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Nance RL, Sajib AM, Smith BF. Canine models of human cancer: Bridging the gap to improve precision medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:67-99. [PMID: 35595353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are remarkable, adaptable, and dependable creatures that have evolved alongside humans while contributing tremendously to our survival. Our canine companions share many similarities to human disease, particularly cancer. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, we are beginning to unravel the complexity of cancer and the vast intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity that makes treatment difficult. Consequently, precision medicine has emerged as a therapeutic approach to improve patient survival by evaluating and classifying an individual tumor's molecular profile. Many canine and human cancers share striking similarities in terms of genotypic, phenotypic, clinical, and histological presentations. Dogs are superior to rodent models of cancer because they are a naturally heterogeneous population in which tumors occur spontaneously, are exposed to similar environmental conditions, and show more similarities in key modulators of tumorigenesis and clinical response, including the immune system, drug metabolism, and gut microbiome. In this chapter, we will explore various canine models of human cancers and emphasize the dog's critical role in advancing precision medicine and improving the survival of both man and man's best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Nance
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Abdul Mohin Sajib
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States.
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Pazzi P, Steenkamp G, Rixon AJ. Treatment of Canine Oral Melanomas: A Critical Review of the Literature. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050196. [PMID: 35622724 PMCID: PMC9147014 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical appraisal of the available literature for the treatment of canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is lacking. This critical review aimed to evaluate the current literature and provide treatment recommendations and possible suggestions for future canine OMM research. PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched in June 2021, for terms relevant to treatment of OMM. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied and information on clinical response and outcome extracted. Eighty-one studies were included. The overall level of evidence supporting the various canine OMM treatment options was low. The majority of studies included confounding treatment modalities and lacked randomization, control groups and consistency in reporting clinical response and outcomes. Within these limitations, surgery remains the mainstay of therapy. Adjunctive radiotherapy provided good local control and improved median survival times (MST), chemotherapy did not offer survival benefit beyond that of surgery, while electrochemotherapy may offer a potential alternative to radiotherapy. Immunotherapy holds the most promise in extending MST in the surgical adjunctive setting, in particular the combination of gene therapy and autologous vaccination. Prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trials, with a lack of confounding factors and reporting based on established guidelines would allow comparison and recommendations for the treatment of canine OMM.
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Pereira Beserra F, Sérgio Gushiken LF, Vieira AJ, Augusto Bérgamo D, Luísa Bérgamo P, Oliveira de Souza M, Alberto Hussni C, Kiomi Takahira R, Henrique Nóbrega R, Monteiro Martinez ER, John Jackson C, Lemos de Azevedo Maia G, Leite Rozza A, Helena Pellizzon C. From Inflammation to Cutaneous Repair: Topical Application of Lupeol Improves Skin Wound Healing in Rats by Modulating the Cytokine Levels, NF-κB, Ki-67, Growth Factor Expression, and Distribution of Collagen Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144952. [PMID: 32668794 PMCID: PMC7404060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a highly complex event that involves different mediators at the cellular and molecular level. Lupeol has been reported to possess different biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and in vitro wound healing properties, which motivated us to proceed with in vivo studies. We aimed to investigate the wound healing effect of lupeol-based cream for 3, 7, and 14 days. Wound excisions were induced on the thoraco-lumbar region of rats and topically treated immediately after injury induction. Macroscopic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA and gene expression was evaluated by real-time RT-qPCR. Our results showed a strong wound-healing effect of lupeol-based cream after 7 and 14 days. Lupeol treatment caused a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1β, and IL-6) and gene and protein NF-κB expression, and positively altered IL-10 levels, showing anti-inflammatory effects in the three treatment periods. Lupeol treatment showed involvement in the proliferative phase by stimulating the formation of new blood vessels, increasing the immunostaining of Ki-67 and gene expression, and immunolabeling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), and increasing gene expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) after seven days of treatment. Lupeol was also involved in the tissue regeneration phase by increasing the synthesis of collagen fibers noted in the three treatment periods analyzed. Our findings suggest that lupeol may serve as a novel therapeutic option to treat cutaneous wounds by regulating mechanisms involved in the inflammatory, proliferative, and tissue-remodeling phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pereira Beserra
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucas Fernando Sérgio Gushiken
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Ana Júlia Vieira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Danilo Augusto Bérgamo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Patrícia Luísa Bérgamo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Mariana Oliveira de Souza
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Hussni
- Department of Surgery and Veterinary Anesthesiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Regina Kiomi Takahira
- Department of Clinics Veterinary, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Emanuel Ricardo Monteiro Martinez
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Christopher John Jackson
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonard, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | | | - Ariane Leite Rozza
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
| | - Cláudia Helena Pellizzon
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.S.G.); (A.J.V.); (D.A.B.); (P.L.B.); (M.O.d.S.); (R.H.N.); (E.R.M.M.); (A.L.R.); (C.H.P.)
