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Fernandes H, Salgado JM, Ferreira M, Vršanská M, Fernandes N, Castro C, Oliva-Teles A, Peres H, Belo I. Valorization of Brewer’s Spent Grain Using Biological Treatments and its Application in Feeds for European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:732948. [PMID: 35592554 PMCID: PMC9110835 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.732948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the main brewery industry by-product, with potential applications in the feed and food industries due to its carbohydrate composition. In addition, the lignocellulosic nature of BSG makes it an adequate substrate for carbohydrases production. In this work, solid-state fermentation (SSF) of BSG was performed with Aspergillus ibericus, a non-mycotoxin producer fungus with a high capacity to hydrolyze the lignocellulosic matrix of the agro-industrial by-products. SSF was performed at different scales to produce a crude extract rich in cellulase and xylanase. The potential of the crude extract was tested in two different applications: -(1) - the enzymatic hydrolysis of the fermented BSG and (2) - as a supplement in aquafeeds. SSF of BSG increased the protein content from 25% to 29% (w/w), while the fiber content was reduced to 43%, and cellulose and hemicellulose contents were markedly reduced to around 15%. The scale-up of SSF from 10 g of dry BSG in flasks to 50 g or 400 g in tray-type bioreactors increased 55% and 25% production of cellulase and xylanase, up to 323 and 1073 U g−1 BSG, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH of maximal activities were found to be 55°C and pH 4.4 for xylanase and 50°C and pH 3.9 for cellulase, cellulase being more thermostable than xylanase when exposed at temperatures from 45°C to 60°C. A Box–Behnken factorial design was applied to optimize the hydrolysis of the fermented BSG by crude extract. The crude extract load was a significant factor in sugars release, highlighting the role of hydrolytic enzymes, while the load of fermented BSG, and addition of a commercial β-glucosidase were responsible for the highest phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity release. The lyophilized crude extract (12,400 and 1050 U g−1 lyophilized extract of xylanase and cellulase, respectively) was also tested as an enzyme supplement in aquafeed for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. The dietary supplementation with the crude extract significantly improved feed and protein utilization. The processing of BSG using biological treatments, such as SSF with A. ibericus, led to the production of a nutritionally enriched BSG and a crude extract with highly efficient carbohydrases capable of hydrolyzing lignocellulosic substrates, such as BSG, and with the potential to be used as feed enzymes with remarkable results in improving feed utilization of an important aquaculture fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Salgado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Martina Vršanská
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nélson Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Castro
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre Ed. FC4, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel Belo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Isabel Belo,
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Frisvad JC, Larsen TO. Chemodiversity in the genus Aspergillus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7859-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Giaj Merlera G, Muñoz S, Coelho I, Cavaglieri LR, Torres AM, Reynoso MM. Diversity of black Aspergilli isolated from raisins in Argentina: Polyphasic approach to species identification and development of SCAR markers for Aspergillus ibericus. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 210:92-101. [PMID: 26114593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Nigri is a heterogeneous fungal group including some ochratoxin A producer species that usually contaminate raisins. The section contains the Series Carbonaria which includes the toxigenic species Aspergillus carbonarius and nontoxigenic Aspergillus ibericus that are phenotypically undistinguishable. The aim of this study was to examine the diversity of black aspergilli isolated from raisins and to develop a specific genetic marker to distinguish A. ibericus from A. carbonarius. The species most frequently found in raisins in this study were Aspergillus tubingensis (35.4%) and A. carbonarius (32.3%), followed by Aspergillus luchuensis (10.7%), Aspergillus japonicus (7.7%), Aspergillus niger (6.2%), Aspergillus welwitschiae (4.6%) and A. ibericus (3.1%). Based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting profiles of major Aspergillus section Nigri members, a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker was identified. Primers were designed based on the conserved regions of the SCAR marker and were utilized in a PCR for simultaneous identification of A. carbonarius and A. ibericus. The detection level of the SCAR-PCR was found to be 0.01 ng of purified DNA. The present SCAR-PCR is rapid and less cumbersome than conventional identification techniques and could be a supplementary strategy and a reliable tool for high-throughput sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Giaj Merlera
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Argentina
| | - S Muñoz
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - I Coelho
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária, IV-UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - L R Cavaglieri
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; The Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
| | - A M Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; The Research Career of CONICET, Argentina.
