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Zhou J, Ma X, Lu TJ, Zhuang Y, Li JL, Chen H. Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Guizhou, China: a retrospective study from 2010 to 2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072010. [PMID: 37197814 PMCID: PMC10193094 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We described epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) among students and evaluated susceptible populations and areas in Guizhou province and also to provide scientific suggestions for prevention and control. SETTING Guizhou, China. DESIGN This is a retrospective epidemiological study on PTB in students. METHODS Data are from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. We collected all PTB cases among the student population from 2010 to 2020 in Guizhou. Incidence, composition ratio and hotspot analysis were used to describe epidemiological and some clinical characteristics. RESULTS A total of 37 147 new student PTB cases were registered among the population aged 5-30 years during 2010-2020. The proportions of men and women were 53.71% and 46.29%, respectively. Cases aged 15-19 years dominated (63.91%), and the proportion of ethnic groups was increasing during the period. Generally, the raw annual incidence of PTB among the population was increasing from 32.585 per 100 000 persons in 2010 to 48.872 per 100 000 persons in 2020 (c 2 trend=1283.230, p<0.001). March and April were the peak months of a year, and cases were clearly grouped in Bijie city. New cases were mainly identified via physical examination, and cases from active screening were still low (0.76%). Additionally, secondary PTB accounted for 93.68%, positive rate of pathogen was only 23.06%, and the recovery rate was 94.60%. CONCLUSIONS The population aged 15-19 years is the vulnerable population, and Bijie city is the susceptible area. BCG vaccination and promotion for active screening should be the priority of futural PTB prevention and control. Tuberculosis laboratory capacity should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Institute for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ma
- Institute for Health Promotion,Publicity and Education, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Ting-Jia Lu
- Haixiao Street Community Health Service Center, Guizhou, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Institute for Health Promotion,Publicity and Education, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Jin-Lan Li
- Institute for Health Promotion,Publicity and Education, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
| | - Huijuan Chen
- Institute for Health Promotion,Publicity and Education, Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang, China
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Chen Q, Yu S, Rui J, Guo Y, Yang S, Abudurusuli G, Yang Z, Liu C, Luo L, Wang M, Lei Z, Zhao Q, Gavotte L, Niu Y, Frutos R, Chen T. Transmissibility of tuberculosis among students and non-students: an occupational-specific mathematical modelling. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:117. [PMID: 36461098 PMCID: PMC9716537 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-01046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, despite the steady decline in the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic globally, school TB outbreaks have been frequently reported in China. This study aimed to quantify the transmissibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) among students and non-students using a mathematical model to determine characteristics of TB transmission. METHODS We constructed a dataset of reported TB cases from four regions (Jilin Province, Xiamen City, Chuxiong Prefecture, and Wuhan City) in China from 2005 to 2019. We classified the population and the reported cases under student and non-student groups, and developed two mathematical models [nonseasonal model (Model A) and seasonal model (Model B)] based on the natural history and transmission features of TB. The effective reproduction number (Reff) of TB between groups were calculated using the collected data. RESULTS During the study period, data on 456,423 TB cases were collected from four regions: students accounted for 6.1% of cases. The goodness-of-fit analysis showed that Model A had a better fitting effect (P < 0.001). The average Reff of TB estimated from Model A was 1.68 [interquartile range (IQR): 1.20-1.96] in Chuxiong Prefecture, 1.67 (IQR: 1.40-1.93) in Xiamen City, 1.75 (IQR: 1.37-2.02) in Jilin Province, and 1.79 (IQR: 1.56-2.02) in Wuhan City. The average Reff of TB in the non-student population was 23.30 times (1.65/0.07) higher than that in the student population. CONCLUSIONS The transmissibility of MTB remains high in the non-student population of the areas studied, which is still dominant in the spread of TB. TB transmissibility from the non-student-to-student-population had a strong influence on students. Specific interventions, such as TB screening, should be applied rigorously to control and to prevent TB transmission among students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China ,grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871CIRAD, URM 17, Intertryp, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Shanshan Yu
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Rui
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China ,grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871CIRAD, URM 17, Intertryp, Montpellier, France ,grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yichao Guo
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiting Yang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Guzainuer Abudurusuli
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Zimei Yang
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Chan Liu
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Luo
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhai Wang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhao Lei
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, Jilin People’s Republic of China
| | - Laurent Gavotte