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Somensi LB, Costa P, Boeing T, Mariano LNB, Longo B, Magalhães CG, Duarte LP, Maciel E Silva AT, de Souza P, de Andrade SF, da Silva LM. Gastroprotective properties of Lupeol-derived ester: Pre-clinical evidences of Lupeol-stearate as a potent antiulcer agent. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 321:108964. [PMID: 32006539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupeol (1) was isolated from hexane branch extract of Maytenus salicifolia and the Lupeol stearate (2), Lupeol palmitate (3), Lupeol myristate (4), Lupeol laurate (5) and Lupeol caprylate (6) were obtained reacting 1 with an adequate carboxylic acid. Swiss mice were treated with vehicle, carbenoxolone or Lupeol esters before administration of ethanol/HCl or indomethacin. Additionally, the involvement of nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryl compounds (NP-SH), α-2 adrenergic receptors (α2-AR) and prostaglandins (PGE) in antiulcer effects was investigated using appropriate inhibitors or antagonist. Oxidative and inflammatory parameters were measured after euthanasia and anti-secretory effects was evaluated in pylorus-ligated rats. Ethanol/HCl ulcerated the gastric mucosa by 64.45 ± 6.58 mm2, which the oral treatment with 1, 4 and 6 (10 mg/kg), and 3 and 5 (30 mg/kg) reduced the lesion area. Interestingly, 2 reduced the gastric ulcer by oral route in a potent and dose-dependent manner (ED50 = 0.40 mg/kg), which was accompanied by the increase in reduced glutathione levels and by the reduction of lipids peroxidation and myeloperoxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Moreover, 2 (0.1 mg/kg) also prevented the ulcerogenesis by intraperitoneal route. The participation of NO, NP-SH, α2-AR and PGE in 2-mediated gastroprotection was confirmed. In indomethacin-induced ulcer, 2 (1 mg/kg, p.o) also reduced the ulcer area and increased the PGE2 levels. However, 2 did not alter the gastric acid secretion. Therefore, these findings indicate that the obtention of 2 potentiated the antiulcer activity of 1 and that this compound can elicit gastroprotective action due a diversified mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincon Bordignon Somensi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Philipe Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Thaise Boeing
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Luísa Nathália Bolda Mariano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Bruna Longo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Cássia Gonçalves Magalhães
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucenir Pain Duarte
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Aline Teixeira Maciel E Silva
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Priscila de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Faloni de Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Luisa Mota da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade Do Vale Do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, Centro, 88302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil.