| | - M M Reynoso
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36, Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; The Research Career of CONICET, Argentina
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Gherbawy Y, Elhariry H, Kocsubé S, Bahobial A, Deeb BE, Altalhi A, Varga J, Vágvölgyi C. Molecular Characterization of BlackAspergillusSpecies from Onion and Their Potential for Ochratoxin A and Fumonisin B2 Production. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:414-23. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf Gherbawy
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hesham Elhariry
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abdulaziz Bahobial
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahig El Deeb
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Abdulla Altalhi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - János Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Biodiversity and ITS-RFLP characterisation of Aspergillus section Nigri isolates in grapes from four traditional grape-producing areas in Greece. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93923. [PMID: 24710283 PMCID: PMC3977974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on the occurrence of Aspergillus section Nigri species on grapes from four traditional grape-producing areas in Greece during the 2011/2012 vintage, and their capability to produce OTA was conducted. One hundred and twenty-eight black aspergilli isolates were characterised at the species level initially by the use of morphological criteria in accordance with appropriate keys, followed by molecular characterisation performed with Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) of the 5.8 ribosomal RNA gene Internal Transcribed Spacer region (5.8 rRNA ITS). Restriction enzyme digestion of the ITS amplicons using the HhaI, HinfI and RsaI, endonucleases distinguished eleven different patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), four for each of the HhaI and RsaI digests and three for HinfI. From a total number of 128 individual isolates, 124 were classified into four Aspergillus species corresponding to A. carbonarius, A. tubingensis, A. japonicus and A. ibericus, and the remaining 4 were classified as members of the A. niger aggregate. A. carbonarius and A. tubingensis being the main representative species were equally counted, with higher geographical representation of the former in southern and the latter in northern regions, respectively. All isolates were tested for their ochratoxigenic potential by use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), resulting in significant interspecies differences in OTA production.
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Characterization of nonochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus carbonarius from grapes. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:135-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Integrated Use of Residues from Olive Mill and Winery for Lipase Production by Solid State Fermentation with Aspergillus sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172:1832-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Fungal Beta-glucosidases: a bottleneck in industrial use of lignocellulosic materials. Biomolecules 2013; 3:612-31. [PMID: 24970184 PMCID: PMC4030957 DOI: 10.3390/biom3030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Profitable biomass conversion processes are highly dependent on the use of efficient enzymes for lignocellulose degradation. Among the cellulose degrading enzymes, beta-glucosidases are essential for efficient hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass as they relieve the inhibition of the cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases by reducing cellobiose accumulation. In this review, we discuss the important role beta-glucosidases play in complex biomass hydrolysis and how they create a bottleneck in industrial use of lignocellulosic materials. An efficient beta-glucosidase facilitates hydrolysis at specified process conditions, and key points to consider in this respect are hydrolysis rate, inhibitors, and stability. Product inhibition impairing yields, thermal inactivation of enzymes, and the high cost of enzyme production are the main obstacles to commercial cellulose hydrolysis. Therefore, this sets the stage in the search for better alternatives to the currently available enzyme preparations either by improving known or screening for new beta-glucosidases.