- grid.121334.60000 0001 2097 0141Espace-Dev, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yan Niu
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Roger Frutos
- grid.8183.20000 0001 2153 9871CIRAD, URM 17, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
| | - Tianmu Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
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Li C, Wang S, Yu H, Wang J, Deng J, Wang H, Hua C, Zhuo Z, Chen L, Hao J, Gao W, Zhang H, Zhang T, Xu H, Wang C. Research of childhood tuberculosis in suspected populations by molecular methods: A multicenter study in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1018699. [PMID: 36339333 PMCID: PMC9626968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1018699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The research of childhood tuberculosis is inadequate in china. The cross-priming amplification (CPA) of specific DNA in clinical samples is increasingly adopted for the diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis. In this study, a multicenter research was performed to investigate the incidence and characteristics of childhood tuberculosis in suspected populations mainly by CPA method. 851 children suspected of tuberculosis were enrolled in seven centers across China. All samples were tested by a CPA method and 159 subjects were tested by Xpert MTB/RIF and liquid culture method in parallel to assess the reliability of the CPA method. A positive result in any one of the three methods provided a definitive diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection. The MTBC-positive rate was 9.5% (81/851) by the combined methods; 93.8% of the cases were detected by CPA technology (76/81). The rate of pulmonary infection was significantly higher than that of extrapulmonary infection (7.1%, 60/851 vs 2.5%, 21/851; P < 0.001). Scrofula was the predominant type of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The MTBC positive rates in 12-18-year-old group (middle school), was 28.4% (23/81), higher than in those under-six-year-old (preschool; 39/525) and the 6~11-year-old (primary school; 18/235) groups combined (P < 0.001). The MTBC positive rate in patients with a clear history of tuberculosis exposure was significantly higher than in cases in which there was no history of tuberculosis contact(35.3%, 18/51 vs 7.8%, 61/782; P < 0.001). In conclusion, this multicenter investigation showed that pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis are not uncommon in children in China, with teenagers being particularly susceptible to infection. The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in children is higher than that of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. History of exposure to tuberculosis is a high risk factor for childhood tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Li
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Children’s National Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shifu Wang
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Children's Health and Disease, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Children’s National Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Department of Infection Diseases Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jikui Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunzhen Hua
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiamen Children’s Hospital (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Xiamen Children’s Hospital (Children's Hospital of Fudan University Xiamen Branch), Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Children’s Hospital of Kaifeng City, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Kaifeng City, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnosis Center, Children’s Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Institue of Pediatric Infection, Immunity and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Infection Diseases Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Children’s National Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Xu Z, Liu H, Liu Y, Tang Y, Tan Y, Hu P, Zhang C, Yang C, Wan K, Wang Q. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Epidemiological Investigation of Tuberculosis Outbreaks in High Schools in Hunan, China. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5149-5160. [PMID: 36082241 PMCID: PMC9448353 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s371772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) seriously threatens individual and public health. Recently, TB outbreaks in schools have been reported more frequently in China and have attracted widespread attention. We reported three TB outbreaks in high schools in Hunan Province, China. Methods When a tuberculosis patient was reported in a school, we carried out field epidemiological investigations, including tuberculin skin testing (TST), chest X-ray (CXR) and laboratory test for all close contacts, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyses to understand the transmission patterns, the causes and the risk factors for the outbreaks, thereby providing a foundation for the control of TB epidemics in schools. Results A total of 49 students with TB patients were identified in the three schools where TB outbreaks occurred, including nine patients in School A, 14 patients in School B, and 26 patients in School C. In Schools A, B and C, the putative attack rates in the classes of the index case were 13.8% (8/58), 7.6% (5/66), and 40.4% (21/52), while the putative attack rates of expanding screening in the school were 0.3% (1/361), 0.2% (9/3955), and 0.2% (5/2080), respectively. Thirteen patients had patient delay, with a median delay interval of 69 days (IQR 30.5–113 days). Twelve patients had a healthcare diagnostic delay with a median delay interval of 32 days (IQR 24–82 days). Phylogenetic analysis of culture-positive patients revealed that most of them shared a small genetic distance (≤12 SNPs), with three separate genetic clusters (including one MDR-TB genomic cluster), indicating the recent transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Conclusion This combination of field investigation and WGS analysis revealed the transmission of three TB outbreaks in schools. Reinforced implementation is needed to improve timely case finding and reduce diagnosis delay in routine TB control in the school population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhui Xu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People’s Republic of China
- Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haican Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanping Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Tan
- Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peilei Hu
- Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanfang Zhang
- Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chongguang Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kanglin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China
- Kanglin Wan, State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 of Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13910065264, Email
| | - Qiaozhi Wang
- Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qiaozhi Wang, Department of Institute office, Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province, No. 519 of Xianjiahu Road, Changsha, 410013, People’s Republic of China, Tel/fax +86073188809748, Email
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The study of tuberculosis outbreak in a high school—Shanghai, China, 2017–2018. J Public Health (Oxf) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Laycock KM, Enane LA, Steenhoff AP. Tuberculosis in Adolescents and Young Adults: Emerging Data on TB Transmission and Prevention among Vulnerable Young People. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:148. [PMID: 34449722 PMCID: PMC8396328 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 10-24 years) comprise a uniquely important but understudied population in global efforts to end tuberculosis (TB), the leading infectious cause of death by a single agent worldwide prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. While TB prevention and care strategies often overlook AYA by grouping them with either children or adults, AYA have particular physiologic, developmental, and social characteristics that require dedicated approaches. This review describes current evidence on the prevention and control of TB among AYA, including approaches to TB screening, dynamics of TB transmission among AYA, and management challenges within the context of unique developmental needs. Challenges are considered for vulnerable groups of AYA such as migrants and refugees; AYA experiencing homelessness, incarceration, or substance use; and AYA living with HIV. We outline areas for needed research and implementation strategies to address TB among AYA globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Laycock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Leslie A. Enane
- The Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Andrew P. Steenhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Global Health Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
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Fang Y, Ma Y, Lu Q, Sun J, Pei Y. An outbreak of pulmonary tuberculosis and a follow-up investigation of latent tuberculosis in a high school in an eastern city in China, 2016-2019. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247564. [PMID: 33626108 PMCID: PMC7904191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In October 2016, a senior high school student was diagnosed with sputum-smear positive [SS(+)] pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). We conducted an investigation of an outbreak in the school, including among students and teachers diagnosed with latent TB, who we followed until July 2019. Methods We defined latent TB infection (LTBI) as a tuberculin skin test (TST) induration of 15mm or larger; probable TB as a chest radiograph indicative of TB plus productive cough/hemoptysis for at least 2 weeks, or TST induration of 15mm or larger; and confirmed TB as two or more positive sputum smears or one positive sputum smear plus a chest radiograph indicative of TB or culture positive with M. tuberculosis. We conducted mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit–variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing based on 24 loci in the isolates. Results Between October 2016 and July 2019, we identified 52 cases, including nine probable, six confirmed, and 37 LTBI cases. The index case-student had attended school continuously despite having TB symptoms for almost three months before being diagnosed with TB. We obtained three isolates from classmates of the index case in 2016; all had identical MIRU-VNTR alleles with the index case. The LTBI rate was lower among students (7.41%, 30/405) than among teachers (26.92%, 7/26) (rate ratio [RR] = 0.28, 95% confidential interval [CI]: 0.13–0.57). Among the 17 students who had latent TB and refused prophylaxis in October 2016, 23.53% (4/17) became probable/confirmed cases by July 2019. None of the six teachers who also refused prophylaxis became probable or confirmed cases. Of the 176 students who were TST(-) in October 2016, 1.70% (3/176) became probable/confirmed cases, and among the 20 teachers who were TST(-), 1 became a probable case. Conclusions Delayed diagnosis of TB in the index patient may have contributed to the start of this outbreak; lack of post-exposure chemoprophylaxis facilitated spread of the outbreak. Post-exposure prophylaxis is strongly recommended for all TST-positive students; TST-negative students exposed to an SS(+) case should be followed up regularly so that prophylaxis can be started if LTBI is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirong Fang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaoling Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiamei Sun
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shaoxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yingxin Pei
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Office of Education and Training, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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