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Pereira Beserra F, Xue M, Maia GLDA, Leite Rozza A, Helena Pellizzon C, Jackson CJ. Lupeol, a Pentacyclic Triterpene, Promotes Migration, Wound Closure, and Contractile Effect In Vitro: Possible Involvement of PI3K/Akt and p38/ERK/MAPK Pathways. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112819. [PMID: 30380745 PMCID: PMC6278408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin wound healing is a dynamic and complex process involving several mediators at the cellular and molecular levels. Lupeol, a phytoconstituent belonging to the triterpenes class, is found in several fruit plants and medicinal plants that have been the object of study in the treatment of various diseases, including skin wounds. Various medicinal properties of lupeol have been reported in the literature, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-mutagenic effects. We investigated the effects of lupeol (0.1, 1, 10, and 20 μg/mL) on in vitro wound healing assays and signaling mechanisms in human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Results showed that, at high concentrations, Lupeol reduced cell proliferation of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but increased in vitro wound healing in keratinocytes and promoted the contraction of dermal fibroblasts in the collagen gel matrix. This triterpene positively regulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and inhibited the NF-κB expression in keratinocytes, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. Lupeol also modulated the expression of keratin 16 according to the concentration tested. Additionally, in keratinocytes, lupeol treatment resulted in the activation of Akt, p38, and Tie-2, which are signaling proteins involved in cell proliferation and migration, angiogenesis, and tissue repair. These findings suggest that lupeol has therapeutic potential for accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pereira Beserra
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Meilang Xue
- Sutton Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, the University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonard, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | | | - Ariane Leite Rozza
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Helena Pellizzon
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Christopher John Jackson
- Sutton Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, the University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonard, NSW 2065, Australia.
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Seervi M, Lotankar S, Barbar S, Sathaye S. Assessment of cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction potential of lupeol and betulin in rat liver microsomes. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 31:115-22. [PMID: 26959552 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2015-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupeol and betulin are triterpenoids that are majorly found in dietary substances. The aim of present study was to investigate the inhibition and induction potential of lupeol and betulin on cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, CYP2C11, CYP2D6 and CYP3A2 activities in rat liver microsomes. METHODS The inhibition and induction studies were conducted using ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (CYP1A2), tolbutamide hydroxylase (CYP2C9), and midazolam hydroxylase (CYP3A4) activity assays. In vitro inhibition study was evaluated by incubating lupeol and betulin (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 μM) with rat liver microsomes, and the metabolite formation was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The induction study was conducted by administering lupeol (20 mg/kg) and betulin (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 14 days to rats followed by liver isolation and microsome preparation. RESULTS The IC50 values in inhibition studies were found to be 59.42 μM (CYP1A2), >100 μM (CYP2C11, CYP2D6, CYP3A2) for lupeol, 52.24 μM (CYP1A2), and >100 μM (CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP3A2) for betulin. There was no significant modification observed in the CYP450 isoforms, indicating neither inhibition nor induction potential of lupeol and betulin. CONCLUSIONS Lupeol and betulin have very low propensity to interact with CYP enzyme, suggesting no CYP inhibitory and inducing potential in rat liver microsomes.
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Tsai FS, Lin LW, Wu CR. Lupeol and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 929:145-175. [PMID: 27771924 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lupeol belongs to pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenes and exhibits in edible vegetables, fruits and many plants. Many researches indicated that lupeol possesses many beneficial pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic and anti-mutagenic effects. From various disease-targeted animal models, these reports indicated that lupeol has anti-diabetic, anti-asthma, anti-arthritic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, neuroprotective and anticancer efficiency under various routes of administration such as topical, oral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intravenous. It is worth mentioning that clinical trials of lupeol were performed to treat canine oral malignant melanoma and human moderate skin acne in Japan and Korea. The detailed mechanism of anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and anticancer activities was further reviewed from published papers. These evidence indicate that lupeol is a multi-target agent to exert diverse pharmacological potency with many potential targeting proteins such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP 1B) and TCA cycle enzymes and targeting pathway such as IL-1 receptor-associated kinase-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (IRAK-TLR4), Bcl-2 family, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. This review also provides suggestion that lupeol might be a valuable and potential lead compound to develop as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-Shiu Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicines for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Lin
- School of Chinese Medicines for Post-Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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8
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Potential therapeutic targets of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in melanoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 391:125-140. [PMID: 28131904 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a cutaneous neoplastic growth of melanocytes with great potential to invade and metastasize, especially when not treated early and effectively. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process by which melanocytes lose their epithelial characteristics and acquire mesenchymal phenotypes. Mesenchymal protein expression increases the motility, invasiveness, and metastatic potential of melanoma. Many pathways play a role in promotion of mesenchymal protein expression including RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Wnt/β-catenin, and several others. Downstream effectors of these pathways induce expression of EMT transcription factors including Snail, Slug, Twist, and Zeb that promote repression of epithelial and induction of mesenchymal character. Emerging research has demonstrated that a variety of small molecule inhibitors as well as phytochemicals can influence the progression of EMT and may even reverse the process, inducing re-expression of epithelial markers. Phytochemicals are of particular interest as supplementary treatment options because of their relatively low toxicities and anti-EMT properties. Modulation of EMT signaling pathways using synthetic small molecules and phytochemicals is a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing the aggressive progression of metastatic melanoma. In this review, we discuss the emerging pathways and transcription factor targets that regulate EMT and evaluate potential synthetic small molecules and naturally occurring compounds that may reduce metastatic melanoma progression.