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Susca A, Perrone G, Cozzi G, Stea G, Logrieco AF, Mulè G. Multilocus sequence analysis of Aspergillus Sect. Nigri in dried vine fruits of worldwide origin. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 165:163-8. [PMID: 23732831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dried vine fruits may be heavily colonized by Aspergillus species. The molecular biodiversity of an Aspergillus population (234 strains) isolated from dried vine fruit samples of worldwide origin were analyzed by investigating four housekeeping gene loci (calmodulin, β-tubulin, elongation factor 1-α, RPB2). Aspergillus Sect. Nigri was dominant and the strains were identified as A. tubingensis (138), A. awamori (38), A. carbonarius (27), A. uvarum (16) and A. niger (11). Four Aspergillus flavus strains were also identified from Chilean raisins. Two clusters closely related to the A. tubingensis species with a significant bootstrap (60% and 99%) were identified as distinct populations. Among the four loci, RPB2 showed the highest genetic variability. This is the first complete study on the worldwide distribution of black Aspergilli occurring on dried vine fruits identified by a molecular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, ISPA-CNR, Via Amendola 122/0, 70126, Bari, Italy
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10
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Lipase production by Aspergillus ibericus using olive mill wastewater. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:285-91. [PMID: 22791217 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Olive mill wastewater (OMW) characteristics make it a suitable resource to be used as a microbial culture media to produce value-added compounds, such as enzymes. In this work, the ability of the novel species Aspergillus ibericus to discolor OMW and produce lipase was studied. An initial screening on plates containing an OMW-based agar medium and an emulsified olive oil/rhodamine-B agar medium was employed to select the strain A. ibericus MUM 03.49. Then, experiments in conical flasks with liquid OMW-based media showed that the fungus could growth on undiluted OMW, with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 97 ± 2 g/L, and to produce up to 2,927 ± 54 U/L of lipase. When pure OMW was used in the media, the maximum COD and color reduction achieved were 45 and 97 %, respectively. When OMW diluted to 10 % was used, A. ibericus was able to reduce phenolic and aromatic compounds by 37 and 39 %, respectively. Additionally, lipase production was found to be promoted by the addition of mineral nutrients. When the fermentations were scaled up to a 2-L bioreactor, A. ibericus produced up to 8,319 ± 33 U/L of lipase, and the maximum COD and color reduction were 57 and 24 %, respectively.
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11
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Storari M, Dennert FG, Bigler L, Gessler C, Broggini GA. Isolation of mycotoxins producing black aspergilli in herbal teas available on the Swiss market. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Berries contamination by microfungi in Slovakia vineyard regions: Impact of climate conditions on microfungi biodiversity. Rev Iberoam Micol 2012; 29:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Pozo-Bayón MÁ, Monagas M, Bartolomé B, Moreno-Arribas MV. Wine features related to safety and consumer health: an integrated perspective. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:31-54. [PMID: 21991989 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.489398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a global view of the current situation of the scientific knowledge about aspects of wine with possible repercussions (positive or negative) on consumer health and wine safety. The presence in wine of some potential harmful compounds such as phytosanitary products, trace metal compounds, sulfites, and some toxics of microbial origin, such as ochratoxin A, ethyl carbamate, and biogenic amines, is discussed. The different strategies and alternative methodologies that are being carried out to reduce or to avoid the presence of these substances in wines are also discussed. In recent years much work has focused on establishing the scientific explanations for the positive biological effects of some wine compounds. In this review, we also examine the latest knowledge regarding wine and health, focusing on two types of compounds that have been related to the positive effects of moderate wine consumption, such as phenolic compounds and bioactive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ángeles Pozo-Bayón
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Perrone G, Stea G, Epifani F, Varga J, Frisvad JC, Samson RA. Aspergillus niger contains the cryptic phylogenetic species A. awamori. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:1138-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hendrickx M, Beguin H, Detandt M. Genetic re-identification and antifungal susceptibility testing of Aspergillus section Nigri strains of the BCCM/IHEM collection. Mycoses 2011; 55:148-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Chiotta M, Susca A, Stea G, Mulè G, Perrone G, Logrieco A, Chulze S. Phylogenetic characterization and ochratoxin A – Fumonisin profile of black Aspergillus isolated from grapes in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:171-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rodrigues P, Santos C, Venâncio A, Lima N. Species identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolates from Portuguese almonds using phenotypic, including MALDI-TOF ICMS, and molecular approaches. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:877-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Samson RA, Noonim P, Meijer M, Houbraken J, Frisvad JC, Varga J. Diagnostic tools to identify black aspergilli. Stud Mycol 2011; 59:129-45. [PMID: 18490945 PMCID: PMC2275192 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.59.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present taxonomy of the black aspergilli reveals that there are 19
accepted taxa. However the identification of species of Aspergillus
section Nigri is often problematic in spite of the existence of
numerous methods proposed. An overview is provided of phenotypic and molecular
methods to identify the accepted species of the black aspergilli. Colony
morphology, conidial size and ornamentation of the ex type cultures is
presented in a pictorial overview. The temperature range of all species is
given and their growth characteristics on creatine agar and boscalid agar, a
medium which was developed as a selective medium for the isolation of A.
