model (OSall P=0.003, OSpM0 P=0.005, EFSpM0 P=0.01, respectively). OS was also decreased for all patients and for pM0 patients who carried at least one minor allele of rs289747 (OSall P=0.03 and OSpM0 P=0.003, respectively). Among CRC patients, who underwent a 5-FU-based adjuvant regimen, rs12445252 was associated with OSall, OSpM0 and EFSpM0, according to the dosage of the minor allele T (OSall P=0.0004, OSpM0 P=0.0001, EFSpM0 P=0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results showed that polymorphisms in NLRC5 may be used as prognostic markers of survival of CRC patients, as well as for survival in response to 5-FU treatment.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bacterial versus human thymidylate synthase: Kinetics and functionality. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196506. [PMID: 29715278 PMCID: PMC5929524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate Synthase (TSase) is a highly conserved enzyme that catalyzes the production of the DNA building block thymidylate. Structurally, functionally and mechanistically, bacterial and mammalian TSases share remarkable similarities. Because of this closeness, bacterial enzymes have long been used as model systems for human TSase. Furthermore, while TSase inhibitors have long served as chemotherapeutic drugs, no TSase inhibitor serves as an antibiotic. Despite their high resemblance, the mammalian TSases are distinct in a few known aspects, such as having a N-terminal tail and two insertions in the primary sequence and active/inactive conformations. Here, we aim to comprehensively characterize human (hs) TSase and delineate its contrasts and the similarities to the well-studied Escherichia coli (ec) TSase. We found that, in contrast to ecTSase, Mg2+ does not enhance reaction rates for hsTSase. The temperature dependence of intrinsic kinetic isotope effects (KIEs), on the other hand, suggests that Mg2+ has little or no impact on the transition state of hydride transfer in either enzyme, and that the transition state for the hydride transfer in hsTSase is looser than in ecTSase. Additionally, the substrates’ binding order is strictly ordered for ecTSase but slightly less ordered for hsTSase. The observed kinetic and functional differences between bacterial and human enzymes may aid in the development of antibiotic drugs with reduced toxicity.
Collapse
|
47
|
Design, synthesis and anticancer studies of novel aminobenzazolyl pyrimidines as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:84-100. [PMID: 29342447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal signalling from the Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) like receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular tyrosine kinases can lead to diseases such as cancer especially non-small cell lung cancer, chronic myeloid leukaemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Various Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors are available but face poor bioavailability, severe toxicities and recent cases of drug-resistant cancers prompts for development of better drug molecules. In this study we report the design and development of a novel Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) inhibitor on the basis of pharmacophore modelling. Compound 2-(benzo[d]oxazol-2-ylamino)-N-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4-methyl-6-(3-nitrophenyl) pyrimidine-5-carboxamide 31 was obtained containing essential pharmacophore structural features. This compound exhibited highest activity against leukaemia cell line (RPMI-8226) at 0.7244 µM, renal cancer cell line (A498) at 0.8511 µM and prostate cancer cell line (PC-3) at 0.7932 µM on the NCI five dose assay test. The PTK assay provides promising activity at IC50 of 0.07 µM in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468. Compound 31 had good intermolecular interaction with PTK in the molecular docking studies, this ligand-enzyme complex was found to stable in the MM-PBSA study over 100 ns. It had 54.22% oral bioavailability with Tmax of 0.60 h which is higher compared to the dasatinib with bioavailability and Tmax of 14-34% and 1-1.42 h respectively. Anticancer action of 31 was found to be impressive in pharmacokinetic studies making it a potential lead molecule.
Collapse
|
48
|
Balachander GM, Rajashekar B, M Sarashetti P, Rangarajan A, Chatterjee K. MiRNomics Reveals Breast Cancer Cells Cultured on 3D Scaffolds Better Mimic Tumors in Vivo than Conventional 2D Culture. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:116-127. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Balaji Rajashekar
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd., 259, Apurva, Fourth Cross, 80 Feet Road, RMV Second Stage, Bangalore 560094, India
| | - Prasad M Sarashetti
- Genotypic Technology Pvt. Ltd., 259, Apurva, Fourth Cross, 80 Feet Road, RMV Second Stage, Bangalore 560094, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Amrutkar M, Gladhaug IP. Pancreatic Cancer Chemoresistance to Gemcitabine. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E157. [PMID: 29144412 PMCID: PMC5704175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), commonly referred to as pancreatic cancer, ranks among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the Western world due to disease presentation at an advanced stage, early metastasis and generally a very limited response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Gemcitabine remains a cornerstone of PDAC treatment in all stages of the disease despite suboptimal clinical effects primarily caused by molecular mechanisms limiting its cellular uptake and activation and overall efficacy, as well as the development of chemoresistance within weeks of treatment initiation. To circumvent gemcitabine resistance in PDAC, several novel therapeutic approaches, including chemical modifications of the gemcitabine molecule generating numerous new prodrugs, as well as new entrapment designs of gemcitabine in colloidal systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes, are currently being investigated. Many of these approaches are reported to be more efficient than the parent gemcitabine molecule when tested in cellular systems and in vivo in murine tumor model systems; however, although promising, their translation to clinical use is still in a very early phase. This review discusses gemcitabine metabolism, activation and chemoresistance entities in the gemcitabine cytotoxicity pathway and provides an overview of approaches to override chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Amrutkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1057 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ivar P Gladhaug
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang W, Jin H, Yan Z, He M, Lin S, Tian W. Perfluoroalkanosulfonyl fluoride-assisted Atherton–Todd-like reaction of diphenylphosphine oxide with alcohols under air generating diphenylphosphinate esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|