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Piras LA, Riccardo F, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Gattino F, Martano M, Morello E, Lorda Mayayo S, Rolih V, Garavaglia F, De Maria R, Lardone E, Collivignarelli F, Mignacca D, Giacobino D, Ferrone S, Cavallo F, Buracco P. Prolongation of survival of dogs with oral malignant melanoma treated by en bloc surgical resection and adjuvant CSPG4-antigen electrovaccination. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:996-1013. [PMID: 27146852 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reported post-surgery 1-year survival rate for oral canine malignant melanoma (cMM) is around 30%; novel treatments are needed as the role of adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. This prospective study regards adjuvant electrovaccination with human chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (hCSPG4)-encoded plasmid in 23 dogs with resected II/III-staged CSPG4-positive oral cMM compared with 19 dogs with resected only II/III-staged CSPG4-positive oral cMM. Vaccination resulted in 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month survival rate of 95.6, 73.9, 47.8 and 30.4%, respectively [median survival time (MST) 684 days, range 78-1694, 8 of 23 dogs alive] and 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month disease-free interval (DFI) rate of 82.6, 47.8, 26.1 and 17.4%, respectively (DFI 477 days, range 50-1694). Non-vaccinated dogs showed 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month survival rate of 63.2, 26.3, 15.8 and 5.3%, respectively (MST 200 days, range 75-1507, 1 of 19 dogs alive) and 6-, 12-, 18- and 24-month DFI rate of 52.6, 26.3, 10.5 and 5.3%, respectively (DFI 180 days, range 38-1250). Overall survival and DFI of vaccinated dogs was longer in those <20 kg. In vaccinated and non-vaccinated dogs local recurrence rate was 34.8 and 42%, respectively while lung metastatic rate was 39 and 79%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Piras
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Riccardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - L Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Gattino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Martano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Lorda Mayayo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V Rolih
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - F Garavaglia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - R De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Lardone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - D Mignacca
- Clinica Veterinaria Roma Sud, Roma, Italy
| | - D Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - S Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - P Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Nishiya AT, Massoco CO, Felizzola CR, Perlmann E, Batschinski K, Tedardi MV, Garcia JS, Mendonça PP, Teixeira TF, Zaidan Dagli ML. Comparative Aspects of Canine Melanoma. Vet Sci 2016; 3:vetsci3010007. [PMID: 29056717 PMCID: PMC5644618 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanomas are malignant neoplasms originating from melanocytes. They occur in most animal species, but the dog is considered the best animal model for the disease. Melanomas in dogs are most frequently found in the buccal cavity, but the skin, eyes, and digits are other common locations for these neoplasms. The aim of this review is to report etiological, epidemiological, pathological, and molecular aspects of melanomas in dogs. Furthermore, the particular biological behaviors of these tumors in the different body locations are shown. Insights into the therapeutic approaches are described. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and the outcomes after these treatments are presented. New therapeutic perspectives are also depicted. All efforts are geared toward better characterization and control of malignant melanomas in dogs, for the benefit of these companion animals, and also in an attempt to benefit the treatment of human melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tomoko Nishiya
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristina Oliveira Massoco
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Ronca Felizzola
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Surgical Oncology Rua Antônio Alves Magan, 124, CEP 01251-150, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Perlmann
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Karen Batschinski
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcello Vannucci Tedardi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Soares Garcia
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Pedra Mendonça
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tarso Felipe Teixeira
- Pathology Veterinary Medicine, FEPI Itajubá University Center, Dr. Antonio Braga Filho Street, 687, Itajubá, 37.501-002 Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil.
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