carbonarius are also shown. The extrolites produced by each species are
listed while the response of the Ehrlich reaction is described. The literature
on the various molecular methods to be used for species identification is
reviewed and a critical evaluation of the usefulness of various techniques and
genomic loci for species identification of black aspergilli is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Samson
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hakobyan L, Grigoryan K, Kirakosyan A. Contamination of raisin by filamentous fungi – potential producers of ochratoxin A. POTRAVINARSTVO 2010. [DOI: 10.5219/95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The forty-one samples of Armenian made and eleven samples of imported raisins collected in several markets in Yerevan were studied. The sample collections were carried out during of years 2004 to 2008. Thirty two species of filamentous fungi from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria Trichoderma and Syncephalastrum genera were isolated and identified. Among species isolated from studied samples species belonging to Aspergillus genera have a very high frequency of occurrence, 65.2% of all investigated filamentous fungi. Species from Nigri section show the highest occurrence: 66.7% of all isolated fungi belonging to Aspergillus genera. Species A. carbonarius and A. niger were dominated among isolated fungi from section Nigri. Both Armenian and imported samples of raisin had a high contamination level by these fungi which are potential producers of ochratoxin A. In Armenian samples were detected two more ochratoxigenic species belonging to Aspergillus section Nigri: A. sclerotioniger and A. lacticoffeatus. But their frequency of occurred was low. Thirty seven strains of A. flavus were isolated, 92% of them were isolated from Armenian samples. Influence of рН and aw on contamination level of raisin by fungi was studied. It was revealed that highest contamination level by filamentous fungi occurred in raisins with relatively high aw value. Contamination level of raisin doesn't depend on pH.
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20
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Mikusová P, Ritieni A, Santini A, Juhasová G, Srobárová A. Contamination by moulds of grape berries in Slovakia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:738-47. [PMID: 20349371 DOI: 10.1080/19440040903571754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia winemaking areas in two different periods of the harvest year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grape fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following genera of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range of 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium, while the genera Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius-with 'crystals' and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate were identified; these species are considered ochratoxigenic (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition, a non-ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthesize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins were identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of the main toxins: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape samples; it was consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout the years and their occurrence compared with all environmental factors to avoid health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mikusová
- Department of Mycology and Physiology, Institute of Botany SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Scientific Opinion on the maintenance of the list of QPS microorganisms intentionally added to food or feed (2009 update). EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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22
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Martínez-Culebras PV, Crespo-Sempere A, Sánchez-Hervás M, Elizaquivel P, Aznar R, Ramón D. Molecular characterization of the black Aspergillus isolates responsible for ochratoxin A contamination in grapes and wine in relation to taxonomy of Aspergillus section Nigri. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 132:33-41. [PMID: 19401261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This work examines ochratoxigenic mycobiota in grapes by ap-PCR analysis sequence analysis of the ITS and IGS regions and ability to produce OTA. A comparison was also made with many reference strains of Aspergillus section Nigri. Based on ap-PCR profiles, derived from two microsatellite primers, three main groups were obtained by UPGMA cluster analysis corresponding to A. carbonarius, A. niger and A. tubingensis. The cophenetic correlation values corresponding to ap-PCR UPGMA analysis revealed a higher genetic variability in A. niger and A. tubingensis than in A. carbonarius. In addition, no genotypical differences could be established between OTA producers and nonproducers in all species analysed. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS and IGS sequences are, mostly, congruent with earlier works. A. niger and A. tubingensis strains were closely related, but not identical, and they clustered into two distinct groups within the A. niger aggregate. Sequence analysis also showed genetic divergences between strains of A. foetidus and the rest of the Aspergillus section Nigri. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis was consistent in separating a new group of ochratoxigenic strains, frequently isolated from grapes, named A. tubingensis-like. All strains of A. carbonarius analysed by sequence analysis had identical ITS and IGS sequences confirming the lack of significant genetic variability within this important ochratoxigenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Martínez-Culebras
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrès Estellès s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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23
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Noonim P, Mahakarnchanakul W, Nielsen KF, Frisvad JC, Samson RA. Isolation, identification and toxigenic potential of ochratoxin A-producing Aspergillus species from coffee beans grown in two regions of Thailand. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 128:197-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Bufflier E, Susca A, Baud M, Mulè G, Brengel K, Logrieco A. Detection of Aspergillus carbonarius and other black aspergilli from grapes by DNA OLISA microarray. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 24:1138-47. [PMID: 17886186 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701579447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Black aspergilli, and particularly Aspergillus carbonarius, are responsible for ochratoxin A production in grapes. Correct identification of these species is essential for toxicological risk assessment in grape and wine. A low-complexity oligonucleotide microarray (OLISA, Apibio, F) based on DNA oligonucleotides probes, obtained from sequences of the calmodulin gene, was set up in order to detect A. carbonarius, A. japonicus/A. aculeatus and A. ibericus isolated from grape. The designed microarray distinguished all Aspergillus species and the detection limit for A. carbonarius was 3.2 pg of DNA as a template for the PCR reaction. This microarray offers a quick and parallel analysis to detect individual Aspergillus species in pure cultures and in naturally contaminated grape samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bufflier
- BioMerieux-Molecular Biology Unit, Parc Polytec, 5 rue des Berges, F-38024 Grenoble cedex, France
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25
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Introduction of a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach for assessment of selected microorganisms referred to EFSA - Opinion of the Scientific Committee. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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26
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Logrieco A, Moretti A, Perrone G, Mulè G. Biodiversity of complexes of mycotoxigenic fungal species associated with Fusarium ear rot of maize and Aspergillus rot of grape. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 119:11-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Giraud F, Dupont J, Haon M, Bouzid O, Alibeu O, Navarro D, Sage L, Seigle-Murandi F, Asther M, Lesage-Meessen L. Phylogenetic analysis of the Aspergillus niger aggregate in relation to feruloyl esterase activity. Res Microbiol 2007; 158:413-9. [PMID: 17531445 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Species of the Aspergillus niger aggregate are known to produce feruloyl esterases, enzymes involved in the degradation of cell wall polymers. However, species delineation is difficult in these fungi. We combined AFLP analysis with ITS rDNA and beta-tubulin sequencing to characterize the isolates of this aggregate in terms of feruloyl esterase production. A preliminary re-examination of isolates based on comparison of ITS rDNA and beta-tubulin sequences with those of typical taxa deposited in international collections led us to re-identify the isolates as members of the species A. niger, A. foetidus and A. tubingensis. Molecular clustering based on beta-tubulin data and AFLP analysis showed that the strains of A. niger formed a homogenous phylogenetic group distinguished by either zero or type A feruloyl esterase activity, while strains A. foetidus and A. tubingensis exhibited type B feruloyl esterase activity when grown on sugar beet pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Giraud
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Evolution, Unité Taxonomie-Collections, Equipe Mycologie, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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28
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Geiser DM, Klich MA, Frisvad JC, Peterson SW, Varga J, Samson RA. The current status of species recognition and identification in Aspergillus. Stud Mycol 2007; 59:1-10. [PMID: 18490947 PMCID: PMC2275194 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.59.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The species recognition and identification of aspergilli and their teleomorphs is discussed. A historical overview of the taxonomic concepts starting with the monograph of Raper & Fennell (1965) is given. A list of taxa described since 2000 is provided. Physiological characters, particularly growth rates and the production of extrolites, often show differences that reflect phylogenetic species boundaries and greater emphasis should be placed on extrolite profiles and growth characteristics in species descriptions. Multilocus sequence-based phylogenetic analyses have emerged as the primary tool for inferring phylogenetic species boundaries and relationships within subgenera and sections. A four locus DNA sequence study covering all major lineages in Aspergillus using genealogical concordance theory resulted in a species recognition system that agrees in part with phenotypic studies and reveals the presence of many undescribed species not resolved by phenotype. The use of as much data from as many sources as possible in making taxonomic decisions is advocated. For species identification, DNA barcoding uses a short genetic marker in an organism"s DNA to quickly and easily identify it to a particular species. Partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 sequences, which are used for barcoding animal species, were found to have limited value for species identification among black aspergilli. The various possibilities are discussed and at present partial beta-tubulin or calmodulin are the most promising loci for Aspergillus identification. For characterising Aspergillus species one application would be to produce a multilocus phylogeny, with the goal of having a firm understanding of the evolutionary relationships among species across the entire genus. DNA chip technologies are discussed as possibilities for an accurate multilocus barcoding tool for the genus Aspergillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, U.S.A
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29
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Perrone G, Susca A, Cozzi G, Ehrlich K, Varga J, Frisvad JC, Meijer M, Noonim P, Mahakarnchanakul W, Samson RA. Biodiversity of Aspergillus species in some important agricultural products. Stud Mycol 2007; 59:53-66. [PMID: 18490950 PMCID: PMC2275197 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2007.59.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aspergillus is one of the most important filamentous fungal genera. Aspergillus species are used in the fermentation industry, but they are also responsible of various plant and food secondary rot, with the consequence of possible accumulation of mycotoxins. The aflatoxin producing A. flavus and A. parasiticus, and ochratoxinogenic A. niger, A. ochraceus and A. carbonarius species are frequently encountered in agricultural products. Studies on the biodiversity of toxigenic Aspergillus species is useful to clarify molecular, ecological and biochemical characteristics of the different species in relation to their different adaptation to environmental and geographical conditions, and to their potential toxigenicity. Here we analyzed the biodiversity of ochratoxin producing species occurring on two important crops: grapes and coffee, and the genetic diversity of A. flavus populations occurring in agricultural fields. Altogether nine different black Aspergillus species can be found on grapes which are often difficult to identify with classical methods. The polyphasic approach used in our studies led to the identification of three new species occurring on grapes: A. brasiliensis, A. ibericus, and A. uvarum. Similar studies on the Aspergillus species occurring on coffee beans have evidenced in the last five years that A. carbonarius is an important source of ochratoxin A in coffee. Four new species within the black aspergilli were also identified in coffee beans: A. sclerotioniger, A. lacticoffeatus, A. sclerotiicarbonarius, and A. aculeatinus. The genetic diversity within A. flavus populations has been widely studied in relation to their potential aflatoxigenicity and morphological variants L- and S-strains. Within A. flavus and other Aspergillus species capable of aflatoxin production, considerable diversity is found. We summarise the main recent achievements in the diversity of the aflatoxin gene cluster in A. flavus populations, A. parasiticus and the non-toxigenic A. oryzae. Studies are needed in order to characterise the aflatoxin biosynthetic genes in the new related taxa A. minisclerotigenes and A. arachidicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, CNR, Via Amendola, 122/O 70126 Bari, Italy
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Balajee SA, Marr KA. Phenotypic and genotypic identification of human pathogenic aspergilli. Future Microbiol 2006; 1:435-45. [PMID: 17661634 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.4.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pathogenic aspergilli are identified in the clinical diagnostic laboratory predominantly by macro- and micro-morphology. Such phenotypic characteristics are largely subjective and unstable, as they are influenced by environmental factors, including media and temperature of incubation. Recent advances in molecular biology have impacted the field of mycology; multiple studies have noted new genetically distinct species that are not easily distinguished by phenotypic characteristics. Strengths of molecular typing methods include objectivity and the ability to identify nonsporulating or slowly growing fungi. As such, molecular methods provide powerful tools for the study of the epidemiology, evolution and population biology of fungal pathogens. This review focuses on current and future methods of identifying aspergilli, and implications regarding Aspergillus species/strain identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arunmozhi Balajee
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mycotic Diseases Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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